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PubMed1994

[Experience with external fixation in treatment of shaft fractures in childhood].

In a retrospective study 89 shaft fractures sustained during childhood and treated by external fixation were analysed [80 fractures of the lower extremity (59 of the femur) and 9 of the upper extremity]. The operative investment (operating time, period of hospitalization, time for fluoroscopy, general anaesthesia, start of mobilization, number of X-rays) correlated with the success of the treatment. The overall complication rate was 19.1%. Technical errors occurred in 5.6% of all cases; the infection rate was 4.5%; refractures were seen in 4.5% of all patients and reinfarction also in 4.5%. The last 10 femur fractures were analysed separately and the overall complication rate was demonstrably reduced to 3.2%. All technical errors are avoidable and the infection rate could be minimized by better care of the pin, exit points, and by ensuring more stable anchorage of the screws. The consolidation time is longer than with plate osteosynthesis and medullary nailing. But in contrast to adults, in children the treatment was completed with external fixation, and no pseudarthrosis was seen. The consolidation time was shorter with dynamic external fixation. With dynamic systems healing took an average of 7 weeks, while rigid systems needed an average of 9 weeks. Refractures and reinfarction were caused by the rigidity of the external fixation system. In isolated dislocated shaft fractures in childhood the advantages of the fixateur externe are its easy application, low level of invasiveness and early mobilization. It was used in all kinds of fractures in children aged 4-13 years.

Child↗

PubMed2006

Quantitative theory of electroosmotic flow in fused-silica capillaries using an extended site-dissociation--site-binding model.

To optimize separations in capillary electrophoresis, it is important to control the electroosmotic mobility of the running buffer and the factors that affect it. Through the application of a site-dissociation-site-binding model, we demonstrated that the electroosmotic mobility could be controlled qualitatively and quantitatively by the parameters related to the physical and chemical properties of the running buffer: pH, cation valence, ionic strength, viscosity, activity, and dissociation constant. Our study illustrated that the logarithm of the number of apparent silanol sites on a fused-silica surface has a linear relationship with the pH of a buffer solution. The extension of the chemical kinetics approach allowed us to obtain the thickness of the electrical double layer when multivalent inorganic cations are present with monovalent cations in a buffer solution, and we found that the thickness of the electrical double layer does not depend on the charge of anions. The general equation to predict the electroosmotic mobility suggested here also indicates the increase of electroosmotic mobility with temperature. The general equation was experimentally verified by three buffer scenarios: (i) buffers containing only monovalent cations; (ii) buffers containing multivalent inorganic cations; and (iii) buffers containing cations and neutral additives. The general equation can explain the experimental observations of (i) a maximum electroosmotic mobility for the first scenario as the pH was varied at constant ionic strength and (ii) the inversion and maximum value of the electroosmotic mobility for the second scenario when the concentration of divalent cations was varied at constant pH. A good agreement between theory and experiment was obtained for each scenario.

Binding Sites↗

PubMed1999

The "G-CSF test": the response to a single dose of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor predicts mobilization of hemopoietic progenitors in patients with hematologic malignancies.

A significant proportion of patients with hematologic malignancies fail to mobilize sufficient hemopoietic progenitor cells (HPC), thereby restricting wider application of autologous transplantation. It would be of considerable use to develop a test that could be used prospectively to assess an individual patient's capacity to mobilize HPC. Twenty-two patients with lymphoma, myeloma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia were given a single dose of 12 microg/kg SC of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Blood colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) and CD34+ cells were scored prior to the test dose, and 72, 96, and 120 hours later. The patients were then mobilized with a standard cyclophosphamide and G-CSF regimen and had blood stem cells harvested. Patients were categorized as good, poor, or intermediate mobilizers on the basis of the CFU-GM/CD34+ cell harvest content and the number of aphereses required to reach established threshold counts. The outcome of cyclophosphamide/G-CSF mobilization was correlated with the response to the test dose of G-CSF. Good mobilizers had significantly higher peak CFU-GM values and CFU-GM increment in response to the test dose of G-CSF compared to intermediate and poor mobilizers. A peak CFU-GM count of > or = 250/mL identified the good mobilizers; conversely, all poor mobilizers had a peak CFU-GM count of <102/mL. An increment in CD34+ cells counts of > or = 2.5/microL was only observed in good mobilizers. The "G-CSF" test is a reliable test that can be used successfully for the assessment of mobilizable HPC in patients with hematologic malignancies. It can also be used to stratify patients enrolled in trials of mobilizing agents.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between multidisciplinary discharge outcomes and functional status after total hip replacement.

