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PubMed1988

[Clinical research on transfer of cefpiramide to the blood and large intestinal tissue in patients with cancer of the large bowel].

Cefpiramide (CPM) shows antibacterial activity against Staphylococci, Enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and anaerobic Bacteroides spp. CPM is a cephalosporin antibiotic which also exhibits antibacterial activity against Klebsiella and intestinal bacteria including Escherichia coli. Concentrations in blood of CPM which has antibacterial activity against main bacterial species detected during gastrointestinal surgeries and concentration transferred to the large intestinal tissue were measured in patients with cancer of the large intestine. Eighteen patients who were hospitalized and underwent large intestinal surgery from December, 1985 to March, 1987 were examined as subjects. CPM was administered at a dose 1 g each of 11 cases and 2 g to each of 7 cases. Concentrations in blood after administration of 1 g of CPM were in a range of 81.56-212.6 micrograms/ml between 25 minutes and 2 hours 20 minutes after administration, and concentrations in the large intestinal tissue were in a 14.17-66.95 micrograms/g range. Ratios of the tissue to the blood concentrations were 0.08-0.49, averaging 0.24 +/- 0.05. Concentrations in blood after administration of 2 g of CPM were 128.4-253.5 micrograms/ml between 1 hour 10 minutes and 3 hours 50 minutes after administration. Tissue concentrations were 48.33-116.5 micrograms/g between 1 hour 10 minutes and 5 hours 15 minutes after administration. Ratios of the tissue to the blood concentrations were 0.21-0.55, averaging 0.42 +/- 0.05 between 1 hour 10 minutes and 3 hours 5 minutes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Regional specialization of the mucosal immune system. Intraepithelial lymphocytes of the large intestine have a different phenotype and function than those of the small intestine.

Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) are found in both the small and the large intestine. We demonstrate that there are a number of striking phenotypic and functional differences between the two populations of IEL isolated from mice. In the large intestine, the majority of IEL express the alpha beta TCR, and among these TCR-alpha beta+ lymphocytes, CD4+ cells are as prevalent as CD8+ cells. In contrast, in the small intestine, most of the TCR-alpha beta+ IEL express CD8, and an increased percentage of cells express TCR-gamma delta. In addition, most TCR-gamma delta+ IEL isolated from the large intestine (LI-IEL) are CD4- CD8- cells, as compared to TCR-gamma delta+ IEL isolated from the small intestine (SI-IEL), which are predominantly CD8+. Furthermore, CD2 and the lymph node homing receptor, L-selectin, are expressed by most LI-IEL but not by SI-IEL. Furthermore, LI-IEL have much less cytolytic activity than SI-IEL. These data suggest that LI-IEL are a distinct population of lymphocytes that may have a different immunologic role than that of SI-IEL.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Weaning and the weanling diet influence the villous height and crypt depth in the small intestine of pigs and alter the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids in the large intestine and blood.

Effects of weaning pigs to different diets have been investigated in terms of the changes in the small intestinal morphology, and in the absorption of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and sodium from the large intestine. One piglet from each of six litters containing nine pigs was sampled on the day of weaning; the other eight piglets were divided into four equal groups and fed different diets as follows: unweaned, weanling diet, or sow's milk at high or low level. Four and seven days after weaning, measurements of the intestinal tissue and contents were made; the plasma concentrations of SCFA, aldosterone and sodium were also measured. The villous height in the small intestine was highest in the unweaned group and greater in the high milk group than in either the weanling diet or low milk group (P < 0.001). Apparently, villous atrophy was due more to the level of feed intake than to the composition of the diet. The concentrations of SCFA in the large intestine and portal blood were highest in the weanling diet group and lowest in the low milk group. The low milk group tended to have higher blood concentrations of aldosterone (P = 0.15), which may have compensated for the low concentrations of SCFA in maintaining a higher percentage of dry matter in the intestine. Pigs fed weanling diet may use the energy from the SCFA to maintain a body weight comparable to that of pigs fed milk at a low level.

Aldosterone↗

PubMed1986

[Lipoma of the large intestine].

Lipoma of the large intestine is a rare, benign tumour. It may sometimes resemble a malignant tumour due to its location and accompanying disturbances. Treatment of a typical case is described.

Aged↗

PubMed1987

Immunohistochemical localization of the epithelial marker MAM-6 in invasive malignancies and highly dysplastic adenomas of the large intestine.

