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PubMedDate not supplied

Children and computers: new technology--old concerns.

Computer technology has ushered in a new era of mass media, bringing with it great promise and great concerns about the effect on children's development and well-being. Although we tend to see these issues as being new, similar promises and concerns have accompanied each new wave of media technology throughout the past century: films in the early 1900s, radio in the 1920s, and television in the 1940s. With the introduction of each of these technologies, proponents touted the educational benefits for children, while opponents voiced fears about exposure to inappropriate commercial, sexual, and violent content. This article places current studies on children and computers in a historical context, noting the recurrent themes and patterns in media research during the twentieth century. Initial research concerning each innovation has tended to focus on issues of access and the amount of time children were spending with the new medium. As use of the technology became more prevalent, research shifted to issues related to content and its effects on children. Current research on children's use of computers is again following this pattern. But the increased level of interactivity now possible with computer games and with the communication features of the Internet has heightened both the promise of greatly enriched learning and the concerns related to increased risk of harm. As a result, research on the effects of exposure to various types of content has taken on a new sense of urgency. The authors conclude that to help inform and sustain the creation of more quality content for children, further research is needed on the effects of media on children, and new partnerships must be forged between industry, academia, and advocacy groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A study on SARS awareness and health-seeking behaviour - findings from a sampled population attending National Healthcare Group Polyclinics.

INTRODUCTION: The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of massive SARS public education effort on SARS awareness and the conduct of those suspected of having SARS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five hundred and ninety-three respondents attending the National Healthcare Group Polyclinics (NHGP) participated in the survey from 9 to 13 June 2003. Associations between awareness of SARS symptoms and (i) first action to be taken and (ii) mode of transportation used, if the respondent was suspected of having SARS, were analysed using Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. Logistic regression was performed to adjust for relevant covariates. RESULTS: The majority (92.7%) of the respondents were aware of SARS symptoms. Television (91.6%), newspaper (65.2%) and radio (30.4%) formed the top 3 sources of information on SARS. Slightly more than half (51.6%) of those who suspect themselves of having SARS would choose to visit their primary health care doctors, while 22.7% of the respondents would go to Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH). If they suspected themselves to have SARS, most (84.9%) of the 578 respondents would react appropriately by taking the SARS ambulance or driving themselves to TTSH. However, 60 respondents would nonetheless take public transport to TTSH [by taxi 8.5%, mass rapid transit (MRT) or bus 1.9%]. In particular, the retired with lower educational levels were likely to be oblivious both to the symptoms of SARS and the possible consequences of travelling by inappropriate transport. CONCLUSION: Despite more than 2 months of intensive SARS public education in Singapore, there remain important gaps in knowledge and appropriate behaviour that have to be bridged.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Malaria: knowledge, behaviour and practices among a rural population of Gossas, Senegal].

Malaria remains a major public health problem in Sub-Saharian Africa, in terms of morbidity and mortality rate. To assess the knowledge and behaviour of population regarding the transmission, the treatment and the prevention of malaria, we conducted a cluster sample household survey in Gossas, a rural District in Senegal, from May 2nd to May 6th 2005. A questionnaire that focused on socioeconomic conditions, beliefs, knowledge about and behavior toward antimalarial medication and the prevention means used was given to 480 household owners. Overall, 107 pregnant women and 1,201 children aged less than 5 years old lived within these household. More than a half of the household owners (51%) were illiterate and 25.2% ignored how malaria is transmitted. Fever was the most common symptom suggesting malaria (61%). In 46.1% of febrile cases, people did not seek for treatment from a physician. Home treatment of febrile episodes was based on paracetamol or aspirin (84%), chloroquine (13%) and cotrimoxazole (2.9%). Overall, the proportion of insecticide treated nets users were 22.7%. This percentage was 14.9% and 11.4% for pregnant women and children younger than 5 years old, respectively. People having radio sets, regular access to television, and people aware of the transmission route of malaria were more likely to use bed nets. In most cases, organic material burning was used as repellent against mosquitoes. The low prevalence of bed net use was most often explained by participants' limited accessibility to and by the high cost of insecticide-treated nets. Knowledge about malaria prevention and treatment is low in the rural district of Gossas. The rate of insecticide-treated-bed nets use in vulnerable people is very low, far from the Abuja meeting objective. A sensibilization program and a social marketing plan for insecticide-treated-bed nets could improve this situation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Free-time activities among seafarers on board Finnish cargo ships.