PURPOSE: To determine changes in functional status after primary total hip replacement and to explore the relationship between functional status and pain and mobility at time of hospital discharge. DESIGN: Descriptive correlational with a prospective cohort. SAMPLE: 21 elective primary total hip arthroplasty patients, ages 40 to 78, in an academic health center. METHOD: Subjects' functional status was measured using the Sickness Impact Profile and the hip outcome tool (Revised Hip Type Specification Tool 13.1), completed by face-to-face interview approximately 2 weeks prior to hospitalization. Pain and mobility were assessed at time of discharge, and the functional status measures were repeated at 3 months after hospital discharge by mail. FINDINGS: Statistically significant changes were found for physical and psychosocial dimensions of functional status, using the Sickness Impact Profile and the hip outcome tool, between the preoperative and postoperative measures. A significant relationship between mobility and pain at the time of discharge and functional status was not established. IMPLICATIONS: Hospital discharge criteria related to pain and mobility should be used with caution. In addition to pain and mobility information, patient education should reflect knowledge of what can be expected by 3 months postsurgery, including expected and potential improvements in mobility, pain, and ambulation and in nonphysical dimensions, such as sleep, home management, and social interaction. Case management and discharge planning should reflect the wide variance in pain and mobility across patients at time of discharge and the expected gains in specific aspects of functional status after discharge. Research attention should be increased on the identification and application of specific discharge criteria such as pain and mobility levels, and the further development and refinement of nursing-sensitive and practical functional status outcome measures.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Medical use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

DMSO is a clear odorless liquid, inexpensively produced as a by-product of the paper industry. It is widely available in the USA as a solvent but its medical use is currently restricted by the FDA to the palliative treatment of interstitial cystitis and to certain experimental applications. Cutaneous manifestations of scleroderma appear to resolve (albeit equivocally) following topical applications of high concentrations of DMSO. A limited number of small clinical trials indicate that intravenous DMSO may be of benefit in the treatment of amyloidosis, possibly by mobilizing amyloid deposits out of tissues into urine. Dermal application of DMSO seems to provide rapid, temporary, relief of pain in patients with arthritis and connective tissue injuries. However, claims for antiinflammatory effects or acceleration of healing are currently unwarranted. There is no evidence that DMSO can alter progression of degenerative joint disease, and, for this reason, DMSO may be considered for palliative treatment only and not to the exclusion of standard antiinflammatory agents. The safety of DMSO in combination with other drugs has not been established; neurotoxic interactions with sulindac have been reported. In experimental animals, intravenous DMSO is as effective as mannitol and dexamethasone in reversing cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension. An initial clinical trial in 11 patients tends to support this latter application. DMSO enhances diffusion of other chemicals through the skin, and, for this reason, mixtures of idoxuridine and DMSO are used for topical treatment of herpes zoster in the UK. Adverse reactions to DMSO are common, but are usually minor and related to the concentration of DMSO in the medication solution. Consequently, the most frequent side effects, such as skin rash and pruritus after dermal application, intravascular hemolysis after intravenous infusion and gastrointestinal discomfort after oral administration, can be avoided in large part by employing more dilute solutions. Most clinical trials of DMSO have not incorporated the components of experimental design necessary for objective, statistical evaluation of efficacy. Randomized comparisons between DMSO, placebo and known active treatments were rarely completed. Final approval of topical DMSO for treatment of rheumatic diseases in particular will require a multi-center, randomized comparison between high and low concentrations of DMSO and an orally-active, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Study of fractionation and potential mobility of metal in sludge from pyrite mining and affected river sediments: changes in mobility over time and use of artificial ageing as a tool in environmental impact assessment.