MAM-6 antigen is detectable in a large variety of formalin fixed and paraffin embedded normal and neoplastic tissues throughout the body with some exceptions. One such exception is the large intestine in which normal mucosa has been found negative for MAM-6, while colorectal carcinomas express the antigen in almost all cases. We examined the expression of MAM-6 in 147 benign epithelial tumors (adenomas) of the colorectum and compared this with the detectability of the antigen in 123 colorectal cancers and in 108 non-neoplastic mucosa specimens. The tissue samples were subjected to an indirect immunoperoxidase assay applying the MoAb 115D8 which recognizes the epitope "a" of MAM-6. A majority of the carcinomas (99.2%) and of the adenomas (61.4%) exhibited reactivity for MAM-6 "a", whereas only 8 of the 108 non-neoplastic biopsy specimens (= 7.4%) exhibited faint focal staining. In adenomas, positive reactions were only seen in highly dysplastic tissue areas, in part reflecting carcinomata in situ. The reactivity in four non-neoplastic tissue samples could be explained by shedding of the antigen from carcinomas into glandular structures of the mucosa. Two out of 32 cases exhibiting severe colitis were also focally positive. The detectability of MAM-6 "a" in routinely processed specimens from the large intestine is therefore considered as being closely associated with malignant and premalignant processes. According to a limited study with the antibodies 139H2 and 140C1, this holds true for two additional MAM-6 epitopes. MAM-6 might be considered as a marker of severe (premalignant) dysplasia in adenomas of the large intestine. Further studies are needed to clarify if there is a biological (possibly prognostic) difference between MAM-6 positive and negative high epithelial atypia in these adenomas.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1975

Studies on the healing of anastomoses of small and large intestines.

It is well known that large intestine anastomoses tend to leak much more frequently than do small intestine anastomoses. These studies were undertaken to elucidate the pathophysioplogic basis of this phenomenom. Single layer interrupted silk suture anastomoses were performed in both the distal part of the ileum and the distal part of the colon in 29 dogs. The anastomoses were resected at one through eight days and 19 to 31 days after operations. Collagen response, vascular response and bursting strength at the site of anastomoses were investigated. The results demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in the collagen and vascular response of the large versus the small intestine. This differential response may play a role in the mechanism of the relatively high incidence of suture line separations observed after colonic anastomoses.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

In vivo absorption of calcium carbonate and magnesium oxide from the large intestine in rats.

This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of the large intestine to absorb calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) from their sparingly water-soluble salts, and also to determine whether fructooligosaccharides (FOS) stimulate the absorption of these minerals in rat large intestine in vivo. Rats were fed Ca- and Mg-free diets with and without 5% FOS. An aqueous suspension of CaCO3 and MgO was infused into the stomach via a gastric tube or into the cecum via an implanted catheter. Coprophagy was prevented by using wire-mesh anal cups throughout the experiment so as to exclude the re-ingestion of feces as an oral mineral source. In rats fed an FOS-free diet, the absorption degrees of Ca and Mg infused into the cecum were the same as those infused into the stomach. The absorption degree of phosphorus (P) was slightly but significantly higher in rats with the infusion of Ca and Mg into the cecum than in rats with the infusion of Ca and Mg into the stomach. FOS-feeding increased the absorption of Mg to a similar extent in either case of infusion via cecal and oral routes, while FOS-feeding did not increase the absorption of Ca in rats with infusion of Ca and Mg into the cecum. We concluded that both CaCO3 and MgO are absorbed in the large intestine, and we ascertained that the increasing effect of FOS on the absorption of Mg took place mainly in the large intestine.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2005

Correlation between expression of gastrin, somatostatin and cell apoptosis regulation gene bcl-2/bax in large intestine carcinoma.