Seafarers' free time activities on board ship and on shore were investigated by means of a questionnaire sent to 507 seafarers working on 35 ships. All the seafarers were Finnish citizens and all the ships in Finnish ownership. The questionnaire was returned by 245 seafarers (22 of them were women) from a total of 34 ships. Reading was the most popular way of spending free time while on board ship. Next came watching television or listening to the radio; then chatting with friends and sleeping/keeping to oneself. About one in four put physical exercise and sauna baths among the three most common ways of spending free time. The most common ways of spending free time on shore were meeting friends and acquaintances and watching TV or listening to the radio. In third place were "other ways of spending leisure time", most of which included being out of door, hunting, going to the summer cottage and gardening. Physical exercise activity was greater on shore than on board ship. The respondents were grouped into four categories: A) reader/student/hobbyist: B) sociable: C) exercise enthusiast D) TV watcher/radio listener Group A considered the ship's atmosphere and the spirit of solidarity on board better than the others. Group B had more often a good friend on board ship and less often suffered from anxiety or depression. Group C more often considered their health and working capacity good. Group D had no positive differences over the other groups. More attention should be paid to developing the ways in which free time is spent not only on board but also during the compensatory free time on shore.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Possible consequences of urban pollution caused by radio frequency].

The AA. report the results of an inquest on the health effects of radio wave pollution in an area of Trieste, where television transmitters and broadcasting are installed. The following results were obtained: the measure of electromagnetic fields showed in the mentioned area a power density 10-100 times higher than that + in other zones of Trieste. According to present knowledge, the observed values of EM fields may have some psychological, behavioural and neurovegetative effects on exposed subjects. Clinical examination, integrated by the analysis of some seventy biochemical and functional parameters, showed nothing but minor changes of hypophyseal-suprarenal hormones and a relevant incidence of neurovegetative troubles. Some difficulties were found in the interpretation of psychological troubles, which may be reactive to broadcasting installation or secondary to radio wave exposure.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1975

Media in teaching college level nutrition. Is it effective and efficient?

Several techniques have been used, studied, and tested to teach nutrition at Syracuse University. One self-paced course in nutrition and food science tutors students completely through audio tapes integrated with films, slides, video tapes, discussion groups, laboratory manual, and computer-assisted instruction. Evaluation is by computerized tests given after each module at the student's discretion. Compressed-speech tapes are used to increase learning efficiency. Dietetic, nutrition, nursing, and pre-medical students are taught nutrition via these methods for selected modules, but they mainly learn by lectures supplemented by pertinent films, slides, transparencies, television commercials, telectures, videotapes, and simulations. Multi-media "happenings" are presented which gain students' attention and change attitudes while imparting nutritional information which is well retained.

Advertising↗
PubMed2000

Media and youth: access, exposure, and privatization.

PURPOSE: To describe U.S. youth's access and exposure to the full array of media, as well as the social contexts in which media exposure occurs. METHODS: A cross-sectional national random sample of 2065 adolescents aged 8 through 18 years, including oversamples of African-American and Hispanic youth, completed questionnaires about use of television, videotapes, movies, computers, video games, radio, compact discs, tape players, books, newspapers, and magazines. RESULTS: U.S. youngsters are immersed in media. Most households contain most media (computers and video game systems are the exception); the majority of youth have their own personal media. The average youth devotes 6 3/4 h to media; simultaneous use of multiple media increases exposure to 8 h of media messages daily. Overall, media exposure and exposure to individual media vary as a function of age, gender, race/ethnicity, and family socioeconomic level. Television remains the dominant medium. About one-half of the youth sampled uses a computer daily. A substantial proportion of children's and adolescents' media use occurs in the absence of parents. CONCLUSIONS: American youth devote more time to media than to any other waking activity, as much as one-third of each day. This demands increased parental attention and research into the effects of such extensive exposure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Children's memories in the wake of Challenger.

OBJECTIVE: The Challenger spacecraft explosion of Jan. 28, 1986, offered an opportunity to study the memories of normal latency and adolescent children of different emotional involvements following one sudden and distant disaster. How would children of various levels of concern express their memories? And if studied over time, how would these narratives change? Would there be developmental differences? And would there be false details of memory? METHOD: The authors set out to compare the memories of 153 children from Concord, N.H. (who watched the explosion on television), and Porterville, Calif. (who heard about it). The structured-interview responses of involved and less involved children; latency-age versus adolescent children; and those seen initially (5-7 weeks after the explosion) versus those same children seen later (at 14 months) were statistically compared. RESULTS: The vast majority of children's memories of Challenger were clear, consistent, and detailed, with highlighting of personal placement, who else was there, and personal occurrences linked to the event. Those children who were less emotionally involved demonstrated significantly less clarity, consistency, and correct ordering of sequences and were less likely to remember personal placement, other people who were there, and related personal incidents. About 30% of all children in this study misunderstood something about Challenger and incorporated these misunderstandings into their memories as false details. Latency-age children continued to harbor false details for 14 months, as opposed to the adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood memories of the Challenger space shuttle explosion appeared predictable, were related to patterns of memory that have been observed following single, unrepeated traumas, and reflected age and stage differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Sources of AIDS awareness among women in India.

