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At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

Caries experience of urban and rural children in Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: Caries experience and restorative treatment needs often are reported to be higher in urban than rural areas in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to compare caries experience in 12- and 13-year-old children in urban and rural areas of Saudi Arabia, a young, oil-rich, developing country. METHODS: A random sample of 1,873 schoolchildren aged 12-13 years from urban and adjoining rural areas of 10 administrative regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were examined for dental caries. Questionnaires also were administered to elicit information on the frequency of snacking as well as consumption of sweets and soft drinks. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between urban and rural children in caries experience in permanent teeth (mean DMFT = 2.69 in urban areas; 2.65 in rural areas), frequency of snacking, or frequency of consumption of sweets and soft drinks. The percentage of DMFT found to be D was equally high (> 89%) in both urban and rural areas, indicating a high level of restorative treatment need. CONCLUSION: In Saudi Arabia, an economically prosperous developing country, exposure to cariogenic diet in urban and rural areas does not differ. Also, a difference in caries experience in urban and rural areas often reported for developing countries does not apply to Saudi Arabia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Dietary determinants of dental caries and dietary recommendations for preschool children.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this review, commissioned by the Administration for Children and Families, the Health Resources and Services Administration, the Health Care Financing Administration, and the Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service, was to update the evidence of the dietary factors that affect dental caries, and subsequently formulate dietary recommendations for preschool children based on principles of cariology. METHODS: Literature on the dental caries process, dietary factors affecting dental caries initiation and progression, and nutrition education and counseling were reviewed and synthesized. Dietary guidelines for children at various ages were then constructed based on the review. RESULTS: Dental caries in preschool children is due to a combination of factors, including colonization of teeth with cariogenic bacteria, type of foods and frequency of exposure of these foods to the cariogenic bacteria, and susceptible teeth. Caries risk is greatest if sugars are consumed at high frequency and are in a form that is retained in the mouth for long periods. Sucrose is the most cariogenic sugar because it can form glucan that enables firm bacterial adhesion to teeth and limits diffusion of acid and buffers in the plaque. There is emerging interest in the effects of tooth development and its role in the future dental caries risk of the child. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition education and counseling for the purposes of reducing caries in children is aimed at teaching parents the importance of reducing high frequency exposures to obvious and hidden sugars. Guidelines include: avoiding frequent consumption of juice or other sugar-containing drinks in the bottle or sippy cup, discouraging the behavior of a child sleeping with a bottle, promoting noncariogenic foods for snacks, fostering eating patterns consistent with the Food Guide Pyramid, limiting cariogenic foods to mealtimes, rapidly clearing cariogenic foods from the child's oral cavity either by toothbrushing or by consumption of protective foods, and restricting sugar-containing snacks that are slowly eaten (e.g., candy, cough drops, lollipops, suckers). Along with nutritional factors, a comprehensive approach to preventing dental caries in preschool children must include improved general dietary habits, good oral hygiene, appropriate use of fluorides, and access to preventive and restorative dental care.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2003

Early childhood caries: prevalence and risk factors in Seoul, Korea.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC), including noncavitated lesions (d1), in children 6-59 months of age in relation to socioeconomic factors, feeding practices, and oral health behaviors in Seoul, Korea. METHODS: The children attended child care facilities and were selected from 32 primary sampling units. Two dentists examined 470 children. Parents of 383 of the subjects were interviewed by phone regarding caries risk factors. RESULTS: For children 6-59 months of age, the prevalence of ECC and severe ECC were 56.5 percent and 47.0 percent respectively. In bivariate analysis, the children whose nursing bottle contained sweetened solution had higher severe ECC prevalence (P=.035), and children whose parents reported a lower frequency of between-meal snacks showed lower ECC prevalence (P=.046). By logistic regression analysis, age and frequency of between-meal snacks were associated with the prevalence of ECC (P<.05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the prevalence of ECC was high among children in Seoul. Early educational intervention programs for pregnant women and mothers of young children should be developed based on the risk factors identified in this study.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2004

