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PubMed1984

Topical immunotherapy for pseudomonas keratitis in rabbits: use of antilipopolysaccharide plasma.

Pseudomonas keratitis is currently treated with antibiotics with a variable success rate. Part of the morbidity caused by pseudomonas is due to the action of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) present on the surface membrane of the bacteria. Specific IgG present in equine anti-LPS hyper-immune plasma has been found to bind to the LPS from a range of Gram-negative bacteria, including pseudomonas, and by activating complement it destroys these bacteria. Anti-LPS plasma was therefore used as a therapeutic agent in experimentally induced pseudomonas keratitis in rabbits. Thirteen out of 15 (86.7%) anti-LPS treated eyes improved, whereas four out of 17 (23.5%) saline treated control eyes improved (chi 2 = 12.76 p less than 0.001) No ill effects were noted when anti-LPS was administered to healthy rabbit or baboon eyes. Anti-LPS thus was protective in pseudomonas keratitis, and clinical trials appear to be warranted.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1985

Volatiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related species by automated headspace concentration--gas chromatography.

The volatile metabolites of three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one strain each of Pseudomonas cepacia, Pseudomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas putida were analyzed using an automated headspace concentrator incorporating a gas chromatograph. The procedure does not require sample preparation and automates the entire analytical sequence to yield reproducible profiles of volatile constituents. Gas chromatographic profiles of the volatile metabolites of each species were obtained using a 20-min concentration period and two fused silica capillary columns of different polarities. The production of headspace metabolites from trypticase soy broth was studied in relationship to culture incubation time and initial cell concentration. The volatiles identified after 24 h incubation consisted of 1-butanol, isopentanol, toluene, 1-undecene, 2-butanone, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanone, and 2-undecanone. Sufficient amounts of specific metabolites were produced after 5 h incubation to provide information of possible diagnostic value. In particular, all P. aeruginosa strains produced a distinctive series of 1-undecene and methyl ketones after 5 h incubation of media inoculated to provide 2 X 10(6) cells/mL. The results indicate that when growth and analytical conditions are held constant, P. aeruginosa and related species produce characteristic profiles of headspace metabolites. Since conventional bacteriological tests require 24 h or more for the identification of these pseudomonads, automated volatile analysis could provide an alternative means for the rapid detection of these bacteria.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed1993

Pseudomonas aeruginosa bronchopulmonary infection in late human immunodeficiency virus disease.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is unusual in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection, and it most often occurs in the setting of other risk factors, such as neutropenia or cytotoxic drug use. We noted an increasing number of pulmonary isolates of this organism in our clinic population and sought to describe the clinical correlates of this finding. Our study consisted of a retrospective review of the microbiology, radiology, and clinical records of 1,852 HIV-seropositive adults seen at a university-based outpatient AIDS clinic. We identified 16 individuals with Pseudomonas bronchopulmonary infection. All subjects had advanced HIV disease with prior AIDS diagnoses, and mean CD4 counts of 25/mm3 (0.025 x 10(9)/L). Pseudomonas was the sole pulmonary pathogen in 14 of 16 patients and was associated with new chest X-ray abnormalities in 14 cases. Four individuals had acute pseudomonal pneumonia with sepsis; this presentation was associated with hospitalization and other known risk factors for Pseudomonas infection. In contrast, 12 patients had more indolent, community-acquired infection, which had a low mortality rate and occurred in the absence of other risk factors. Survivors of the initial bout of Pseudomonas infection had an 86% relapse rate despite a median survival of only 4.5 months. This pattern of pseudomonal disease is reminiscent of cystic fibrosis and suggests a role for maintenance therapy.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1981

The role of the laboratory in the planned use of cefoperazone for the treatment of difficult Pseudomonas infections.

Four cases are discussed illustrating the role of the laboratory in the treatment of difficult pseudomonas infections. Pseudomonas vertebral osteomyelitis, in a 76-year-old man with impaired renal function, was successfully treated with cefoperazone given for 7 weeks. A 73-year-old woman, who had recurrent pseudomonas septicaemia due to infected cardiac pacing wires (that could not be removed), was managed with long term daily intramuscular cefoperazone, and a 31-year-old woman with pseudomonas aortitis was treated with long term intravenous cefoperazone. A 47-year-old man, who developed a pseudomonas infection superimposed on chronic osteomyelitis of the femur prior to a free vascularised graft operation, was treated with cefoperazone and ticarcillin.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Susceptibility trends of pseudomonas species from corneal ulcers.

