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At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources

PubMed1991

Training general practitioners to teach psychiatric interviewing skills: an evaluation of group training.

Group teaching in problem-based interviewing based on video and audiotape feedback of the doctor's own consultations significantly improved the ability of experienced general practitioners to teach psychiatric skills to their trainees. When the GPs were randomly allocated to one of three further training experiences--video feedback of their tutorial sessions, discussion about how to teach and no further teaching, there were very few differences between the groups. The greatest impact on improving teaching skills was brought about by watching their own consultations in a group feedback setting.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed2000

Pediatric emergency medicine education in emergency medicine training programs. SAEM Pediatric Education Training Task Force. Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

BACKGROUND: The educational goal of emergency medicine (EM) programs has been to prepare its graduates to provide care for a diverse range of patients and presentations, including pediatric patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the methods used to teach pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) to EM residents. METHODS: A written questionnaire was distributed to 118 EM programs. Demographic data were requested concerning the type of residency program, number of residents, required pediatric rotations, elective pediatric rotations, type of hospital and settings in which pediatric patients are seen, and procedures performed. Information was also requested on the educational methods used, proctoring EM received, and any formal curriculum used. RESULTS: Ninety-four percent (111/118) of the programs responded, with 80% of surveys completed by the residency director. Proctoring was primarily performed by PEM attendings and general EM attendings. Formal means of PEM education most often included the EM core curriculum (94%), journal club (95%), EM grand rounds (94%), and EM morbidity and mortality (M&M) conference (91%). Rotations and electives most often included the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and the emergency department (ED) (general and pediatric). CONCLUSIONS: Emergency medicine residents are exposed to PEM primarily by rotating through a general ED, the PED, and the PICU, being proctored by PEM and EM attendings and attending EM lectures and EM M&M conferences. Areas that may merit further attention for pediatric emergency training include experience in areas of neonatal resuscitation, pediatric M&M, and specific pediatric electives. This survey highlights the need to describe current educational strategies as a first step to assess perceived effectiveness.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Integrating research and clinical training in marriage and family therapy training programs.

The future of the profession and practice of marriage and family therapy (MFT) rests with those who promote the integration of research and clinical practice. The Boulder scientist-practitioner model is useful in conceptualizing MFT training, but it is not the perfect solution. Four MFT programs (two master's and two doctoral) are featured in this article for their work in integrating research and practice. Helpful strategies presented include: Encouraging students to question the therapy process; integrating research in the curriculum and supervision; discussing the positives and negatives of empirically supported treatments; focusing on change; and developing creative classroom experiences to use within the scientist-practitioner model.

Education↗

PubMed1991

Effects of reversible inactivation by cooling of the primate face motor cortex on the performance of a trained tongue-protrusion task and a trained biting task.

1. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and surface stimulation studies of primate face motor cortex have shown an extensive representation within face motor cortex devoted to movements of the tongue and face; only a very small representation for jaw-closing movements has ever been demonstrated. These data suggest that face motor cortex plays a critical role in the generation of tongue and facial movements but is less important in the generation of jaw-closing movements. Our aim was to determine whether disruption of primate face motor cortical function would indeed interfere with the generation of tongue movements but would not interfere with the generation of jaw-closing movements. 2. The face motor cortex was reversibly inactivated with the use of cooling in two monkeys that were trained to perform both a tongue-protrusion task and a biting task. Recording of single neuronal activity in the cortex beneath the thermode confirmed the reversible inactivation of the cortex. Each task involved a series of trials in which the monkey was required to produce a preset force level for a 0.5-s force holding period; the monkey received a fruit-juice reward if it successfully completed a task trial. Cooling of the ICMS-defined face motor cortex was achieved bilaterally or, in one experiment, unilaterally by circulating coolant through thermodes placed either on intact dura overlying face motor cortex in both monkeys or directly on the exposed pia in one of the monkeys;thermode temperature was lowered to 3-5 degrees C during cooling. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings were also made from masseter, genioglossus, and digastric muscles. 3. During bilateral cooling of the thermodes on the dura overlying the face motor cortex, there was a significant reduction in the success rates for the performance of the tongue-protrusion task in comparison with control series of trials (i.e., precool and postcool) in which the thermodes were kept at 37 degrees C. Quantitative analyses of force and EMG activity showed that the principal deficit was an inability of each monkey to exert sufficient force with its tongue for a sufficient length of time onto the tongue-protrusion task transducer; this deficit was paralleled by a reduction in the level of genioglossus and digastric EMG activity. At 4 min after commencement of rewarming, task performance had returned to control, precool levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Toward a European harmonization of psychiatric training: the prospects of residency training in Greece.