Oral health care knowledge and practices of a group of deaf adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine the oral health care knowledge and practices of a group of deaf adolescents in Lagos. METHODS: The study involved 50 students of Wesley School 1 for the Deaf, Lagos (26 males and 24 females, aged 10-19 years, mean 13.3 +/- 2.8). Information about previous dental care, oral hygiene, and snacking habits were obtained through a questionnaire and sign language by the teachers. RESULTS: Only 12 percent of pupils had received dental care. Eight percent and 72 percent, respectively, gave correct answers to causes of tooth decay and bleeding gums. Ninety-four percent brushed their teeth once daily, with no significant sex difference (P > .05). Reported dental problems include bleeding gums (36%), tooth discoloration, and tooth decay. The majority of pupils (60%) preferred biscuits and soft drinks as snacks. More than 90 percent were willing to have a dental check-up. CONCLUSIONS: The oral health knowledge and practices of this group of children will improve through a controlled school-based oral health education program.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Food intake patterns of marathon runners.

A group of marathon runners (290 males, 54 females, mean age 39.7 +/- 0.7 years) who participated in the Los Angeles Marathon recorded their food and fluid intake throughout a 3-day period, with the time of day denoted for each entry. Investigators coded each subject's food intake according to six time periods: 5:00-8:59 a.m., 9:00-10:59 a.m., 11:00 a.m.-1:59 p.m., 2:00-3:59 p.m., 4:00-7:59 p.m., and 8:00 p.m.-4:59 a.m. The average intake of the runners consisted of 314 +/- 6 g (52.3%) carbohydrates, 83.2 +/- 2.0 g (30.7%) fat, and 99.7 +/- 2.3 g (16.5%) protein. Time periods for breakfast (13.7%), lunch (23.8%), and supper (34.0%) accounted for 71.5% of total caloric intake, with snack time periods contributing 28.5%. Breakfast calories were 68.9 +/- 0.9% carbohydrate and 20.4 +/- 0.7% fat in contrast to supper calories, which were 47.7 +/- 0.8% and 31.8 +/- 0.6%, respectively. A sizable proportion of the daily caloric intake of recreational marathon runners is contributed by snacks and food intake after 4:00 p.m.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Prediction and management of nocturnal hypoglycaemia in diabetes.

Blood glucose measurements were made at 2200, 0200, and 0800 h in 102 children with diabetes during a 24 hour planned admission to hospital. Nocturnal hypoglycaemia (less than 3.0 mmol/l) occurred in 24 of 71 (34%) children on twice daily insulin and in three of 31 (10%) children on once daily insulin. Predictive value modelling showed that a blood glucose concentration of less than 7 mmol/l at 2200 h was the best predictor of nocturnal hypoglycaemia, with a sensitivity of 63%, specificity of 94%, and positive and negative predictive values of 83%. Blood glucose measurement at 0800 h had no predictive value for nocturnal hypoglycaemia. The mean (SD) glycosylated haemoglobin concentration of children on twice daily insulin who had nocturnal hypoglycaemia was 55 (8) mmol HMF/mol Hb, which was significantly less than that of children on twice daily insulin who did not have hypoglycaemia (64 (11) mmol HMF/mol Hb) or those on once daily insulin (62 (11) mmol HMF/mol Hb). A controlled trial was then performed in which 29 children with diabetes who had a blood glucose concentration at 2200 h of less than 7 mmol/l measured by Reflocheck were randomised into two groups, one of which received 10 g carbohydrate supplement and the other of which did not. Thirteen of the 14 children in the control group had hypoglycaemia at 0200 h, whereas the snack prevented hypoglycaemia in 12 of 15 in the test group. Blood glucose values in the two groups at 0800 h were similar. We conclude that bedtime glucose measurement in children on twice daily insulin is a useful predictor for nocturnal hypoglycaemia, which can be prevented by a small carbohydrate snack in those at risk.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Overall and meal-specific macronutrient intake in Belgian primary school children.

