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At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Quantitative and qualitative impairments in skilled reaching in the mouse (Mus musculus) after a focal motor cortex stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Skilled reaching movements are an important aspect of human motor behavior but are impaired after motor system stroke. The purpose of this study was to document skilled movements in mice before and after a focal motor cortex stroke for the purpose of developing a mouse model of human stroke. METHODS: Male C57/BL6 mice were trained to reach with a forelimb for food pellets and then given a motor cortex stroke, induced by pial stripping, contralateral to their preferred reaching limb. Reaching success and the movements used in reaching were analyzed by frame-by-frame inspection of presurgical and postsurgical video records. RESULTS: Reaching success was severely impaired after the stroke. Improvement in success over 2 postsurgical weeks was moderate. Analysis of 10 movement components comprising reaches pre- and postsurgically indicated that most of the rotatory movements of the limb used for aiming, advancing, pronating, and supinating the paw were impaired. When successful reaches did occur, body movements that compensated for the impairments in limb rotatory movements aided them. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that skilled reaching in the mouse is impaired by focal motor cortex stroke and they suggest that the mouse, and the skilled reaching task, provides an excellent model for studying impairments, compensation, and recovery after motor system stroke.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Bedside videolaryngoscopic assessment of intubation trauma.

Telescopic laryngoscopic examination was performed at the bedside after extubation in 29 consecutive surgical intensive care unit patients who required endotracheal intubation for more than 16 hours. The examinations were documented with a portable video recording system. The majority of patients exhibited evidence of acute endolaryngeal trauma. Vocal fold ulceration and vocal fold motion abnormalities were the most common lesions. Patients with abnormal larynges were followed up after discharge from the intensive care unit. Most of the identified injuries resolved without intervention. However, silent aspiration was identified frequently in patients with vocal fold paresis and was thought to be a significant factor in postoperative pulmonary complications. Early identification of significant laryngeal trauma and/or vocal fold paresis in critically ill patients is important for both postoperative pulmonary care and voice rehabilitation. This pilot study demonstrated that documentation of the laryngeal examination is feasible in critically ill patients in an intensive care unit setting.

Aged↗

PubMed1987

Extracellular matrix and cell migration: locomotory characteristics of MOS-11 cells within a three-dimensional hydrated collagen lattice.

The locomotory trajectories of MOS-11 cells migrating in a three-dimensional hydrated collagen lattice have been determined using a computer-assisted optical sectioning unit. The trajectories have been quantified using a three-dimensional continuous-time Markov probability theory consisting of eight directional states and one stationary state; in the latter the cells are not locomoting. Markov analysis shows that these cells are locomoting in a random manner with regard to direction and remain stationary for about three times as long as they are locomoting. Analysis of persistence also implies random locomotion. Compilation of the distribution of angles between steps reveals that the cells exhibit a predilection for turns around 30 degrees and 150 degrees on either side of the previous step. Time-lapse video recordings show that the cells are bi-polar with ruffling membranes at opposite poles. Ruffling, and hence locomotion, occurs alternately at one pole and then the other, which would account for the distribution of angles encountered. The mean speed of the cells was of the order of 3 microns min-1 including the time stopped and approximately twice this if the time stopped (state 0) is not included. The results obtained provide base-line data on the locomotory characteristics of MOS-11 cells locomoting in a 1.2 mg ml-1 collagen gel. It is now possible to study the role of various matrix components in cell locomotion. Such studies are of importance to embryology, wound healing, host defence mechanisms and the invasion of cancer cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

[Recognition and dependency. When patients and health personnel meet].

The article is based on a research project on first encounters in physiotherapy practice, using video recordings and interviews. A single encounter is described and analysed in detail: How conditions for co-operation evolve during the course of the encounter is analysed by focusing on dialogue and bodily interaction. The therapist directs her attention to the patient's immediate trauma ("whiplash"). The analysis shows that she expresses interest and recognition through her bodily actions and clinical performance, while her words and the focus of her examination have the effect of curbing the patient's participation. A giver-receiver relationship is established, where the therapist and patient reinforce each other in an active-passive division of roles. Recognition and dependency are discussed in the context of asymmetric relationships, role distribution and professional identity.