Sludge from mining exploitation can be a source of land and water contamination in the adjacent zone. Accidents such as the break of waste mining pools in the Aznalcollar Mine (Seville, Spain) in 1998 produce important ecological disasters. In this work is presented a study of the evolution of aqua regia leachable concentration and mobility of metals in sediment samples of Guadiamar River basin from the accident date up to 2001. The application of BCR standard extraction procedures provides valuable information about the mobility and toxicity of the spill and the metal mobility in Guadiamar River polluted sediments. As a rule, themobility of several metals in the initial sludge (sulphides) is low, except for copper. Otherwise, the results of aqua regia leachable concentration and mobility of metal obtained for sediments samples indicate that the cleaning and inertisation works carried out in the zone have been adequate but insufficient, being the metal levels observed in the zone are higher than natural levels. To establish the initial impact of the spill and the mobility changes with time, mineralogical composition of the pyritic sludge and its evolution after the natural weathering and after the induction, of accelerated ageing processes by light and temperature was studied in the laboratory. Oxidation of initial sulphides to sulphates was observed. Both environmental and laboratory oxidation of the metallic sulphides increase the mobility of all metals, especially of copper, zinc and lead. The proposed laboratory procedure allows to predict the changes in mobility and therefore in toxicity that can occur at short or long term after exposure of sludge at environ-mental conditions. The mobility results in sludge and sediment samples are interpreted in terms of the mineral composition of the samples.

Chemical Fractionation↗

PubMed1976

Inhibition of normal granulopoiesis by cytostatic agents.

Rabbits were treated with cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil, myelosuppressive cytostatic agents, applied with a single dose of 1/3 LD50 or daily doses of 1/30 LD50 given for 14 days. Functional tests for evaluation of granulopoiesis were regularly performed at standard intervals and were following: leukocytosis, bone marrow picture with mitotic index, 3H-thymidine incorporation in vitro followed by autoradiography of labeled promyelocytes and myelocytes, serum lysozyme activity, mobilization of granulocyte reserve pool by staphylococcal alpha-toxin, cytochemistry of granulocytes, phagocytosis ability and Nitro-BT reduction. It has been found that 6-10 days after application of cytostatics, a marked depression of proliferation of young granulocyte forms and lowered reserve pool, are regularly observed. This was followed by spontaneous regeneration of granulopoiesis. No changes were noted in functional tests of mature granulocytes in peripheral blood. It is suggested that for investigation of the impairment of granulopoiesis after application of cytostatic agents, most suitable is evaluation of mobilization of the bone marrow reserve pool, lysozyme activity in blood serum and labelling of promyelocytes and myelocytes with 3H-thymidine in vitro.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed2005

Study of the electroosmotic flow as a means to propel the mobile phase in capillary electrochromatography in view of further miniaturization of capillary electrochromatography systems.

In this paper, we investigate the phenomenon of electroosmosis as a means to propel a mobile phase, in particular in view of an application in microfluidic systems, which are characterized by significantly smaller volumes of the reservoirs and the separation channels compared to conventional instrumentation. In the microfluidic chip, pH changes due to water electrolysis quickly showed an effect on the electroosmotic flow (EOF), which could be counteracted by either regularly exchanging or buffering the mobile phase. Surface treatment was of no effect in regard to EOF stabilization in empty channels but may have an influence in channels filled with a charged monolith. In fused-silica capillaries the EOF was generally found to decrease from 'naked' to surface-treated to monolith-filled capillaries. The EOF tended to be higher when an organic solvent (acetonitrile) was added to the mobile phase and could be further increased by substituting the water with equal amounts of methanol. In addition, the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the EOF was investigated. In a microfluidic chip with empty (cross-)channels such an effect could be responsible for a redirection of the flow. In capillaries partially filled with a noncharged (non-EOF-generating) monolith, a linear relationship could be established between the EOF created in the empty section of the capillary (apparent mobility) and the length of the monolith (backpressure). In capillaries partially filled with a charged (EOF-producing) monolith, flow inhomogeneities must be expected as a consequence of a superimposition of hydrodynamic pressure and EOF as mobile phase driving force.

Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fast analysis of proteins by isoelectric focusing performed in capillary array detected with concentration gradient imaging system.

Isoelectric focusing of several protein samples is performed simultaneously in an array of 2-4 short capillaries (4-10 cm long). The separated proteins are detected by either an on-line concentration gradient imaging detection system, or a single point concentration gradient detector which requires a mobilization step following the focusing process. The application of the capillary array increases the throughput of the capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) technique, and makes the technique comparable in sample throughput to the gel slab isoelectric focusing technique, but with much faster speed of separation and quantitation. The analysis is completed in 2-3 min with the imaging detection system, which is about 100 times faster than the conventional gel slab isoelectric focusing and 10 times faster compared to conventional CIEF. The resolution of the separation is 0.02 pH units or better. All separated proteins in the capillary array are detected by the universal concentration gradient detector, which eliminates the need for sample derivatization. The concentration limit of detection for the inexpensive instrument described in this work is about 30 micrograms/mL and can be reduced by using higher quality components in the system, such as a more stable laser, higher optical quality capillaries and a faster computer A/D board. The sample consumption is 400 nL for the 4 cm long, 100 microns ID square capillary. The isoelectric point (pI) values of the samples can be directly determined without internal pI markers from their positions inside the capillary after focusing when the imaging detection system is used.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗

PubMed1996

Enantioseparation of amino acids and dipeptides using vancomycin as chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis.

Vancomycin was applied as chiral selector for the enantiomeric separation of derivatized amino acids and dipeptides. The influence of vancomycin concentration, pH and presence of 2-propanol in the buffer were examined in order to find optimal separation conditions. Optimization was by factorial design. Further, chiral separation of derivatives prepared with three different reagents was compared. These reagents were 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC), 2-(9-anthryl)ethyl chloroformate (AEOC) and dansyl chloride (dansyl). Optimum resolution was at high vancomycin concentrations, while optimum efficiency was at low vancomycin concentrations. As a consequence of the very high enantioselectivity of vancomycin, the vancomycin concentration below the amount necessary for maximal resolution can be used. Separation efficiency was relatively low, and this could be attributed to adsorption of the selector at the capillary wall. Three factors led to decreased adsorption: application of a pH above the zero mobility pH value, low vancomycin concentrations and the presence of 2-propanol. For amino acids, the resolutions of the different derivatives were: dansyl > AEOC > FMOC, while for dipeptides, the highest selectivity was with AEOC.

1-Propanol↗

PubMed2002

Application of 1-alkylamines to a liquid chromatographic/turbo ionspray tandem mass spectrometric method for quantifying metabolites of a new bone anabolic agent, TAK-778, in human serum.

