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PubMed1986

Effects of physical exercise on the serum concentration of melatonin in female runners.

The serum melatonin concentration was measured in 11 runners before and after a long-distance race, and during one menstrual cycle of another 11 runners who were performing a strenuous training programme, and in their 12 control subjects. The concentration of melatonin was significantly increased (p less than 0.05) after the competition, whereas during one menstrual cycle of female runners it did not differ from the corresponding concentrations of non-athletes. Training did not cause any chronic changes in melatonin secretion, and the serum melatonin increases following the physical exercise remained clearly below the nocturnal level. Hence, the antigonadotropic effect of endurance running activity is very likely not a melatonin-associated phenomenon.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[The effects of trimetazidine on left ventricular function and physical exercise tolerance in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy].

Trimetazidine is a new metabolic antiischemic agent, which increases the tolerance of cardiomyocytes to ischemia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of additional trimatazidine therapy in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICMP) in comparison with standard therapy of cardiac insufficiency. According to the results of the study, trimetazidine improves the clinical status, functional class of cardiac insufficiency, left ventricular ejection fraction, in ICMP patients. Trimetazidine increases physical exercise tolerance according to the results of six-minute walking test. Thus, the optimization of myocardial energetic metabolism may be a promising perspective in the treatment of coronary heart disease with systolic dysfunction.

Aged↗

PubMed1982

Modification of the metabolic and hormonal response to physical exercise by beta-blocking agents.

Beta-blockade is known to induce muscle fatigue and tendency to hypoglycaemia during prolonged exercise. In addition, beta-blocking agents influence the secretion of many hormones, which regulate glucose. We have investigated the effects of a beta 1-selective (metoprolol) and a non-selective (propranolol) beta-blocking agent on muscle glycogenolysis, blood glucose and lactate levels, plasma levels of free fatty acids and on secretion of insulin, growth hormone, glucagon and cortisol during physical exercise in a double blind cross-over study in seven healthy male volunteers. They participated in three bicycle ergometer tests each lasting for 30 minutes under treatment of placebo (C), metoprolol (M) or propranolol (P). A biopsy was obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle before and immediately after the exercise for muscle glycogen assay. The glycogen concentration after exercise tended to be lower in C than in M or P experiment. The blood glucose level decreased during P and at 30 min there was a significant difference between P and C. The blood lactate was significantly lower before exercise during P than C or M. The increase of blood lactate during exercise, however, was not inhibited by P. Both beta-blocking agents counteracted the increase of FFA during exercise. There was a marked increase of growth hormone secretion during beta-blockade. The secretion of glucagon and cortisol were slightly increased by P and M, but the plasma insulin level was not affected by beta-blockade.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Relationship between total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the effects of physical exercise, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and body mass index.

Despite the fact that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) is a part of total cholesterol (TC), the serum level of this portion has been reported to have no or only a weak relationship to the TC level. The present study assessed the relationship between HDLC and TC considering alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and body mass index (BMI) in 366 male workers classified into three groups by the habitual physical exercise. The results showed the different effects of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and BMI on the level of HDLC among these three groups, and alcohol consumption lowered the LDLC level only in the exercise group. The closest relationship between HDLC and TC was seen in the exercise group, even after taking other factors into account. The result suggests that the HDLC level must be evaluated relative to the level of TC. As an indicator of serum lipid patterns the validity of the ratio of HDLC to TC (HDLC/TC) was discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Effect of upright posture and physical exercise on endogenous neurohormonal systems in cirrhotic patients with sodium retention and normal supine plasma renin, aldosterone, and norepinephrine levels.