PURPOSE: To assess the changing trends in the antibiotic susceptibility of Pseudomonas spp . isolated from bacterial keratitis over a nine year period with special emphasis on fluoroquinolone susceptibilities. METHODS: All corneal scraping cultures positive for Pseudomonas spp. (n=585) isolated from patients with bacterial keratitis at the Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai from 1995-2003 were evaluated. Cultures were performed in liquid and solid media and susceptibility testing was done against amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. RESULTS: The susceptibility of Pseudomonas spp. was over 90% from 1995-1998 to ciprofloxacin which decreased to 83% from 1999-2003. The total number of isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin was 51 (9.4%). No statistically significant increase in the number of isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin was noted. Ofloxacin showed 54% susceptibility from 1995-1998 but increased to 64% from 1999-2003. Analysis of in vitro activity of amikacin reveals that there was 43% sensitivity from 1995-1998 but later it increased to 76% from 1999-2003. In case of gentamicin, the sensitivity decreased marginally from 80% to 70% through the years. Tobramycin showed 45% sensitivity from 1995-1998 but increased to 75% from 1999-2003. CONCLUSIONS: The fluoroquinolones remain a good choice in the treatment of ocular infections, with high susceptibility of Pseudomonas spp. Among the aminoglycosides, gentamicin was found to be highly effective against Pseudomonas corneal ulcers when compared to amikacin and tobramycin. The results show a need for continuous monitoring of bacterial resistance trends.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1992

[Rapid diagnosis of pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections by indirect immunofluorescent antibody].

167 sputum specimens collected from patients with pulmonary infection were tested by IFA (Indirect immunofluorescent antibody-staining) with serogroup-specific monoclonal antibody to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, compared with quantitative sputum culture. The results showed the minimum concentration of bacteria detectable by IFA was 10 cfu/ml. 31(86.1%) were positive in 36 specimens with more than 10 cfu/ml of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 22(100%) were positive in 22 specimens with more than 10 cfu/ml of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In 127 specimens with a negative culture for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 121(95.2%) were negative, 6(4.8%) were false-positive which could be identified by Gram's-staining. The type of Pseudomonas aeruginosa could also be identified within 3 hours.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1992

A recombinant form of Pseudomonas exotoxin directed at the epidermal growth factor receptor that is cytotoxic without requiring proteolytic processing.

Pseudomonas exotoxin A is composed of three structural domains that mediate cell recognition (I), membrane translocation (II), and ADP-ribosylation (III). Within the cell, the toxin is cleaved within domain II to produce a 37-kDa carboxyl-terminal fragment, containing amino acids 280-613, which is translocated to the cytosol and causes cell death. In this study, we constructed a mutant protein (PE37), composed of amino acids 280-613 of Pseudomonas exotoxin A, which does not require proteolysis to translocate. PE37 was targeted specifically to cells with epidermal growth factor receptors by inserting transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) after amino acid 607 near the carboxyl terminus of Pseudomonas exotoxin A. PE37/TGF-alpha was very cytotoxic to cells with epidermal growth factor receptors. It was severalfold more cytotoxic than a derivative of full-length Pseudomonas exotoxin A containing TGF-alpha in the same position, probably because the latter requires intracellular proteolytic processing to exhibit its cytotoxicity, and proteolytic processing is not 100% efficient. Deletion of 2, 4, or 7 amino acids from the amino terminus of PE37/TGF-alpha greatly diminished cytotoxic activity, indicating the need for a proper amino-terminal sequence. In addition, a mutant containing an internal deletion of amino acids 314-380 was minimally active, indicating that other regions of domain II are also required for the cytotoxic activity of Pseudomonas exotoxin A.

ADP Ribose Transferases↗

PubMed1992

[Clinical study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the urine of patients with urinary tract infections].