In the fall of 1991, dietary intake of 1,321 primary school children aged 6-12 years was studied in 79 schools in an area called 'South Campine' in Flanders-the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. Assessment of dietary intake was done using the '24-hour estimated food record method'. The energy distribution over the macronutrients showed no significant difference between boys and girls. On average 37.2% (SD 7.88%) of energy came from total fat and 15.4% (SD 3.70%) from saturated fatty acids; 49.0% (SD 7.87%) from total carbohydrates with 21.8% (SD 5.84%) from complex carbohydrates and 27.7% (SD 7.79%) from free sugars. Snacks accounted for on average 19.5% (SD 10.83%) of total energy intake; on average 55.7% (SD 21.22%) of the energy in these snacks was represented by free sugars. Lunch and dinner had very high fat contents (around 40% of energy). Already at this young age, the dietary pattern is deviating strongly from the recommended population nutrient goals.

Belgium↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Developing functional requesting: acquisition, durability, and generalization of effects.

This study investigated the effects of a language program called the missing-item format, on the acquisition of requesting during snack periods. The missing-item format, an assessment and training approach, develops a child's spontaneous requesting skills in everyday tasks. Generalization and response-durability measures were also collected. The missing-item format produced effects in requests for targeted snack items, but not for the majority of generalization and durability measures. A generalization training program was then implemented, using the missing-item format. As a result, a requesting repertoire that was durable and generalized across multiple settings and stimulus conditions was established in both students.

Child↗

PubMed1988

The effects of sugars intake and frequency of ingestion on dental caries increment in a three-year longitudinal study.

A three-year longitudinal study was carried out with a group of children, initially aged 11-15, residing in non-fluoridated rural communities in south-central Michigan. This report analyzes the relation between caries increment and consumption of sugars from all sources to see if accepted relationships have changed with the caries decline in the United States. There were 499 children who provided three or more 24-hour dietary recall interviews, and who received dental examinations at baseline and after three years. Caries increment averaged 2.91 DMFS over the three years, with 81% of new lesions on pit-and-fissure surfaces. Consumption of sugars from all sources averaged 156 g per day for males and 127 g per day for females, an average of 52 kg per person per year. Sugars constituted one-quarter of total caloric intake for both boys and girls, and the average number of eating occasions per day was 4.3. Children who consumed a higher proportion of their total energy intake as sugars had a higher increment of approximal caries, though there was little relation to pit-and-fissure caries. The average number of daily eating occasions was not related to caries increment, nor was the average number of sugary snacks (defined as foods with 15% or more of sugars) consumed between meals, but the average consumption of between-meal sugars was related to the approximal caries increment. When children were categorized by high caries increment compared with no caries increment, a tendency toward more frequent snacks was seen in the high-caries children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Effect of food on high-dose oral ganciclovir disposition in HIV-positive subjects.

The effect of food on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir following high-dose oral ganciclovir in HIV- and CMV-seropositive subjects was investigated in an open-label, randomized, two-treatment crossover study. Over 2 consecutive weeks, subjects received in random order multiple oral doses of ganciclovir 2,000 mg tid for 3 consecutive days either on an "empty stomach " (i.e., at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal or snack) or within 30 minutes of finishing a meal. For the 3 days of dosing each week, the breakfast consisted of a standardized 602 calorie, high-fat (46.5%) meal, while the contents of lunch, dinner, and snacks met American Dietetic Association recommendations (25%-35% fat). Serial blood samples over 24 hours were obtained on day 3 of each regimen over the first dosing interval. When ganciclovir was administered within 30 minutes following the breakfast, there was a mean increase of 110.6% +/- 79.0% and 114.1% +/- 81.7% in Cmax0-5 and AUC0-5, respectively, with a prolongation of mean Tmax from 1.8 to 2.7 hours. Over the total day of dosing, there was a mean increase of 47.6% +/- 12.3% and 97.2% +/- 30.9% in Cmax0-24 and AUC0-24, respectively, and a 36.0% +/- 18.0% decrease in half-life when doses were taken following a meal as compared to when taken on an empty stomach. Since food increases the systemic availability of ganciclovir, it is recommended that patients be instructed to take each dose of ganciclovir with food.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between eating patterns and metabolic control in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