AIM: To explore the correlation between expression of somatostatin (SS), gastrin (GAS) and cell apoptosis regulation gene bcl-2/bax in large intestine carcinoma. METHODS: Sixty-two large intestine cancer tissue samples were randomly and retrospectively selected from patients with large intestine carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining for bcl-2, bax, GAS, SS was performed according to the standard streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase (S-P) method. According to the semi-quantitative integral evaluation, SS and GAS were divided into three groups as follows. Scores 1-3 were defined as the low expression group, 4-8 as the intermediate expression group, 9-16 as the high expression group. Bax and bcl-2 protein expressions in different GAS and SS expression groups of large intestine carcinoma were assessed. RESULTS: The positive expression rate of bax had a prominent difference between SS and GAS high, intermediate and low expression groups (P<0.05, chi(2)(SS) = 9.246; P<0.05, chi(2)(GAS) = 6.981). The positive expression rate of bax in SS high (80.0%, 8/10) and intermediate (76.5%, 13/17) expression groups was higher than that in low expression group (40.0%, 14/35) (P<0.05, chi(2)( high vs low ) = 5.242; P<0.05, chi(2)( middle vs low ) = 6.097). The positive expression rate of bax in GAS high expression group (27.3%, 3/8) was lower than that in low expression group (69.4%, 25/36) (P<0.05, chi(2) = 4.594). However, bax expression in GAS intermediate expression group (46.7%, 7/15) was lower than that in low expression group, but not statistically significant. The positive expression rate of bcl-2 had a prominent difference between SS and GAS high, intermediate and low expression groups (P<0.05, chi(2)(SS) = 7.178; P<0.05, chi(2)( GAS ) = 13.831). The positive expression rate of bcl-2 in GAS high (90.9%, 10/11) and intermediate (86.7%, 13/15) expression groups was higher than that in low expression group (44.4%, 16/36) (P<0.05, chi(2)( high vs low ) = 5.600; P<0.05, chi(2)( middle vs low ) = 7.695). However, the positive expression rate of bcl-2 in SS high (40.0%, 4/10) and intermediate (47.1%, 8/9) expression groups was lower than that in low expression group (77.1%, 27/35) (P<0.05, chi(2)( high vs low ) = 4.710; P<0.05, chi(2)( middle vs low ) = 4.706). There was a significant positive correlation between the integral ratio of GAS to SS and the integral of bcl-2 (P<0.01, r = 0.340). However, there was a negative correlation between the integral ratio of GAS to the SS and bax the integral of (P<0.05, r = -0.299). CONCLUSION: The regulation and control of gastrin, somatostatin in cell apoptosis of large intestine carcinoma may be directly related to the abnormal expression of bcl-2, bax.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Synchronous carcinomas of the large intestine.

Sixty-one (3.0%) of 2029 patients managed operatively for carcinoma of the large intestine had synchronous carcinomas. In 47 (77.0%) of the 61 patients the carcinomas were in the same or adjacent segment(s) of large intestine. Adenomatous polyps were present in 18 (30%) patients compared to 269 (14%) of 1968 patients with a single cancer. A curative resection was performed in 40 of 61 patients, palliative resection in 16 and a non-resection palliative operation in five. Two patients required proctocolectomy and eight subtotal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis. Cancer specific survival for the entire group and for those treated by curative resection did not differ significantly from that of patients with a single carcinoma. It is concluded that: (1) the presence of a second carcinoma does not significantly alter the survival prospects; (2) both pre-operative large intestinal examination and careful operative palpation of the entire large intestine should be performed, and (3) the significantly higher incidence of adenomatous polyps in patients with synchronous carcinomas is consistent with the polyp/cancer sequence hypothesis.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Potentiation of large intestinal tumorigenicity of cycasin derivative by high-fat diet and Lactobacillus in germfree mice.

Large intestinal tumorigenesis was investigated in germ free (GF) mice following the administration of methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate, lard, and Lactobacillus arabinosus. Twelve weekly doses of 0.3 mg/10 g MAM acetate given to groups of male weanling, germfree ICR mice, fed either low-fat (LF) chow alone, or chow with added lard (HF). Additional groups of mice, on the low-fat diet, were monocontaminated with Lactobacillus arabinosus (GA) and they and their GF controls were given 12 weekly doses of 0.2 mg/10 g of MAM acetate. The HF and LF groups were sacrificed after 123 days, and the GA and GF groups after 214 days. Serial sections of the entire large intestine of the MAM acetate-treated mice revealed many more sessile polyps in the mice maintained on the high-fat diet. In the mice monocontaminated with Lactobacillus, numerous tumors were found, of which 25 percent were invasive. In addition, the polyps found in these animals were generally considerably larger than the polyps found in the GF mice. Atypia occurred in the large intestinal mucosa in all groups. Lard enhanced the large intestinal polypogenesis induced by MAM acetate in germfree mice. Gnotobiosis potentiated the formation of sessile polyps, and carcinogenesis.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

[Cancer and polyps of the large intestine].

Incidence and mortality of the carcinoma of the large intestine increase also in the GDR. Carcinomas mostly develop in adenomas of the large intestine in the course of several years. Nowadays the adenoma-carcinoma-sequence is regarded as ascertained. The environmental influences are of decisive importance for the genesis of the colon carcinoma. Apart from this also genetic factors play a part. Villous adenomas more frequently show malignant structures than tubular adenomas. In large adenomas with a diameter of more than 20 mm more frequently invasive carcinomas (20-40%) are found than in small adenomas with a diameter of less than 10 mm (1%). From this is to be derived the demand of the removal of all adenomas of the large intestine with a diameter larger than 5 mm. The method of choice of the treatment is the polypectomy and the technique with the diathermy loop.