We studied the characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the urine specimens of the patients with urinary tract infections (UTI), in the urological unit at Kitasato University Hospital, between April, 1989 and March, 1990. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected in 8.0% of the total urine specimens (1.1% from outpatients, 6.9% from inpatients). Serotype of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was F (33%), G (17%), M (14%) and others (36%). In sensitivity tests, imipenem (IPM) had the lowest MIC among 8 antimicrobial agents tested, which were imipenem, piperacillin, cefsulodin, ceftazidime, aztreonam, gentamicin, amikacin, and ofloxacin with 5.0%, 82.0%, 74.0%, 69.0%, 92.0%, 67.0%, 79.0% and 82.0% resistant strains, respectively. Bladder cancer was the most common underlying disease in the urological patients with Pseudomonas infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is still an annoying problem in UTI among compromised patients suffering from advanced urinary tract malignancies.

Bacteriuria↗

PubMed2005

[Dynamic analysis of drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in laboratory and clinical two-drug regimen].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze drug resistance status of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the two-drug regimens in laboratory and clinical settings for more appropriate application of antibiotics. METHODS: The laboratory data of drug resistance rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa identified with Biomerieux Vitek 32 system were collected. The clinical two-drug regimen data corresponding to anti-microbial sensitivity test were investigated, and the resistance rate of the clinical two-drug regimen was analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The isolation rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with multi-drug resistance increased steadily in recent years, and the resistance rate to 6 widely used antibiotics increased by over 20%. Two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to all the 6 drugs were identified in January 2004, and till June 2005, totally 18 panresistant strains had been isolated with dramatic increases in MIC value. In the clinical two-drug regimen, sulbactam/amikacin, sulbactam/ciprofloxacin, tazobactam/amikacin, and imipenem/amikacin still had low resistant rates. CONCLUSIONS: Multi-drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the antibiotics is a serious problem. A two-drug regimen based on anti-microbial susceptibility test should be chosen.

Amikacin↗

PubMed2006

Ecthyma gangrenosum: a manifestation of Pseudomonas sepsis in three paediatric patients.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis rarely occurs in healthy children. In immunocompromised children, it usually carries a high mortality rate. Ecthyma gangrenosum is a known cutaneous manifestation of Pseudomonas septicaemia. Three paediatric cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicaemia with ecthyma gangrenosum were retrospectively reviewed. The three patients were aged seven years, seven months, and five months, respectively. An underlying disease of hypogammaglobulinaemia was present in the oldest patient. Blood cultures grew Pseudomonas aeruginosa in all three patients. All underwent repeated wound debridement and received intravenous ceftazidime and an aminoglycoside for a minimum of two weeks. One needed colostomy and subsequent posterior sagittal anorectoplasty as a result of complete obliteration of the anal canal from the ecthyma. There was no mortality. In conclusion, Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis should be treated early. Recognition of ecthyma gangrenosum as a manifestation of this problem can allow early institution of the appropriate antibiotics before culture results.

Agammaglobulinemia↗

PubMed1985

Protective characteristics of the antigen common to Pseudomonas and Vibrio and significance of bacterial endotoxins in protection against selected bacterial infections.

The protective effect of different vaccines against the killing activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio parahaemolyticus for mice was studied. Cross experiments confirmed the high protective effect of the Pseudomonas common antigen (original endotoxin protein) contained in Pseudomonas vaccine, which, together with other soluble components, substantial afforded protection of mice against vibrios and thus confirmed the antigenic relationship between Pseudomonas and Vibrio. Satisfactory results were also obtained by vaccination with selected bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharides derived from some members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, which in some cases afforded 70-90% and in others only a 20-50% protection against Pseudomonas and Vibrio infection. The protective effect was reduced by up to 2/3 was obtained with vaccines subjected to alkaline hydrolysis. A single dose of Propionibacterium parvum cells not followed by specific vaccination afforded up to 50% protection against challenge with P. aeruginosa or V. parahaemolyticus. Special characteristics of the vaccines studied and their protective effects in relation to some immunological aspects of nonspecific resistance are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Results of using polyvalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine in children with burns by various medical centers].

Polyvalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine, prepared at the Institute of Hematology from 10 hospital strains isolated from burn wounds, was administered to 32 children with extensive and deep burns. The vaccine was well tolerated. The vaccine produced a high degree of the immunity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Agglutinin serum titre increased significantly. Vaccination either prevented or inhibited the infection of burn wounds with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in all immunized children. The symptoms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection usually disappeared following one or two vaccinations. Bacteriemia caused by P. aeruginosa was not observed in 31 out of 32 children. In the remaining child transient bacteriemia was noted. No septicemia caused by P. aeruginosa was seen. Due to the high efficiency of the polyvalent P. aeruginosa vaccine all burned children with burns exceeding 10% of the total body surface should by vaccinated to prevent the life-threatening infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Agglutinins↗

PubMed1985

Netilmicin in the treatment of Pseudomonas bacteremia.

The effectiveness of netilmicin was evaluated retrospectively in 40 patients with culture-documented bacteremia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Netilmicin was the only antibiotic active in vitro against P aeruginosa that was administered to these patients. In 18 patients, Pseudomonas bacteremia developed in association with a Pseudomonas infection of the urinary tract; in 22 patients, Pseudomonas bacteremia developed from nonurinary or unknown sources. A clinical resolution or improvement was observed in 92% of the evaluable patients, and P aeruginosa was eliminated from the blood of 90% of the patients. The drug had nephrotoxic effects in two patients, but in no patient was there subjective or audiometric evidence of ototoxic effects. Three patients died during therapy. Based on these data, netilmicin is effective, and is associated with a low incidence of toxic effects, in the treatment of patients with Pseudomonas bacteremia.

Female↗

PubMed1994

Suppression of polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase in vitro: a study of the mechanisms and the correlation with ring abscess in pseudomonal keratitis.

Bacteria, or the culture supernatants of an elastase non-producing strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, elicited a chemotactic response from polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) in vitro. The chemoattractive capacity was diminished under the presence of Boc-Phe-Leu-Phe-Leu-Phe, a receptor antagonist of N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) which is a bacterial chemotactic peptide to PMN. This indicated that the chemoattractant derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was a fMLP-like molecule(s). In contrast, culture supernatants of an elastase producing strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced negligible chemotactic response from PMN. Indeed, an inhibitory effect of the culture supernatants or of purified Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase (PAE) on PMN chemotaxis was observed when fMLP was used as a chemoattractant. Another fMLP-induced function of PMN, respiratory burst activation, was also diminished by pretreatment of PMN with PAE. PAE hydrolysed fMLP at the Met-Leu bond and diminished the chemoattractant capacity. In addition, a receptor analysis with fML-3H-P demonstrated a decrease in numbers of fMLP receptors on PMN without changing the dissociation constant values after the treatment of the cells with PAE. In the primary structure of the fMLP receptor previously reported, a preferential amino acid sequence for cleavage by PAE was identified in what was believed to be an extracellular portion of the receptor molecule. These results suggested that PAE could diminish PMN infiltration in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vivo by cleavage of the fMLP-like pseudomonal chemotactic ligand and the receptors on PMN.

Abscess↗

PubMed1988

Immunomodulation by altered gastrointestinal tract flora. The effects of orally administered, killed Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida, and Pseudomonas on systemic immune responses.

We investigated the role of microbial products from the gastrointestinal tract in the pathogenesis of immunosuppression in critical illness. Rats were gavaged daily for three weeks with killed Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida, and Pseudomonas--organisms frequently isolated from the upper gastrointestinal tract of the critically ill patient; nonspecific immunity was measured by the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. Gavage with either Pseudomonas or Candida resulted in significant suppression of DTH responses, while gavage with S epidermidis produced modest enhancement of DTH. Animals given Pseudomonas demonstrated impaired ability to localize a subcutaneous Staphylococcus aureus challenge and decreased IgM but enhanced anti-Pseudomonas IgA and IgG responses after intraperitoneal immunization. Pulmonary bacterial clearance at seven days was normal. These findings suggest that gut colonization with Candida or Pseudomonas may contribute to impairment of cell-mediated immunity in the critically ill patient.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2002

Evaluation of carbazole degradation by Pseudomonas rhodesiae strain KK1 isolated from soil contaminated with coal tar.