It is well known that sodium retention occurs in a significant proportion of patients with cirrhosis despite normal supine plasma levels of renin, aldosterone (ALDO), and norepinephrine (NE). The current study was performed to assess whether this subset of patients also present normal activity of the renin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems during upright posture in sitting position and moderate physical exercise. Nine healthy controls, 14 patients with compensated cirrhosis and 10 patients with cirrhosis, ascites, sodium retention, and normal supine plasma renin activity (PRA) and ALDO and NE concentration were sequentially studied after 60 minutes in supine rest, 30 minutes in sitting position, and 30 minutes of cycloergometric exercise (3-METs). Sitting position and exercise were associated with similar stimulation of the renin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems in the three groups of subjects. Consequently, cirrhotic patients with ascites showed values of PRA and plasma concentration of ALDO and NE similar to healthy subjects and patients with compensated cirrhosis during supine rest (renin: 1.4 +/- 0.3, 0.8 +/- 0.2, and 0.8 +/- 0.3 ng/mL; aldosterone: 24.3 +/- 4.7, 20.2 +/- 3.9 and 21.4 +/- 3.4 ng/dL; norepinephrine: 252 +/- 23, 250 +/- 16, and 255 +/- 23 pg/mL), sitting position (renin: 2.1 +/- 0.5, 1.1 +/- 0.3, and 1.6 +/- 0.4; aldosterone: 32.2 +/- 7.3, 23.7 +/- 5.3, and 26.2 +/- 4.5; norepinephrine: 356 +/- 38, 401 +/- 63, and 420 +/- 35), and exercise (renin: 2.9 +/- 0.8, 1.6 +/- 0.4, and 2.2 +/- 0.5; aldosterone: 43 +/- 6.4, 34.9 +/- 8.5, and 38.2 +/- 5.3; norepinephrine: 481 +/- 35, 499 +/- 54, and 534 +/- 48).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aldosterone↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in total body potassium, hemoglobin and bromine space after hypokinesia and physical exercise.

It has been demonstrated that hypokinesia diminished muscular activity induces changes in several biochemical total body parameters, including those of potassium, hemoglobin and bromine spaces. Therefore the objective of this study was to evaluate the composition of the body in 5 essentially healthy men, aged 19-23 years, after a 60 days exposure to hypokinesia (HK). For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect the men were kept under a rigorous bed rest regime. Throughout the hypokinetic period the men routinely performed a set of physical exercises (PE). Total body potassium, hemoglobin, bromine space and cell mass were measured in the baseline period (BP) and during readaptation period (RP), that is, after the exposure to HK. There were demonstrable reductions in cell and hemoglobin masses. The impaired potassium and hemoglobin content did not affect concentration thereof in blood. It was concluded that the examined biochemical parameters of human organism underwent certain changes following the exposure to diminished muscular activity conditions, while at the same time it was revealed that PE cannot be used to counteract the development of adverse effects of hypokinesia.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

The effects of increased physical exercise on disruptive behavior in retarded persons.

The low frequency but highly intense disruptive behavior of 10 institutionalized mentally retarded persons was treated by providing them with opportunities for vigorous exercise. In two experiments, severely aggressive and hyperactive clients were exposed to two daily periods of jogging and strenuous activities in multiple baseline designs across clients. Rating scale data collected daily from cottage and school personnel indicated a systematic reduction in problem behavior for 8 of the 10 participants to levels considered "not a problem" or only "an occasional problem." Physical exercise may offer promise as an effective, benign, and practical adjunct to other treatment and management techniques.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Longitudinal gains in self-regulation from regular physical exercise.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to test whether the repeated practice of self-regulation could improve regulatory strength over time. METHOD: Regulatory performance was assessed at baseline, then at monthly intervals for a period of 4 months using a visual tracking task. Perceived stress, emotional distress, self-efficacy and general regulatory behaviour were assessed by questionnaire. Following a 2-month control phase, participants entered a 2-month self-regulation programme designed to increase regulatory strength: a programme of regular physical exercise. RESULTS: Relative to the control phase, participants who exercised showed significant improvement in self-regulatory capacity as measured by an enhanced performance on the visual tracking task following a thought-suppression task. During the regulatory exercise phase, participants also reported significant decreases in perceived stress, emotional distress, smoking, alcohol and caffeine consumption, and an increase in healthy eating, emotional control, maintenance of household chores, attendance to commitments, monitoring of spending and an improvement in study habits. The control phase showed no systematic changes in performance on the visual tracking task across sessions. Reports of perceived stress, emotional distress and regulatory behaviours were also stable across sessions. CONCLUSIONS: The uptake and maintenance of an exercise programme over a 2-month period produced significant improvements in a wide range of regulatory behaviours. Nearly every major personal and social problem has some degree of regulatory failure. The idea that the capacity for self-regulation can be improved is therefore of vast practical importance.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Physical exercise, aortic blood pressure, and aortic wall elasticity and composition in rats.