Adenoma↗

PubMed1988

Roles of motility, chemotaxis, and penetration through and growth in intestinal mucus in the ability of an avirulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium to colonize the large intestine of streptomycin-treated mice.

Previously, it had been shown that an avirulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium, SL5316, with wild-type lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was a far better colonizer of the streptomycin-treated CD-1 mouse large intestine, was far more motile, did not bind to mouse intestinal mucus nearly as well as, but penetrated through a layer of intestinal mucus in vitro far better than an almost isogenic LPS-deficient transductant, SL5325. In the present investigation, a nonflagellated transductant, SL5681, and a nonchemotactic transductant, SL5784, were isolated from SL5316 and tested for relative colonizing ability versus SL5316 (smooth) and SL5325 (rough) in streptomycin-treated mice. In addition, the Salmonella strains were tested for their ability to grow together in cecal intestinal mucus and in cecal luminal contents, for their tumbling and swimming activities after growth in cecal mucus, and for their ability to adhere to and travel through cecal mucus in vitro. The data show that the nonflagellated and nonchemotactic derivatives colonized large intestine nearly as well as their parent and were far better colonizers than the LPS-deficient mutant, that all the strains grew equally well in cecal mucus but did not grow in cecal luminal contents, and that cecal mucus-grown strains lost tumbling and swimming activities. Furthermore, the LPS-deficient strain adhered to cecal mucus far better but penetrated mucus far worse than did the nonflagellated transductant, the nonchemotactic transductant, and the parent. Thus, motility and chemotaxis do not appear to play a major role in the ability of the avirulent S. typhimurium strains to colonize the mouse large intestine, colonization may require growth in cecal mucus but does not depend on growth in cecal luminal contents, growth in cecal mucus inhibits S. typhimurium motility, and increased adhesion of the LPS-deficient mutant to cecal mucus and its poor ability to penetrate cecal mucus may play a role in its poor intestine-colonizing ability.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

[Age and the extent and topography of solitary lymphoid nodules in the wall of the human small and large intestine].

Amount and topography of small lymphoid nodules (SLN) have been studied by means of the quantitative method in flat total preparations of the small and large intestine obtained from 111 corpses of persons of both sex (from newborn up to old age). Total amount of the SLN in the large intestine wall in all age periods exceeds that of the SLN in the small intestine wall. From birth up to the period of the 1 childhood total amount of the SLN increases successively, reaching (51 +/- 14) X 10(2) in the small and (74 +/- 11) X 10(2) in the large intestine at the age of 4-7 years. Beginning from 8 years of age up to old age, total amount of the SLN decreases successively, to a more degree in the wall of the small intestine than in the large intestine. The arrangement density of the SLN in the large intestine wall essentially exceeds that of the SLN in the small intestine wall during the all age periods. From birth up to early childhood the arrangement density of the SLN increases and then gradually decreases both in the small and large intestine. This demonstrates that development of the SLN takes place during the first 4-7 years of the human life, in contrast to the lymph nodes and tonsils, their greatest development takes place during juvenile and adolescent age.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Analysis of length and surface area of each segment of the large intestine according to age, sex and physique.

Length, diameter and surface area of each of 6 segments of the large intestine were determined and calculated in 920 Japanese patients who underwent barium enema. Of the length and surface area measurements obtained, those of the transverse colon were the largest, followed by those of the sigmoid colon. The diameter of the ascending colon was the largest, while those of the descending colon and sigmoid colon were the smallest. There were various sex differences in size of the large intestine. Length and surface area of the entire large intestine in males were shorter and smaller respectively than those in females. Lengths of the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon and rectum in males were shorter than those in females. Diameters of the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum in males were larger than those in females. Total surface areas of the ascending colon and transverse colon in males were smaller than those in females, while total surface areas of the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum in males were larger than those in females. Length of the entire large intestine tended to be increased with age. Length and surface area of the entire large intestine tended to be increased with an increase in physical dimensions in females.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

[Polyps of the large intestine in children].