The establishment of the European Union increased the need for uniformity of provision of medical care and medical education in European countries. Consequently, common requirements for the specialization in psychiatry have been introduced under the responsibility of a centralized European authority. This article explores the practical impact for countries such as Greece, based on the results of a survey conducted in Greek training institutions. It also outlines the importance of quality assurance and evaluation of programs in the educational reform process in Europe, together with opportunities for the development of communication and collaboration with the U.S. psychiatric educational system.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Co-release of noradrenaline and dopamine in the cerebral cortex elicited by single train and repeated train stimulation of the locus coeruleus.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies by our group suggest that extracellular dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) may be co-released from noradrenergic nerve terminals in the cerebral cortex. We recently demonstrated that the concomitant release of DA and NA could be elicited in the cerebral cortex by electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus (LC). This study analyses the effect of both single train and repeated electrical stimulation of LC on NA and DA release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), occipital cortex (Occ), and caudate nucleus. To rule out possible stressful effects of electrical stimulation, experiments were performed on chloral hydrate anaesthetised rats. RESULTS: Twenty min electrical stimulation of the LC, with burst type pattern of pulses, increased NA and DA both in the mPFC and in the Occ. NA in both cortices and DA in the mPFC returned to baseline within 20 min after the end of the stimulation period, while DA in the Occ reached a maximum increase during 20 min post-stimulation and remained higher than baseline values at 220 min post-stimulation. Local perfusion with tetrodotoxin (TTX, 10 microM) markedly reduced baseline NA and DA in the mPFC and Occ and totally suppressed the effect of electrical stimulation in both areas. A sequence of five 20 min stimulations at 20 min intervals were delivered to the LC. Each stimulus increased NA to the same extent and duration as the first stimulus, whereas DA remained elevated at the time next stimulus was delivered, so that baseline DA progressively increased in the mPFC and Occ to reach about 130 and 200% the initial level, respectively. In the presence of the NA transport (NAT) blocker desipramine (DMI, 100 microM), multiple LC stimulation still increased extracellular NA and DA levels. Electrical stimulation of the LC increased NA levels in the homolateral caudate nucleus, but failed to modify DA level. CONCLUSION: The results confirm and extend that LC stimulation induces a concomitant release of DA and NA in the mPFC and Occ. The different time-course of LC-induced elevation of DA and NA suggests that their co-release may be differentially controlled.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Medical student training in domestic violence: a comparison of students entering residency training in 1995 and 2001.

BACKGROUND: As domestic violence (DV) is frequently unrecognized by physicians, efforts to improve education on the topic have been undertaken. PURPOSE: To assess changes in medical education about DV. METHODS: Incoming residents from 1995 (N = 52) and 2001 (N = 43) were surveyed regarding education and attitudes about DV. RESULTS: The resident-reported emphasis on DV education increased significantly from 1995 to 2001. Hours devoted to the subject experienced no significant change. The likelihood they would ask female patients about DV and their competence in dealing with DV-specific situations experienced no significant improvement-both were rated below average. CONCLUSIONS: Although emphasis on medical education about DV has improved from 1995 to 2001, likelihood of screening and competence at dealing with DV has not improved. The content of undergraduate medical education about DV should be strengthened, and the educational process should continue during residency training.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Training in cerebrovascular disease: do we need to change the way we train residents?

With the ongoing development of endovascular techniques and technologies, treatment of cerebrovascular disease is evolving at a fast pace. For neurosurgery to maintain a leadership role in the treatment of these disorders, modifications in neurosurgical training programs are essential. In this article, we discuss the changes perceived to enable residents to acquire the multifaceted understanding and skill set necessary to meet the new clinical reality and prepare to become the leaders of tomorrow in the management of cerebrovascular disease.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗

PubMed2003

Force-velocity analysis of strength-training techniques and load: implications for training strategy and research.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the force-velocity response of the neuromuscular system to a variety of concentric only, stretch-shorten cycle, and ballistic bench press movements. Twenty-seven men of an athletic background (21.9 +/- 3.1 years, 89.0 +/- 12.5 kg, 86.3 +/- 13.6 kg 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) performed 4 types of bench presses, concentric only, concentric throw, rebound, and rebound throw, across loads of 30-80% 1RM. Average force output was unaffected by the technique used across all loads. Greater force output was recorded using higher loading intensities. The use of rebound was found to produce greater average velocities (12.3% higher mean across loads) and peak forces (14.1% higher mean across loads). Throw or ballistic training generated greater velocities across all loads (4.4% higher average velocity and 6.7% higher peak velocity), and acceleration-deceleration profiles provided greater movement pattern specificity. However, the movement velocities (0.69-1.68 m.s(-1)) associated with the loads used in this study did not approach actual movement velocities associated with functional performance. Suggestions were made as to how these findings may be applied to improve strength, power, and functional performance.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Brief aikido training versus karate and golf training and university students' scores on self-esteem, anxiety, and expression of anger.

The purpose of this research was to investigate if aikido training for 10 weeks for 69 beginning students is effective in improving selected aspects of personality. The hypothesis was that subjects' scores would significantly increase on self-esteem but decrease on anxiety and anger expression. Change in means from pre- to posttest did not support the hypothesis.

Anger↗

PubMed2005

Safety of intracranial aneurysm surgery performed in a postgraduate training program: implications for training.

OBJECT: Patient care and educational experience have long formed a dichotomy in modem surgical training. In neurosurgery, achieving a delicate balance between these two factors has been challenged by recent trends in the field including increased subspecialization, emerging technologies, and decreased resident work hours. In this study the authors evaluated the experience profiles of neurosurgical trainees at a large Canadian academic center and the safety of their practice on patient care. METHODS: Two hundred ninety-three patients who underwent surgery for intracranial aneurysm clipping between 1993 and 1996 were selected. Prospective data were available in 167 cases, allowing the operating surgeon to be identified. Postoperative data and follow-up data were gathered retrospectively to measure patient outcomes. In 167 cases, a total of 183 aneurysms were clipped, the majority (91%) by neurosurgical trainees. Trainees performed dissections on aneurysms that were predominantly small (< 1.5 cm in diameter; 77% of patients) and ruptured (64% of patients). Overall mortality rates for the patients treated by the trainee group were 4% (two of 52 patients) and 9% (nine of 100 patients) for unruptured and ruptured aneurysm cases, respectively. Patient outcomes were comparable to those reported in historical data. Staff members appeared to be primary surgeons in a select subset of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Neurosurgical trainees at this institution are exposed to a broad spectrum of intracranial aneurysms, although some case selection does occur. With careful supervision, intracranial aneurysm surgery can be safely delegated to trainees without compromising patient outcomes. Current trends in practice patterns in neurosurgery mandate ongoing monitoring of residents' operative experience while ensuring continued excellence in patient care.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A train-the-trainer model for integrating evidence-based medicine training into podiatric medical education.

This article presents the development, implementation, and evaluation of a national evidence-based medicine faculty-development program for podiatric medical educators. Ten faculty members representing six accredited colleges of podiatric medicine, one podiatric medical residency program, and a Veterans Affairs podiatry service participated in a 2-day workshop, which included facilitated discussions, minilectures, hands-on exercises, implementation planning, and support after the workshop. Participants' evidence-based medicine skills were measured by retrospective self-reported ratings before and after the workshop. Participants also reported their implementation of "commitments to change" on follow-up surveys at 3 and 12 months. Participants' evidence-based medicine practice and teaching skills improved after the intervention. They listed a total of 84 commitments to change, most of which related to the program objectives. By 12 months after the workshop, participants as a group had fully implemented 24 commitments (32%), partially implemented 36 (48%), and failed to implement 15 (20%) of a total of 75 commitments with follow-up data. The most common barriers to change at 12 months were insufficient resources, systems problems, and short patient visit times. A train-the-trainer faculty-development program can improve self-reported evidence-based medicine skills and behaviors and affect curriculum reform at podiatric medical educational institutions.

Curriculum↗

PubMed1998

[Endurance training in hypertension is effective. Which form of sports, frequency and intensity of training? When should adjuvant chemotherapy be considered?].