The most important element in the therapeutic plan of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is dietary modification. Dietary instructions target patient behaviors in two areas: following an exchange-based diet and adhering to the same basic eating pattern every day. However, there is little empirical data that addresses the relationship between dietary instruction and metabolic control. Fifty patients with NIDDM were enrolled in an 8-week study to ascertain if either dietary approach was more predictive of improved metabolic control. The effect on metabolic control was determined by changes in HbA1c over a 2- to 3-month period. Patients added or deleted almost half of all prescribed exchanges, and added or deleted an average of one prescribed meal or snack per day. Deviations in prescribed eating patterns, particularly breakfast-skipping and snack additions and deletions, were related to poorer metabolic control. Maintaining consistent eating patterns should be further evaluated as an important component of dietary instruction for patients with NIDDM.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2↗

PubMed1995

Health status, life satisfaction and health practices: a study of Pacific Asian and Native Hawaiian elderly cohorts.

This article describes the sociodemographic characteristics, self-ratings of health status, life satisfaction and health practices of Pacific Asian and Native Hawaiian elderly groups. The data were gathered from two separate, non-equivalent elderly cohorts enrolled in an elderly self-care education program in Hawaii during the period 1989-1992. The findings generally reflected favorable self-ratings of health status, high life satisfaction levels, and positive health practices for both of these minority elderly groups. The exceptions regarding several health practices relate to snacking between meals, overweight problems and insufficient sleep for a sizable proportion of both groups. Slight to moderate differences between the two groups were also evident in 1) eating habits; 2) snacking; 3) types of physical activities; 4) weight control; 5) sleep patterns; 6) alcohol use; and 7) smoking. Despite the article's exploratory nature and limitation in the generalizability of its findings, the data offer a beginning database for Asian and Pacific Island elderly which is sorely lacking.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

An innovative strategy to promote oral health in schoolchildren.

It is believed that the single most important factor affecting the incidence of dental caries in children is the frequency of exposure of teeth to non-milk extrinsic sugars, particularly sucrose, in the diet. Restricting consumption of sugar-containing snacks and drinks to mealtimes makes a significant contribution to the reduction of dental caries in children and consequent improvement in oral health. Many schools offer children sugar-containing drinks and snacks at break-times although they may give children the option of healthy food choices at mealtimes. Attempts by dentists to persuade schools to change their break-time food and drink policies may be met with moderate success, especially with respect to drinks. Recently a sugar-free cup drink has been made available to schools in an attractive package and at an attractive price. An innovative campaign to promote sugar-free cup drinks in schools is described. By this campaign a reduction of dental caries' experience in schoolchildren may be achieved. Proposals are made for sugar-free cup drinks to be recognised as a safe confectionery and to be endorsed with the 'Tooth-friendly Sweets' logo.

Child↗

PubMed1995

Social and dietary factors associated with obesity in university female students in United Arab Emirates.

A cross-sectional study on 215 university female students aged 18-30 years was undertaken in 1993 to examine some factors associated with obesity among this group of females. Based on Body Mass Index (BMI), (wt/ht2), 19% of females were overweight and 9.8% were obese. The proportion of obesity was the highest in females aged 18 years (31%) compared to those aged 19 and 20 years and above (23.8% and 27.6%, respectively). Although there was no significant association between obesity and social factors studied, the prevalence of obesity was higher in non-national, those with educated mothers, having no housemaid, and having a family history of obesity. Skipping meals and snacks had no significant association with obesity, however, obesity was more prevalent among females who did not skip lunch. In contrast, females who ate afternoon snacks and supper were more likely to be obese than females who skipped these events. Median BMI for university females was higher than that reported in USA for the same age group, while median values for weight and mid-arm circumference for females studied were similar to that reported in their counterparts in Western countries.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Community-based school feeding during Indonesia's economic crisis: implementation, benefits, and sustainability.