With a training schedule (8 weeks' treadmill running at 30 m/min up a 10% incline 5 d/wk for 90 min/day), we investigated whether exercise modifies aortic wall dimensions, composition (calcium and elastin content), or stiffness in normotensive 6-month-old male Wistar WAG/Rij rats. Maximal oxygen uptake was measured in half of the rats (n=10 per group). Wall stiffness was evaluated in the other half (9 trained and 10 untrained) on the basis of changes in thoracoabdominal pressure pulse wave velocity and differences in amplitude between the peripheral and central aortic pressure signals. Experiments were performed in nonanesthetized, unrestrained rats and then after pithing. The impact of exercise on the oxidative capacity of the plantaris muscles was evaluated with the measurement of citrate synthase activity. Training increased maximal oxygen uptake by 34% and citrate synthase activity by 40%. Mean peripheral aortic pressure increased by 6% and 19% in trained rats, under awake and pithed conditions, whereas mean central aortic pressure increased by 16%, after pithing only. All indexes of aortic stiffness were similar in trained and control rats, as were aortic wall dimensions, composition, cardiac mass, and heart rate. In conclusion, physical exercise in young rats appears to have no effect on aortic stiffness.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Drug absorption during physical exercise.

1 The effect of exercise on the absorption of quinidine sulphate, sodium salicylate and sulphadimidine was studied in healthy volunteers. 2 The study was a randomized cross-over design with work and rest. The work load was 450 kpm/min for females and 600 kpm/min for males on a bicycle ergometer intermittently for 3 h. 3 The plasma concentrations of the drugs were followed during the entire experiment and their respective peak concentrations (Cmax) and time to peak (tmax) were determined. 4 No significant differences in the Cmax and tmax were found between rest and work for any of the drugs. 5 The results suggest that physical exercise is not a major source of variation in drug absorption.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Physical exercise may improve macrophage phagocytic activity of tumor bearing mice.

The influence of an endurance training on the phagocytic activity of macrophages from tumor bearing mice was studied. Female NMRI mice were trained on a treadmill. The training period differed from 3 to 6 weeks for different experimental groups and was performed either before or after tumor inoculation, or both. Either L-1210 or S-180 tumor cells were inoculated into the peritoneal cavity or the interscapular region, respectively. The phagocytic activity of peritoneal and spleen macrophages was estimated at different intervals. The trained animals' macrophages showed increased phagocytic activity especially evident in the group that had been trained before and after tumor inoculation. It was concluded that physical exercise might enhance phagocytosis of macrophages in tumor bearing animals and that this effect strongly depends on the duration and onset of the training program.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Treatment of NASH: nutritional counseling and physical exercise].

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is recognized as a cause of potentially progressive liver damage. NAFLD is often associated with metabolic syndrome that comprises central obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. Among these, severer forms with histopathological features of increasing ballooned hepatocytes and fibrosis are defined as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The natural history of NASH is only partly known, the disease is slowly progressive and therapeutic outcomes are difficult to define. Since central obesity and insulin resistance are most likely involved in the pathogenesis, justification of life style including physical exercise and nutritional counseling is essential for the treatment of NASH.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗

PubMed2004

Long-term physical exercise and somatosensory event-related potentials.

We have compared the occurrence patterns of somatosensory event-related potentials (ERPs) in athletes (soccer players) and non-athletes. ERPs were elicited by two oddball tasks following separate somatosensory stimulation at the median nerve (upper-limb task) and at the tibial nerve (lower-limb task). In the athlete group the N140 amplitudes were larger during upper- and lower-limb tasks and the P300 amplitude and latency were larger and shorter, respectively, during the lower-limb task compared with non-athletes. On the other hand, no significant differences in the P300 amplitude and latency during the upper-limb task were observed between the athlete and non-athlete groups. These results indicate that plastic changes in somatosensory processing might be induced by performing physical exercises that require attention and skilled movements.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

[Hyperlipemia and functional state of the myocardius according to the analysis of the polycardiograph under conditions of submaximal physical exercise].

An analysis of polycardiographic parameters prior to and following treadmill exercises was conducted in 124 males, aged 39-59 years; in 57 of them the blood lipids level was normal, in 67--elevated (cholesterol level 260 mg% and higher in those aged 39--49 and 280 mg% and higher for those aged 50-59, or triglycerids--300 mg% and higher for both age-groups). In persons with elevated levels of lipids in blood during early restitution (after 2 min.) following submaximal physical exercises polycardiogrammes demonstrated a phase syndrome of hypodynamia irrespective of the fact whether an ischaemic depression of the ST segment appeared on the ECG tracings in response to the exercises or not. The functional deficiency of the myocardium in patients with hyperlipidemia is most probably explained by the hampered oxygen transport from the erythrocytes via the hyperlipidemic plasma to the heart muscle.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Influence of the composition of a meal taken after physical exercise on mood, vigilance, performance.