We investigated the application of alkylamines, as additives to the mobile phase, to a quantification method for the metabolites, M-III and M-IV, of TAK-778, which is a new bone anabolic agent, in human serum using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Prior to setting up the analytical method, we found that 1-alkylamines co-existing with M-III and M-IV in the turbo ionsprayed solution formed 1-alkylammonium adduct molecules of these metabolites during the ionization process, and the abundance of the adduct ions was considerably higher than that of protonated molecules ([M + H](+)s) of these metabolites. Based on these findings, we investigated a variety of 1-alkylamines and their spiked concentrations in the mobile phase for LC/MS/MS analysis to obtain higher sensitivities for the quantification of these metabolites. After these examinations, we found that 1-hexylamine at a final concentration of 0.05 mmol l(-1) was the most suitable additive for the mobile phase, and set the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) ions for the 1-hexylammonium adduct molecule and [M + H](+), allowing about a fivefold gain in the SRM chromatographic peak compared with that without 1-hexylamine. The adduct ion was considered to be formed by interaction between the amino group of 1-hexylamine and the phosphoryl group of M-III and M-IV. The internal standard (I.S.) used was deuterated M-III for each metabolite. The analytes and I.S. were extracted with diethyl ether from serum samples at neutral pH and injected into the LC/MS/MS system with a turbo ionspray interface. The limit of quantification for both analytes was 0.5 ng ml(-1) when 0.1 ml of serum was used, and the calibration curves were linear in the range 0.5-100 ng ml(-1). The method was precise; the intra- and inter-day precisions of the method were not more than 5.6%. The accuracy of the method was good, with deviations between added and calculated concentrations of M-III and M-IV being typically within 16.6%. This method provided reliable pharmacokinetic data for M-III and M-IV after the intramuscular administration of TAK-778 sustained-release formulation in humans.

Alkylation↗

PubMed2004

Effect of manipulation of iron storage, transport, or availability on myelin composition and brain iron content in three different animal models.

Several observations suggest that iron is an essential factor in myelination and oligodendrocyte biology. However, the specific role of iron in these processes remains to be elucidated. This role could be as an essential cofactor in metabolic processes or as a transcriptional or translational regulator. In this study, we used animals models each with a unique defect in iron availability, storage, or transfer to test the hypothesis that disruptions in these mechanisms affect myelinogenesis and myelin composition. Disruption of iron availability either by limiting dietary iron or by altering iron storage capacity resulted in a decrease in myelin proteins and lipids but not the iron content of myelin. Among the integral myelin proteins, proteolipid protein was most consistently affected, suggesting that limiting iron to oligodendrocytes results not only in hypomyelination but also in a decrease in myelin compaction. Mice deficient in transferrin must receive transferrin injections beginning at birth to remain viable, and these mice had increases in all of the myelin components and in the iron content of the myelin. This finding indicates that the loss of endogenous iron mobility in oligodendrocytes could be overcome by application of exogenous transferrin. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate how myelin composition can be affected by loss of iron homeostasis and reveal specific chronic changes in myelin composition that may affect behavior and attempts to rescue myelin deficits.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Use of imazapyr against Equisetum arvense on Swedish railway tracks.

Since glyphosate has been used extensively for weed control in Swedish railway tracks, common horsetail (Equisetum arvense L), previously relatively rare, has become very common. Glyphosate, although effective against most other weeds found on railway tracks, gives poor control of E. arvense, so that heavy infestation with this weed is now common. Imazapyr (applied as a 250g AE litre(-1) SL, Arsenal) has controlled E. arvense, but is known to be very mobile. Adequate control of the weed requires application of > or = 4 litres ha(-1) of imazapyr SL but environmental factors preclude the use of > 2 litres ha(-1). A suitable strategy was found to be one application of imazapyr SL at 2 litres ha(-1) in each of two successive years but best weed control was obtained by supplementing imazapyr in the first year with glyphosate 360 g AE litre(-1) SL (RoundUp Bio) at 3 litres ha(-1).

Adsorption↗

PubMed1993

The genomic diversity among equine herpesvirus-1 strains isolated in Japan.

The DNAs from nine Japanese field isolates of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) were analyzed by digestion with the restriction endonuclease Bam HI and Southern hybridization. Comparing restriction profiles among the EHV-1 strains, there was no considerable difference between isolates before and after vaccine application, but some minor variations in the mobility of Bam HI fragments were observed. To identify these variable fragments, all genomic DNA sequences of the Japanese prototype of EHV-1 have been cloned as Bam HI restriction fragments into the plasmid pUC-18. Physical maps of the virus DNA were constructed by a combination of Southern blot analysis and double enzyme digestion of the cloned fragments. By using these cloned fragments as probes in Southern blot analysis, the areas of heterogeneity observed among the field EHV-1 isolates were located in both terminals of UL, the center of UL, IR, US and TR regions of the genome.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

In vivo assessment of the osteointegrative potential of phosphatidylserine-based coatings.

