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PubMed1999

Translational control: the cancer connection.

There is now a growing body of evidence which suggests links between the regulation of protein synthesis and the disruption of cell behaviour that typifies cancer. This directed issue of the International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology presents several review articles of relevance to this field. The topics covered include the significance of the regulation and overexpression of polypeptide chain initiation factors for cell transformation and malignancy, the role of mRNA structure in the control of synthesis of key growth regulatory proteins, the actions of the eIF2 alpha-specific protein kinase PKR in the control cell growth and apoptosis, and the involvement of the elongation factor eEF1 in oncogenesis. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of the field and to indicate where we may expect developments to occur in the next few years.

5' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2001

Translational control by delayed RNA folding: identification of the kinetic trap.

The maturation or A-protein gene of single-stranded RNA phage MS2 is preceded by a 130-nt long untranslated leader. When MS2 RNA folding is at equilibrium, the gene is untranslatable because the leader adopts a well-defined cloverleaf structure in which the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence of the maturation gene is taken up in long-distance base pairing with an upstream complementary sequence (UCS). Synthesis of the A-protein takes place transiently while the RNA is synthesized from the minus strand. This requires that formation of the inhibitory cloverleaf is slow. In vitro, the folding delay was on the order of minutes. Here, we present evidence that this postponed folding is caused by the formation of a metastable intermediate. This intermediate is a small local hairpin that contains the UCS in its loop, thereby preventing or slowing down its pairing with the SD sequence. Mutants in which the small hairpin could not be formed made no detectable amounts of A-protein and were barely viable. Apparently, here the cloverleaf formed quicker than ribosomes could bind. On the other hand, mutants in which the small intermediary hairpin was stabilized produced more A-protein than wild type and were viable. One hardly growing mutant that could not form the metastable hairpin and did not make detectable amounts of A-protein was evolved. The emerging pseudo-revertant had selected two second site repressor mutations that allowed reconstruction of a variant of the metastable intermediate. The pseudo-revertant had also regained the capacity to produce the A-protein.

5' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed1988

Translational control of InsP3-induced chromatin condensation during the early cell cycles of sea urchin embryos.

The cycles of DNA synthesis and chromatin condensation in dividing cells are controlled by signals from the cytoplasm. Changes in the concentration of free calcium (Cai) in the cytoplasm control a variety of cellular functions and it has thus been suggested that observed variations in Cai during the cell cycle may be the cytoplasmic signal that co-ordinates nuclear and cytoplasmic division. We show here that increases in Cai induced by the calcium-releasing second messenger inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3), or by calcium buffers, cause premature chromatin condensation and breakdown of the nuclear envelope in sea urchin (Lytechinus pictus) early embryos. Both natural and induced chromatin condensation are prevented by calcium chelators. The nucleus becomes sensitive to the Cai signal 45 min after fertilization, but remains insensitive if protein synthesis is prevented. Our experiments demonstrate that Cai regulates the behaviour of the nucleus during the cell cycle, suggest that Ins(1,4,5)P3 is a cell cycle messenger and indicate that there is an interaction between the protein and ionic signals that control the state of chromatin during the cell cycle.

Animals↗