Communication↗

PubMed1994

An exploratory study of righting reactions from a supine to a standing position in adults with Down syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Standing from a supine position is important for physical independence. The purpose of this study was to determine the developmental level of movement in this righting task of adults with Down syndrome. SUBJECTS: Fifteen subjects (mean age = 37.6 years, SD = 18, range = 22-65) with a diagnosis of Down syndrome and mild to moderate mental retardation participated in this study. METHODS: Subjects were videotaped rising from a supine to a standing position during 10 repeated trials. The video record was analyzed to categorize the standing movements according to VanSant's descriptions. RESULTS: Sixty-four percent of the upper-extremity movements, 14.6% of the axial component movements, and 33.8% of the lower-extremity movements could not be categorized according to VanSant's descriptions. Additionally, developmentally less advanced movements dominated those movements that could be categorized. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: The great variety of movements demonstrated by these subjects in the task of standing from a supine position suggests greater motor maturity than is apparent from the movement sequences described by VanSant. Identifying appropriate standing movements in persons with Down syndrome will require weighing numerous intrinsic factors (eg, physiological and anthropometric) other than motor maturity.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Information, understanding and the benign order of everyday life in genetic counselling.

Genetic counselling as a medical encounter is characterised by the centrality of the provision of information. Much of the counselling session is filled by information delivery about the symptoms, the prognosis and the transmission of the disease, the risks involved and the possibilities for genetic testing. The present paper is a study of how information is delivered in actual genetic counselling sessions. The data consist of 10 video-recorded sessions from a genetics clinic in Finland, and the methodology is based on conversation analysis. The paper focuses on the doctor's talk in a specific interactional context, the slot after a candidate understanding by a client. The analysis shows that the doctors have two basic orientations: they work towards securing correct understanding and they display being attuned to what the information means to the clients, particularly to whether it is positive or negative to them. The latter orientation is related to what has been called 'the benign order of everyday life' (Maynard 2003). The findings in the paper offer a possibility for a discussion about the principles and practices of genetic counselling.

Communication↗

PubMed1998

Ergonomic evaluation of laparoscopic bowel suturing.

BACKGROUND: Ergonomic assessment of the instrument to needle to tissue relationship on efficiency and accuracy of laparoscopic suturing. METHODS: Video records of nine laparoscopic surgeons were analyzed for five technical variables of laparoscopic suturing. Surgeons undertook closure of 60 mm enterotomy using continuous 3/0 seromuscular atraumatic sutures. Subjects attempted to suture 3 to 5 mm from enterotomy edge and at 3 to 5 mm intervals. Vertical/horizontal deviations from desired entry/exit point of suture, execution time, and failure to complete sutures were recorded. RESULTS: Visualization style used by some was significantly more accurate but slower than the nonvisualization style used by others. Needle insertion angle of 80 degrees to 100 degrees gripping the middle and proximal end of needle and holding the needle >90 degrees to instrument axis significantly improved task accuracy. Insertion angle <80 degrees produced three times the failure rate of 80 degrees to 100 degrees. Surgeon's performance was consistent with either suturing style. CONCLUSIONS: Visualization style was slower but more accurate. Optimum conditions for good suturing include 80 degrees to 100 degrees needle insertion angle; holding angle >90 degrees, and gripping point at middle and proximal third of the shaft of the needle. Task accuracy was surgeon dependent.

Colon↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Staff communication with people with intellectual disabilities: the impact of a work-based training programme.

Previous studies have identified changes that front-line service staff could usefully make to enhance their communications and those of their clients who have intellectual disabilities. These were incorporated into a training programme delivered in the workplace that involved a self-selected group of 24 experienced staff working either in small-scale residential settings and day centres. Analysis of video-recordings made before and after training showed that although most clients had become more active communicators (particularly when they were engaged in shared activities with staff), significant changes in staff behaviours as a whole were not observed. However increased responsiveness from staff did correlate significantly with increases in the client's communication acts. In addition, qualitative reports from staff and tutors pinpointed specific changes that staff had made. The difficulties of evaluating changes in staff-client communications are discussed and four features for training staff in communication are identified as essential; namely, it should be work-based, client focused, mentor-guided, and effective strategies documented and shared.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Transplantation of fetal mesencephalic tissue in Parkinson's patients.

Patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease who had become refractory to medical treatment underwent unilateral stereotactic transplantation of mesencephalic tissue obtained from 7- to 9-week-old postconception fetuses. Small pieces of tissue, less than 1 mm, were deposited in 9 sites in the putamen and 3 in the caudate. Patients were 4 men and 3 women and aged from 42 to 59 years (mean 50). Symptom durations were from 9 to 21 years (mean 14). The examinations were done at 3- to 4-month intervals pre- and postoperatively. Patients were examined for a minimum of 1 year postoperatively. The examinations consisted of neurological and general physical examinations, UCLA Parkinson's Disability Scale, Hoehn and Yahr rating and United Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (PDRS), all in both 'on' and 'off' states. Video recordings and timed tests of a number of motor tests were performed. Patients also completed 7 consecutive days of hourly self-assessments prior to each visit. Fluorodopa PET scans were obtained pre- and 6 and 15 months postoperatively. The operations took place from mid-July 1992 to January 1993. Postoperative states have been free of complications. All have been on immunosuppressants. Levodopa was transiently decreased in the postoperative period, but raised to approximately the preoperative level thereafter. In late March 1993, 3 patients appeared to show modest improvement in the UCLA and UPDRS scales and in the patients' self-assessments.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Usability testing in medical informatics: cognitive approaches to evaluation of information systems and user interfaces.

This paper describes an approach to the evaluation of health care information technologies based on usability engineering and a methodological framework from the study of medical cognition. The approach involves collection of a rich set of data including video recording of health care workers as they interact with systems, such as computerized patient records and decision support tools. The methodology can be applied in the laboratory setting, typically involving subjects "thinking aloud" as they interact with a system. A similar approach to data collection and analysis can also be extended to study of computer systems in the "live" environment of hospital clinics. Our approach is also influenced from work in the area of cognitive task analysis, which aims to characterize the decision making and reasoning of subjects of varied levels of expertise as they interact with information technology in carrying out representative tasks. The stages involved in conducting cognitively-based usability analyses are detailed and the application of such analysis in the iterative process of system and interface development is discussed.

Cognition↗

PubMed2000

Lack of correlation between visual acuity and fixation stability after photocoagulation for diabetic maculopathy.

PURPOSE: To study the correlation between changes in visual acuity and changes in fixation stability after retinal photocoagulation for diabetic maculopathy. MATERIAL: Twenty-four patients with diabetic maculopathy and visual acuity (VA) ranging between 0.05-0.77 were studied at baseline and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after retinal photocoagulation. Fixational eye movements were quantified from video recordings of the ocular fundus obtained with the Rodenstock scanning laser ophthalmoscope. RESULTS: No correlation was found between the changes in the quantitative measures of the fixational eye movements (amplitude and retinal area of fixation) and the changes in VA 12 months after retinal photocoagulation. Three patients all with VA<0.31 at baseline had the fixation centre located more than 3 deg from the centre of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) at one or more of the follow-up examinations, and one of these patients used three different locations of fixations during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Changes in fixation stability after retinal photocoagulation are complex but not related to changes in visual acuity.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Effectiveness of grasping and duration of clamping using laparoscopic graspers.

BACKGROUND: Manipulating tissue with laparoscopic forceps is more difficult than using the hands. This study investigates the effectiveness of grasping and the duration of tissue-clamping using laparoscopic forceps. METHODS: Video recordings of 10 laparoscopic colectomies and 15 cholecystectomies were analyzed using time-action analysis. RESULTS: The results indicated that 62% of the grasping actions were successful: the tissue was clamped sufficiently to perform an action. Of all the clamping actions on the colon, 10% were repeated actions. On the gallbladder 7% were repeated actions. The bowel slipped out of the grasper in 7% of the clamping actions, whereas the gallbladder slipped in 17%. In 89%, the colon was clamped less than 1 min. The maximum clamping time for colon clamps was 7 min for the colon, and 55 min for the gallbladder. CONCLUSION: The low percentage of successful grasping actions indicates that the design of laparoscopic graspers is not optimal.

Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic↗

PubMed1984

Videoendoscopic determination of the mechanism of obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea.

Six patients with obstructive sleep apnea were studied with our system of simultaneous video recording of the polysomnographic record and the endoscopic image from the pharyngeal airway. Preoperative and postoperative recordings were made during sleep in each patient. Tracheotomized patients recreated their preoperative laryngeal inlet obstruction and its immediate cessation by alternately opening and closing the tracheotomy tube. This demonstration coupled with the physical examination findings of "disproportionate anatomy," leads to the determination that the mechanism of obstructive sleep apnea is twofold: (1) an underlying CNS propensity to hypotonia of pharyngeal musculature during sleep and (2) either an isolated obstructive upper airway lesion or a combination of alterations in normal relationships within the upper airway that cause a passive narrowing of the upper airway. This combination of altered relationships is collectively referred to as "disproportionate anatomy."

