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PubMed1993

19th century spondyloarthropathy independent of socioeconomic status: lack of skeletal collection bias.

The representativeness of skeletal populations for characterization of the nature and frequency of disease could be questioned, as the bias of acquisition is often unclear. Examination of 2 proximate early 19th century cemetery populations, discordant for socioeconomic status, revealed indistinguishable character and frequency of spondyloarthropathy. Joint involvement, number and symmetry of joint erosions and fusion and skeletal distribution were indistinguishable in the 2 populations. It would appear that socioeconomic status does not bias skeletal populations, at least with respect to diseases for which no effective treatment was available.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1995

Cremation (Scotland) regulations 1935 (as amended) Form B--certificate of medical attendant Form C--confirmatory medical certificate.

It is important that doctors completing Forms B and C are fully aware of their statutory duties and responsibilities as laid down in the relevant cremation regulations. These forms should only be completed when the doctors concerned are confident that the information they are providing is true and accurate and that they have no reasonable cause to suspect that the decreased died either a violent or an unnatural death, or a sudden death of which the cause is unknown, or died in such a place or circumstances as to make further inquiry desirable before cremation. It should also be noted that medical referees have the statutory right to reject forms which are incomplete, or improperly completed.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1977

The exploding body.

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Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1996

Optical and digital techniques for enhancing radiographic anatomy for identification of human remains.

Out of a total of more than 300 radiographic identifications made by one of us (JJF), there were 11 cases in which radiologic adjuncts were used because the antemortem radiographs were either miniaturized or because anatomical landmarks could not be clearly discerned. The techniques used included slide projection (two cases), photographic enlargement and enhancement (two cases), digitization (three cases), and digitization with computer enhancement (three cases), commercial digitization (one case). In a 12th case, where identification was made by comparison of antemortem and postmortem film X-rays, the films were digitized as a further evaluation of a commercial system. This is the first reported use of these techniques.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Major under taking.

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Humans↗
PubMed1997

The anthropometry of contemporary commercial cremation.

This study establishes baseline parameters and examines those variables thought to influence cremains weights. Data were collected during the cremation of 100 individuals. A series of measurements was taken to determine relative skeletal robusticity. The weight, stature, sex, and age of each cadaver was recorded prior to cremation. The average cremains weight for the fully developed adults (n = 91) was 2430 g and ranged from 876 g to 3784 g. Male and female means were separated by 1053 g, but there was considerable overlap in the distribution. All cremains weights above 2750 g were male and all cremains weights below 1887 g were female. Five amputees and one long bone donor produced cremains weights below the means for their respective groups, reflecting the relative contribution of the thick cortical bone of the limbs to total skeletal weight, and thus to total cremains weight. Cremains weight represented approximately 3.5% of total body weight in adults, 2.5% of total body weight in children, and approximately 1% of total body weight in fetuses. The most accurate predictor of cremains weight was cadaver stature (r = .8473; p < .01). Calculated skeletal weight was also highly correlated with cremains weight (r = .7986; p < .01). Cadaveric weight was least correlated with cremains weight (r = .5470; p < .01). Regression formulae were calculated for each of the variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Cemeteries and crematoriums for animals? Social and emotional aspects of the changed human-animal relationship and the resulting needs and risks].

The man-animal-relationship in the modern society is characterized by a ambivalent attitude towards animals. On the one hand man distincts sharply between himself and animals but on the other hand he longs to nearness and familiarity with animals. He recognized himself in animal. Housing conditions of animals range from extensive anonymous to individual over protected. Also the death of animals mainly happens anonymous. In contrast companion animal owners wish to bury their pets in a dignified manner on a cemetery for animals and recently we even have to consider the growing demand for pet crematories. Based on the relevant legislation cemetaries for pets could be authorized and corps of single animals could be cremated in licensed waste facilities. The authorization of crematories for pets depends on the fulfillment of environment regulations and the interpretation of the concerning law. No special risks are seen if the principles written down in the referred regulations are preserved.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Siberian population of the New Stone Age: mtDNA haplotype diversity in the ancient population from the Ust'-Ida I burial ground, dated 4020-3210 BC by 14C.

On the basis of analysis of mtDNA from skeletal remains, dated by 14C 4020-3210 BC, from the Ust'-Ida I Neolithic burial ground in Cis-Baikal area of Siberia, we obtained genetic characteristics of the ancient Mongoloid population. Using the 7 restriction enzymes for the analysis of site's polymorphism in 16,106-16,545 region of mtDNA, we studied the structure of the most frequent DNA haplotypes, and estimated the intrapopulational nucleotide diversity of the Neolithic population. Comparison of the Neolithic and modern indigeneous populations from Siberia, Mongolia and Ural showed, that the ancient Siberian population is one of the ancestors of the modern population of Siberia. From genetic distance, in the assumption of constant nucleotide substitution rate, we estimated the divergence time between the Neolithic and the modern Siberian population. This divergence time (5572 years ago) is conformed to the age of skeletal remains (5542-5652 years). With use of the 14C dates of the skeletal remains, nucleotide substitution rate in mtDNA was estimated as 1% sequence divergence for 8938-9115 years.

Asian People↗
PubMed1998

Molecular genetic sex determination of Medieval human remains from north Russia: comparison with archaeological and anthropological criteria.

Sex determination presents a difficult problem in archaeology and anthropology in cases of fragmentary or juvenile remains, and where grave goods are absent. Here, a molecular genetic analysis of the sex of human remain from the Early Medieval cemetery at Nefedievo, North Russia, was carried out and the results were compared with archaeological and anthropological data. Teeth without cavities (15 samples) and bones (9 samples) were used as the ancient DNA source. The repetitive sequences in DYZ1, DYZ3, DXZ3 loci, and a unique sequence in the first intron of the X-Y homologous gene amelogenin, were amplified. Sex was determined in 87.5% of the samples by archaeological criteria, in 95.8% of the samples by anthropological methods, and in 79.2% of the samples by DNA analysis. PCR allowed the sex of infant's remains to be identified in individual where the sex could not be determined by anthropological methods and in three remains where sex could not be inferred from archaeological data. Uneven preservation of nuclear DNA loci was evident.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Differences of the reconstructed stature in an early Medieval population depending on Pearson's regression equations.

On the basis of 238 male and 230 female skeletons, derived from a Medieval cemetery from Gruczno, Northern Poland, limb bones' proportion was determined. Substantial differences (d > 1 standard deviation) were established in 30% of the individuals, which, according to the relative relations among the separate bones, were divided into 6 groups. For separate individuals of each group a body height was calculated on the basis of Pearson's regression equation (Rösing 1988) as well as separately their arithmetic means for single limb bones and for two bones. The analysis of the absolute differences (the average and maximum values) among all the reconstructed body heights show that the calculated body height depends on the limb proportion. The degree oft the dependence does not seem to depend on the limb proportion group because the most significant differences for both sexes are connected with other proportion groups. The differences in the reconstructed body height are larger for the female skeletons.

Anthropology, Physical↗