Physical activity in the form of endurance training is highly recommendable for hypertensives. Both suitable and unsuitable forms of sports are identified. From various points of view, two one-hour sessions per week would appear to be optimal. The intensity of the activity should be oriented to the heart rate, and, for safety's sake, prior ergometric evaluation should be carried out. As a rule of thumb, the heart rate should not exceed 70% of the maximum rate during exercise. If the blood pressure should nevertheless increase too much, appropriate pharmacological treatment is indicated.

Antihypertensive Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Occupational health training of local health department personnel: a curriculum model and implications of training.

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 assigns to the federal government specific responsibilities for regulating safety and health in industry. At the same time, occupational health programs have traditionally been, and continue to be, one responsibility of local and state health agencies. In California, local health agencies are required to provide occupational health services in larger jurisdictions. Professional level positions which may be required include: Occupational health physician, occupational health nursing consultant, industrial hygienist or occupational health sanitarians, industrial hygiene engineer, and industrial hygiene chemist. Frequently a local health agency may satisfy its occupational health requirements by training a registered sanitarian to become an occupational health sanitarian.

California↗

PubMed1976

[Training methods suggested for the preservation of health and physical fitness of the dentist and his auxiliaries. 1. Heart and circulation training].

The performance of the cardiovascular system may be improved by endurance training. To avoid injuries due to overexertion, it is necessary to test regularly the individual physical capacity by appropriate methods. A practice-tried program of running exercises ensures, when taken consistently, a steady improvement of the cardiovascular fitness.

Blood Circulation↗

PubMed2000

The subspecialty training, practice type, and geographical distribution of recently trained ophthalmologists: a study of male and female physicians.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the distribution of male and female ophthalmologists with regard to practice type, subspecialty training, rural-urban distribution, and regional distribution. METHODS: Ophthalmology Matching Program files containing the records of residents who began their second year at accredited programs between 1986 and 1990 (inclusive), were compared to membership files of the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Practice locations for each individual were classified according to region, stage, and Rural-Urban Continuum County Code, as defined by the US Department of Agriculture. RESULTS: This cohort comprised 2,494 individuals, 77.1% (1922) of whom were male and 22.9% (572) of whom were female. Group practice was most common (55.9% for women and 61.3% for men). More women were in salaried positions associated with health maintenance organizations (p = 0.006) and academic settings (p < 0.001) than were men. Notable differences in subspecialty choice were restricted to pediatric ophthalmology, chosen three times more frequently by women, and vitreoretinal diseases/surgery, chosen twice as often by men. Only 5.6% of women selected nonmetropolitan practice locales compared to approximately twice that percentage of men. The Middle Atlantic and New England regions attracted more women, while the South Atlantic attracted more men.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed1992

Training effects during repeated therapy sessions of balance training using visual feedback.

Visual biofeedback of postural sway is currently being investigated as a therapeutic technique to reduce postural instability in selected patient populations. Before the efficacy of this type of therapy can be determined in a clinical setting, the performance curves of a normal population doing the static and dynamic balance training exercises have to be delineated. Two groups of normal subjects were evaluated during a daily and weekly protocol of dynamic balance exercises using visual feedback of their center of gravity (COG) and theoretical limits of stability. Static stability in a central position was measured with eyes open, eyes closed, and with visual feedback of the COG in a pre-therapy to post-therapy assessment. No significant change was observed in any of these variables from the pre-therapy to the post-therapy evaluation; as well there was no difference between the scores of both groups. Dynamic variables were evaluated in both a pre-therapy to post-therapy assessment, and over the course of therapy. Each of these protocols required the subjects to track targets representing 75% of their limits of stability on a computer screen with their COG. The time taken and the accuracy to move the COG cursor from target to target, as well as the body sway upon reaching the target were evaluated. Transition time and sway area both decreased significantly (p less than 0.01) from the pre-therapy to the post-therapy assessment for both groups, with path error decreasing significantly for the daily therapy group only. No significant difference was demonstrated between groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Identifying and training effective clinical teachers--new directions in clinical teacher training.

Decisions about recruitment of clinical teachers and about the content of clinical teacher training programs are complex. This article aims to identify core components that reflect the characteristics of effective clinical teachers and effective clinical teaching in the ambulatory setting. These are grouped into four thematic categories--personal attributes, educational theory and principles, core clinical teaching skills, and mentored instructional activities.

Career Choice↗