The Indonesian Government initiated a community-based national school-feeding program in 1996. Implementation was decentralized and involved multiple participants. In 1998 we evaluated the implementation of the program and the perceived benefits for community stakeholders using a survey of principals in 143 randomly selected schools and follow-up with in-depth interviews and observations in a subsample of 16 communities. The evaluation covered the period of the 1998 Asian economic crisis, affording the opportunity to assess its impact on the program. The program was implemented in all targeted schools, with excellent community participation. Feeding was sustained through the crisis, in spite of a dramatic escalation in food costs. The families of schoolchildren, farmers, and those who prepared food received economic benefits. The snacks replaced those sold at schools and were of better nutritional value. The children benefited because the snacks compensated for losses in the home diet resulting from the economic crisis. Characteristics of the program that may be important in explaining its success include the involvement of a range of community stakeholders, engagement with existing village administrative structures, scope for local community adaptation and innovation, and the use of local foods that dispersed benefits and ensured sustained implementation during the crisis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Topiramate in the treatment of compulsive sexual behavior: case report.

BACKGROUND: Among the multiple mechanisms of action of topiramate, AMPA/kainate antagonism may be particularly interesting for the treatment of disorders characterized by conditioned cognitive and behavioral cue reactivity. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a patient consulting primarily for obesity and cue triggered snacking, who responded well on topiramate at doses up to 50 mg. Coincidentally he reported on an improvement of compulsive nonparaphilic sexual behaviors (consumption of prostitution), which was also strongly triggered by environmental cues. Both addictive behaviors (snacking and consumption of prostitution) reoccurred after discontinuation of topiramate and again responded reintroduction of the drug. CONCLUSION: The present case report of topiramate's effect on comorbid obesity and nonparaphilic addiction could be interpreted as a further indication that topiramate acts on the common pathway underlying conditioned behaviors and seems to be a treatment of behavioral disorders associated with environmental cues.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Food neophobia and mealtime food consumption in 4-5 year old children.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has documented a negative association between maternal report of child food neophobia and reported frequency of consumption of fruit, vegetables, and meat. This study aimed to establish whether neophobia is associated with lower intake of these food types in naturalistic mealtime situations. METHODS: One hundred and nine parents of 4-5 year olds completed questionnaires which included a six-item version of the Child Food Neophobia Scale (CFNS). The children took part in a series of 3 test lunch meals at weekly intervals at school at which they were presented with: chicken, cheese, bread, cheese crackers, chocolate biscuits, grapes and tomatoes or carrot sticks. Food items served to each child were weighed before and after the meal to assess total intake of items in four categories: Fruit and vegetables, Protein foods, Starchy foods and Snack foods. Pearson Product Moment Correlations and independent t tests were performed to examine associations between scores on the CFNS and consumption during lunches. RESULTS: Neophobia was associated with lower consumption of fruit and vegetables, protein foods and total calories, but there was no association with intake of starch or snack foods. CONCLUSION: These results support previous research that has suggested that neophobia impacts differentially on consumption of different food types. Specifically it appears that children who score highly on the CFNS eat less fruit, vegetables and protein foods than their less neophobic peers. Attempts to increase intake of fruit, vegetables and protein might usefully incorporate strategies known to reduce the neophobic response.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Eating frequency and risk of colorectal cancer.

Case-control studies have found elevated risk of colorectal cancer with higher eating frequency. The present analyses, the first to examine this association using prospectively collected information, utilized nationally representative data from the Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHEFS). The study population included 9,978 subjects followed from 1982-84 to 1992. Colorectal cancer cases (n = 141) were identified by self-report, hospital records, and death certificates. Interviews conducted in 1982-84 provided information on meal and snack frequencies and covariates of interest. Relative risk (RR) of colorectal cancer and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, gender, and race and energy, alcohol, total fat, and fiber intake. Compared with those eating < 3 times/day, those eating 3-4 times/day had an RR of 0.66 (95% CI = 0.42-1.03) and those eating > 4 times/day had an RR of 0.74 (95% CI = 0.41-1.32). The association was due to decreased risk with more meals rather than more snacks per day. Given limitations of previous studies as well as the possibility of a protective effect of higher eating frequency through improved glycemic control, the present findings suggest that the influence of eating frequency on colorectal cancer risk is more complex than has been previously supposed and merits additional study.

Adult↗