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Variable expression of the congenital obstructive posterior urethral membrane.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the variability of membranous folds in the posterior urethra and their relationship to urethral obstruction. METHODS: Endoscopic video recordings of 19 boys with a membranous lesion in the posterior urethra were obtained over a 2.5-year period. Six had an endoscopy after a prenatal diagnosis of obstructive uropathy and 13 boys presented with either a urinary tract infection or hematuria. RESULTS: Young's type I and type III appearances were seen in all with an obstructive membrane, and those with a less obstructing membrane probably had incidental pathologic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: These observations support the thesis that the congenital attachment of the verumontanum to the anterior wall of the posterior urethra is the embryologic fore-runner to the congenital obstruction of the posterior urethra, and that there may be a variable degree of persistence of that attachment, which in some boys is not obstructive.

Child↗

PubMed2003

Retention of safe diving skills.

This study investigated diving skill maintenance over an eight-month retention period following an intervention program. Thirty-four recreational swimmers with poor diving skills were measured before and immediately after a diving skills intervention program. Twenty-two returned for follow-up evaluation. Treadwater, Deck and Block dives were video-recorded, and maximum depth, distance, velocity, entry angle and flight distance were compared. Underwater hand and arm positions were examined. Pre-intervention, a breaststroke arm action before maximum depth occurred in 18% of all dives and 38% of Treadwater dives. This was eliminated post-intervention, improving head protection. The Treadwater dive elicited the greatest mean maximum depth, and ANOVA showed depth for this entry decreased (improved) following intervention and remained shallower at follow-up. Deck and Block dives also became shallower following intervention. As seven 10-minute skills sessions resulted in shallower dives with safer hand and arm positions, including safe diving skills in learn-to-swim programs can provide a diving spinal cord injury prevention strategy.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Information processing by tree fellers: signal detection analysis.

Eighteen experienced tree fellers and eighteen forestry students watched video recordings of mature eucalypts being felled by a man using a chain saw, and then rated whether each tree had fallen normally or abnormally. Signal-detection analysis showed that the tree fellers were more accurate than the forestry students in predicting eventual outcome. Further, the tree fellers achieved peak accuracy in discrimination by the time the logger had completed cutting the scarf (typically several minutes before the tree hit the ground), whereas the forestry students predicted outcome most accurately only when a tree was falling (and about 1 s from hitting the ground). Study of the bases for information processing and decision making by tree fellers has implications for personnel selection and training, as well as for formulation of effective work practices.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Influence of swimsuit design and fabric surface properties on the butterfly kinematics.

This study investigated the influence of the covering swimsuit and the fabric surface properties on the butterfly stroke kinematics. Surface properties were evaluated by wetting measurements of two fabric samples: one for training suits and one for competition suits. The surface of the second one was coated by mechanochemical treatment in order to modify its surface properties. Nine national level swimmers performed a 50-m butterfly at submaximal velocity in three swimsuit conditions: conventional, long, and coated long swimsuits. From video recording, the hip was digitized at the entry and exit of the swimmer's hand in order to calculate the duration, hip displacement, and hip linear velocity during underwater and recovery phases and during stroke. The results for wetting show that competition fabric was more water-repellent than training fabric, but both were isotropic. Moreover, the mechanochemical treatment increased water repellency and anisotropy. The swimming results indicated that, when compared to a conventional swimsuit, wearing a coated long swimsuit increased hip linear velocity during stroke, and particularly during the recovery phase which had a shorter duration. These results suggest that the covering swimsuit should be coupled with the water repellent and anisotropic properties of the fabric surface in order to improve swimming performance.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2000

Terrestrial locomotion in the black-billed magpie: kinematic analysis of walking, running and out-of-phase hopping.

The inter-limb kinematic patterns of walking, running and out-of-phase hopping in black-billed magpies (Pica pica) were studied using high-speed video recordings. The flexion/extension patterns of the joints were similar between the gait types, suggesting that the within-leg control of the angular excursions is similar. This result is further supported by the fact that running and hopping are alternative gaits at speeds higher than walking; however, magpies show a preference for hopping. Moreover, only small differences occur between the kinematic patterns of the two limbs during out-of-phase hopping, during which the legs are believed to have different functions. The hindlimb kinematic patterns of magpies are like those of other flying and more terrestrial bird species; however, striking differences are found in comparison with humans at the level of the internal angles. This is probably due to the differences in the morphology and configuration of their legs.

Animals↗