The successful implantation of titanium-based implants for orthopaedic and dental applications is often hindered because of their mobility, which arises because of a lack of direct binding of the metal surface to the mineral phase of the surrounding bone. Ceramic coatings, although ensuring the integration of the implant within the tissue, are unstable and carry risks of delamination and of failure. Recently, a novel biomimetic approach has been developed where porous titanium implants are coated with calcium-binding phospholipids able to catalyse the nucleation of discrete apatite crystals after only 30 min incubation in simulated body fluids. The present work assesses the osteointegrative potential of this new class of coatings in an in vivo rabbit model and compares its performance with those of bare porous titanium and hydroxyapatite-coated titanium. The data obtained show that phosphatidylserine-based coatings, whilst resorbing, drive the growing bone into apposition with the metal surface. This is in contrast to the case of bare titanium.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Conformational analysis of methyl beta-cellobioside by ROESY NMR spectroscopy and MD simulations in combination with the CROSREL method.

Methyl beta-cellobioside has been studied extensively by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in water and by ROESY NMR spectroscopy in order to establish its solution structure. The MD simulations were started with four significantly different minimal energy conformations. The MD trajectories were analysed with respect to interproton distances and mobility, in order to find models for application in the analysis of NMR data. The ROESY spectra were analysed by using the CROSREL method, which allows quantitative analysis of ROESY spectra through correction for the offset dependence and incorporation of HOHAHA transfer estimates. These results were compared with data obtained from an initial rate analysis of the ROESY data and with the MD data. It is concluded that methyl beta-cellobioside in aqueous solution is in the same extended conformation that is also found in the solid state.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed2005

The mechanical effect of a pelvic belt in patients with pregnancy-related pelvic pain.

BACKGROUND: Many patients with pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain experience relief of pain when using a pelvic belt, which makes its use a common part of the therapy, but there is no in vivo proof of the mechanical effect of the application of a pelvic belt. METHODS: The influence of a pelvic belt on sacroiliac joint laxity values was tested in 25 subjects with pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain by means of Doppler imaging of vibrations in prone position with and without the application of a pelvic belt. The belt was adjusted just below the anterior superior iliac spines (high position) and at the level of the pubic symphysis (low position). FINDINGS: Sacroiliac joint laxity values decreased significantly during both applications of a pelvic belt (P<0.001). The application of a pelvic belt in high position decreased sacroiliac joint laxity to a significantly greater degree than the application of a belt in low position (P=0.006). The decrease of laxity significantly correlated with the decrease of the score on the active straight leg raise test (r=0.57 for the low position, P=0.003 and r=0.54 for the high position, P=0.005). INTERPRETATION: Application of a pelvic belt significantly decreases mobility of the sacroiliac joints. The decrease of mobility is larger with the belt positioned just caudal to the anterior superior iliac spines than at the level of the pubic symphysis. The findings are in line with the biomechanical predictions and might be the basis for clinical studies about the use of pelvic belts in pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Investigation of chromatographic conditions for the separation of cefuroxime axetil and its geometric isomer.

The optimal chromatographic conditions for the separation of the syn- and anti-geometric isomers of cefuroxime axetil applying RP-HPLC and micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) methods were investigated. The possibility to separate diastereoisomers of syn- and anti-cefuroxime axetil was observed. Investigations were performed using three columns, two classical silicas and one with hybrid particle technology. Three aqueous-organic and one micellar mobile phases were used. The best results were achieved using micellar mobile phase. Optimization study was performed using different micellar mobile phases. MLC method is sensitive and applicable in purity and stability testing.

2-Propanol↗