In this study, strain KK1 isolated from coal tar-contaminated soil was found to be able to mineralize carbazole as a sole source of carbon by radiorespirometric analysis. KK1 cells pregrown on phenanthrene were able to mineralize carbazole much more rapidly than cells pregrown on naphthalene, suggesting a possible close linkage between the pathways for carbazole and phenanthrene catabolism. Also, Rieske-type iron sulfur center sequence of dioxygenase from KK1 was analyzed to evaluate carbazole catabolism by KK1. A gene cloned out from KK1 using a universal dioxygenase primer set was found a dioxygenase for initial catabolism of carbazole based on deduced amino acid sequences. Northern hybridization using the putative carbazole dixoygenase gene fragment as a probe provided the information that catabolism of carbazole might be greatly activated in phenanthrene-grown cells. Analysis of PLFAs extracted from KK1 cells exposed to carbazole revealed that lipids 10:0 3OH, 17:0 cyclo, and 18:0 were representatives produced or significantly increased in response to carbazole. Strain KK1 was identified as Pseudomonas species with 94% confidence when BIOLOG system was applied, as Pseudomonas sp. with over 90% confidence by total cellular compositions of fatty acid, and as Pseudomonas rhodesiae with 99% confidence by 16S rRNA sequence. Accordingly, strain KK1 was identified as Pseudomonas rhodesiae based on combination of the data, and designated Pseudomonas rhodesiae KK1. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA suggested that strain KK1 was far away in the phylogenetic distance from the strains that can degrade carbazole.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Production of 2-methylisoborneol by Streptomyces violaceusniger and its transformation by selected species of Pseudomonas.

The effect of glucose, glycerol and yeast-extract (YE) on 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) production by Streptomyces violaceusniger (C4-S strain) was determined. Glycerol as a sole carbon source promoted MIB production was maximum concentration (40.65 microg/l) after 10 days incubation, while glucose favored biomass production. Increasing YE concentration from 0.1 to 1% (W/V) repressed MIB production with 62 and 83% reduction after 10 and 14 days, respectively. Transformation of this odorous compound was investigated using seven different Pseudomonas species. Action of the different Pseudomonas spp. on the C4-S extract was followed at 1 hour, 2 hours, 6 hours and 12 hours. Pseudomonas spp. 1, 2, 3 and 5 indicated a positive reaction; however, Pseudomonas spp. 4, 6 and 7 showed no effect. These data suggest that 2-methylisoborneol can be transformed by Pseudomonas spp. and the test adopted by this study can be applied for screening organisms for their ability to transform MIB.

Biomass↗

PubMed2004

Proteome analysis of Pseudomonas sp. K82 biodegradation pathways.

Pseudomonas sp. K82 is a soil bacterium that can degrade and use monocyclic aromatic compounds including aniline, 3-methylaniline, 4-methylaniline, benzoate and p-hydroxybenzoate as its sole carbon and energy sources. In order to understand the impact of these aromatic compounds on metabolic pathways in Pseudomonas sp. K82, proteomes obtained from cultures exposed to different substrates were displayed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and were compared to search for differentially induced metabolic enzymes. Column separations of active fractions were performed to identify major biodegradation enzymes. More than thirty proteins involved in biodegradation and other types of metabolism were identified by electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. The proteome analysis suggested that Pseudomonas sp. K82 has three main metabolic pathways to degrade these aromatic compounds and induces specific metabolic pathways for each compound. The catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (CD2,3) pathway was the major pathway and the catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (beta-ketoadipate) pathway was the secondary pathway induced by aniline (aniline analogues) exposure. On the other hand, the catechol 1,2-dioxygenase pathway was the major pathway induced by benzoate exposure. For the degradation of p-hydroxybenzoate, the protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase pathway was the major degradation pathway induced. The nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of substrates demonstrated that Pseudomonas sp. K82 metabolizes some aromatic compounds more rapidly than others (benzoate > p-hydroxybenzoate > aniline) and that when combined, p-hydroxybenzoate metabolism is repressed by the presence of benzoate or aniline. These results suggest that proteome analysis can be useful in the high throughput study of bacterial metabolic pathways, including that of biodegradation, and that inter-relationships exist with respect to the metabolic pathways of aromatic compounds in Pseudomonas sp. K82.

Aniline Compounds↗