Polyps in the large intestine is a frequent disease in children. It is more often observed in boys than in girls aged 4 to 9. In most cases solitary polyps are observed (in 73,35%). Two-three polyps are met in 21,62% of cases. Polyposis is a rare disease--0,91%. The main symptom of polyps in children is hemorrhage from the anal orifice. The method of treatment is dependent on the amount, size, height of the situs and spread of the polyps. Dissection of polyps through the rectal speculum is used more frequently, rectoromanoscope is used in rarer cases (electroexcision and coagulation). Resection of the large intestine or colotomy and ablation of polyps can be successfully used in polyposis and high situs of polyps.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

[The diagnosis and treatment of 25 cases of laterally spreading tumor of the large intestine].

Laterally spreading tumor (LST) originates from the large intestine mucosa with prominent lesions that mainly extend laterally other than vertically. The pathological morphology and evolvement of this disease distinguish itself from other adenomas, and its close association with colorectal cancer has been noted. Up till now, no report on LST involving the large intestine has been available in China, therefore we presently report our experience in the diagnoses and treatment of 25 LST patients (26 lesions) identified with conventional endoscopy and mucosa staining during the period from Nov, 2000 to Oct, 2001. Among the 26 lesions, 11 were classified into granular homogeneous type, 15 into nodular mixed type, and 3 patients were found to have intramucosa carcinoma and 2 serrated adenoma. The biggest lesion was 60 mmx70 mm, the smallest being 11 mmx12 mm, and 6 lesions were within the range of 11 to 20 mm, 9 within 21 to 30 mm with the rest 11 lesions exceeding 31 mm in diameter. Type IV pit pattern was predominant in the the 26 lesions, accounting for a proportion of 61.54% (16/26). Two lesions with V(A) pit pattern and 1 with IV pattern were pathologically diagnosed to be intramucosa carcinoma, and 8 with type III(L) pit pattern were tubulovillous adenoma. Immediate or elective endoscopic mucosa resection or partitioned mucosa resection was performed in the 25 cases without incidences of the complications as bleeding or perforation.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

[Reconsideration of the concepts of the large intestine and the small intestine in Chinese traditional medicine].

It is the common view in Chinese traditional medicine that the small intestine is in the abdomen above the umbilicus and that the large intestine is in the abdomen below the umbilicus. However, our precise investigation clarified the following points. The first one is that the above view is found only in such anatomical descriptions as in the paragraphs of "Chang Wei" in the Ling Shu. The second one is that the opposite view is mentioned in the Su Wen, the Ling Shu, the Nan Ching, and the Chin Kuei Yao Lueh. According to this literature, the large intestine is in the abdomen above the umbilicus and the small intestine is in the abdomen below the umbilicus. We inferred the following points: 1) The former view results from the fact that biologically the organs connect in the order of the stomach, the small intestine and the large intestine. 2) The latter is based on the fact that the large intestine acutually occupies a great part of the upper part of the abdomen, and the small intestine occupies the lower part of the abdomen. In interpreting the literature of Chinese traditional medicine, it is necessary to consider these two different views of the intestines.

Anatomy↗

PubMed2000

Biomechanical and morphological properties in rat large intestine.

Intestinal stress-strain distributions are important determinants of intestinal function and are determined by the mechanical properties of the intestinal wall, the physiological loading conditions and the zero-stress state of the intestine. In this study the distribution of morphometric measures, residual circumferential strains and stress-strain relationships along the rat large intestine were determined in vitro. Segments from four parts of the large intestine were excised, closed at both ends, and inflated with pressures up to 2kPa. The outer diameter and length were measured. The zero-stress state was obtained by cutting rings of large intestine radially. The geometric configuration at the zero-stress state is of fundamental importance because it is the basic state with respect to which the physical stresses and strains are defined. The outer and inner circumferences, wall thickness and opening angle were measured from digitised images. Subsequently, residual strain and stress-strain distributions were calculated. The wall thickness and wall thickness-to-circumference ratio increased in the distal direction. The opening angle varied between approximately 40 and approximately 125 degrees with the highest values in the beginning of proximal colon (F=1.739, P<0.05). The residual strain at the inner surface was negative indicating that the mucosa-submucosal layers of the large intestine in no-load state are in compression. The four segments showed stress-strain distributions that were exponential. All segments were stiffer in longitudinal direction than in the circumferential direction (P<0.05). The transverse colon seemed stiffest both in the circumferential and longitudinal directions. In conclusion, significant variations were found in morphometric and biomechanical properties along the large intestine. The circumferential residual strains and passive elastic properties must be taken into account in studies of physiological problems in which the stress and strain are important, e.g. large intestinal bolus transport function.

Animals↗