The metabolic and behavioral effects of nutrients after exercise on vigilance level, performance, and mood have been minimally studied and have given contradictory results. In order to increase the understanding of the relationships between nutrition, exercise and performance, this experiment compared the effects on mood and performance of a protein- rich meal and a protein- poor meal, eaten just after an acute session of exercise. Vigilance and mood were evaluated by visual analog scales, and memory was measured by memory search task from the AGARD STRES battery, based on the Sternberg paradigm. Forty-two subjects were involved in this experiment. All subjects participated in the study of the effect of exercise after two kinds of meals (protein and nonprotein). Two groups of fourteen subjects we used to evaluate the effect of the exercise and the effect of the delay of meal intake after exercise in the two kinds of diet. The results show no difference in memory performance between exercise and rest conditions, nor between "protein" and "no protein" meal groups. They do show, however, that subjects feel happier after a meal with protein than after a meal without protein. The effects of the "no protein" meal on drowsiness differ with the glucide content of the meal. Subjects are less drowsy when they eat between 125 and 150 g of glucide than when they eat more than 150 g. The rousing effect induced by physical exercise is counterbalanced when subjects eat more than 150 g of carbohydrate. The anxiolytic effect of glucide is re-established.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The immune system in the oxidative stress conditions of aging and hypertension: favorable effects of antioxidants and physical exercise.

Several studies have shown that both oxidative stress and inflammation are linked to the process of hypertension and that the immune system is also involved in this age-related process. More specifically, the oxygen stress related to immune system dysfunction seems to have a key role in senescence, in agreement with the oxidation/ inflammation theory of aging. From a practical point of view, and according to our own research, the immune functions change in a similar fashion in hypertension and aging. As antioxidant diet supplementation decreases oxidative stress, it may be useful to treat hypertension and increase longevity. Probably, these favorable effects are mediated by an antioxidant-induced improvement of the immune function. The practice of moderate physical exercise shows similar favorable effects, and indeed our studies on exercising hypertensive women demonstrate an improved immune function, probably linked to raised levels of intracellular antioxidant defenses. The present review summarizes a selection of data related to the above from other authors as well as some findings from our own work.

Aging↗

PubMed1986

Change in concentrations of myogenic components of serum during 93 h of strenuous physical exercise.

Effects of 93 h of long, strenuous ranger training on activities of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LD), along with their isoenzymes, and on concentration of myosin light chain were examined in sera of young soldiers. Total CK activity in serum was measured before, during, and after the training. Throughout, total CK activity in serum increased steadily. At the end of the training, activity of CK-MB was increased but its activity ratio to total CK remained unchanged; the activity ratio of LD1/LD2 also was not increased, although total LD activity was increased. Myosin light chain was increased by about fourfold at the end of the training and remained high for three days thereafter. However, its concentration was much lower than in myopathies such as polymyositis and Duchenne muscle dystrophy. The increased activities in serum of total CK and CK-MB isoenzyme on strenuous physical exercise evidently were of noncardiac origin. Although CK activity was comparable with that seen in myopathies accompanied by disintegration of skeletal muscle, the relatively low concentration of myosin light chain in serum suggests minimal skeletal muscle damage.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Effect of prolonged physical exercise on intra-erythrocyte and plasma potassium.

The intracellular concentrations of sodium [Na+] and potassium [K+] and the water content in human erythrocytes were investigated in 21 male runners before and after a marathon. From 2 to 5 min after the race, the intra-erythrocyte [K+] was significantly decreased (p less than 0.001) by 7% whereas the plasma [K+], intra-erythrocyte [Na+] and the erythrocyte water content were unchanged. The change in the intra-erythrocyte [K+] observed immediately after the marathon, was negatively correlated with the race time (r = -0.44; p less than 0.05). Furthermore, the change in the plasma [K+] (r = -0.64; p less than 0.001) and the amount of K+ excreted in the urine during the race (r = 0.54; p less than 0.05) were also, respectively, negatively and positively correlated with the race time. It is concluded that during prolonged physical exercise the erythrocytes could serve as a kind of K+ reservoir that is drained with increasing magnitude of body K+ loss. This might explain why in the faster marathon runners, in whom the urinary K+ loss is smaller and the K+ intake is greater than in the slower runners during race, the intra-erythrocyte [K+] is unchanged after a marathon whereas in the slower runners it is decreased.

Adult↗