Sources of AIDS awareness among rural and urban Indian women were analysed using data from the National Family and Health Survey (1998-2000). Two measures were developed to study the impact each source had on knowledge. 'Effectiveness' was defined as the proportion of women who had heard of AIDS from only one source, from among women who had heard of AIDS from that particular source and other sources. 'Independent effect' was the proportion who had heard of AIDS from only one source in relation to all women who had heard of AIDS. Television was the most effective medium, and also had the highest independent effect. Radio and print had very low effectiveness and independent effect. Although television and print audiences are growing in India, it is likely a sub-group of women will continue to lack media access. There is an urgent need to disseminate AIDS awareness to this 'media underclass'. Since the media will not reach this group, other sources including health workers, community level activities such as adult education programmes, and networks of friends and relatives need to be explored.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Channels and vehicles of communication: the asbestos awareness campaign.

In April 1978, the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare launched a multimedia campaign to inform doctors, workers, and others about the increased risks of asbestos exposure. Unlike most worker notification efforts, this one has no lists of workers or even of workplaces but faced the challenge of locating people who had worked in the shipbuilding industries more than 30 years earlier. Multiple mass media channels were used, but since most messages were distributed as public service announcements, gatekeepers were critical to the success of the campaign. Some campaign messages were aired, but mostly at hours other than prime time, and the coverage focused more on the controversial, fast-breaking events rather than on estimates of risk or on behaviors to reduce risk. The campaign was effective in increasing the number of people who believed they were at risk, but was less successful with older Americans than with manual laborers.

Advertising↗
PubMed1981

Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in Swedish radio stations and tall FM/TV towers.

Radiofrequency electric and magnetic fields have been measured around 11 large broadcast stations and tall FM/TV towers in Sweden. The results show that operating personnel may be exposed to fields exceeding by several times the present standard for occupational exposure to RF radiation. Maintenance personnel are especially vulnerable to exposure when climbing energized towers. The present study indicates that the transmitters should be switched off during the performance of certain tasks on the tower. Safe passage of maintenance personnel near energized antennas of certain types is impossible without a drastic reduction of the transmitted power. In the stations, the RF leakage radiation was generally low, but when work was done with the cabinet doors of the transmitter open, high strengths were found in the vicinity of the transmitter even though it was switched off. It was found that the transmitter acted as a tuned receiver of energy from the other transmitters.

Electromagnetic Fields↗
PubMed2006

Sources of health information among Vietnamese American men.

Vietnamese American men face multiple health disparities compared to white men. Our study objective was to determine the sources of health information used by Vietnamese men in the United States. A population-based, in-person survey was conducted among Vietnamese men in Seattle during 2002. Our survey was completed by 509 Vietnamese men (79% response rate). The most commonly reported sources of health information included Vietnamese newspapers/magazines (73%), Vietnamese and English language television (64% and 67%, respectively), Vietnamese radio (51%), and friends and family members (51% and 63%, respectively). We found that sources of health information varied significantly among sociodemographic subgroups of the Vietnamese male population. Sources of health information among Vietnamese American men differ considerably from other racial/ethnic groups. Research findings should be used to guide the development of health education interventions for Vietnamese men and subgroups within the Vietnamese male population.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

An evaluation of a mass media campaign to encourage parents of adolescents to talk to their children about sex.

PURPOSE: We evaluated a mass media campaign in North Carolina that used television (TV) public service announcements (PSAs), radio PSAs, and billboards to encourage parents of adolescents to talk to their children about sex. The primary message of the campaign was "Talk to your kids about sex. Everyone else is." METHODS: Thirty-two of the 100 counties in North Carolina were chosen to evaluate the mass media campaign. Paid TV PSAs were aired in 22 of these counties, radio PSAs were aired in 21 counties, and billboards were displayed in 6 counties over a period of 9 months. The counties in our sample varied from no exposure to exposure to all 3 types of media. To assess the impact of the campaign, a sample of 1,132 parents of adolescents living in the 32 counties was administered a postexposure survey via a telephone interview. Questions about exposure to the media campaign were embedded among questions concerning media exposure to other health-related messages. The parent survey assessed the frequency the parents reported exposure to each type of media message, correct knowledge of the message, and multiple item scales that assessed how often they had talked to their child about various issues related to sex during the previous 6 months, intentions to talk to their child about these issues during the next month, and attitudes about discussing sexual issues with their child. RESULTS: In bivariate analyses the levels of parental exposure to the 3 types of media messages were associated with both having talked to their children and intentions to talk to their children about sex (p < .0001). When analyzed with multiple regression, female gender, minority ethnicity, frequency of seeing a billboard on teenage pregnancy, frequency of seeing a TV PSA about sex, and frequency of hearing a radio PSA about sex and teenage pregnancy accounted for 12.8% (p < .0001) of the variance in having talked to their child about sex. Female gender, minority ethnicity, and previously talking to their child about sex accounted for 9.9% of the variation in positive communication attitudes about sex. Positive communication attitudes, female parent, minority ethnicity, frequency of seeing a billboard about sex, frequency of seeing a TV PSA about sex, and frequency of hearing radio PSAs about sex accounted for 12.3% of the variation in parental intentions to talk to their child about sex during the next month. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to each component of this mass media campaign was associated with parents recently having talked to their adolescent children about sex and intentions to talk to their children during the next month.

Adolescent↗