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PubMed1985

[Organization of work and mental health : repetitive work under time constraint ps.].

This present article first of all examines a general model of research concerned with the relationship between characteristics of a work organization and breaches in the workers' health and their mental and physical welfare. Thereafter this model is used in areas of mental health to study the consequences of a work organization where repetitive tasks are achieved under time restriction. The question is drawn out, followed by the results and methodological limitations of the researches done in this area. Then, the author describes a frame of analysis which integrates the acquired knowledge and the areas of research to be developed.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1991

[Has exercise entered the work environment? A contribution of sports and exercise concepts to prevention in the work environment].

Disabilities due to disorders of the locomotor system are now ranking first among the causes of early retirement of workers. That is why both employers and workers are increasingly setting great store by preventing such disabilities. Mobility programmes are being offered to an increasing extent by firms that specialize in developing such health-promoting concepts. Mobility programmes must be adapted to the special nature of the company that uses them, and to the available facilities. Specialist firms offering such programmes should therefore familiarize themselves with the conditions obtaining at a particular company, especially with those areas of work in which the employees are exposed to particularly high stress, so that they can work out suitable programmes. To this end they must cooperate closely with the company's multiplicators.

Back Pain↗
PubMed1990

[Work conditions and health status of specialist meteorologists working with weather charts].

The contributors present a generalized description of the labour conditions' hygienic assessment and state of health of the communication service technicians and weather forecasters engaged in the State meteorology service centres in the northern and southern regions of the country. The unfavourable labour conditions' impact on the health state is revealed depending on the specificity of the weather-chart makers' working conditions, which lead to morbidity with temporary disability and occupational skin and upper respiratory tract diseases. A complex of tested measures is proposed for the improvement of the working conditions in question.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1989

Low-back pain and occupation. A cross-sectional questionnaire study of men in machine operating, dynamic physical work, and sedentary work.

The frequency of sciatic pain, lumbago, and nonspecific low-back pain (LBP) and factors related to these symptoms were determined among men occupied in machine operating (541 longshoremen and 311 earthmover operators), dynamic physical work (696 carpenters), and sedentary work (674 municipal office workers). Sciatic pain was more common among machine operators and carpenters than among office workers, and also more frequent among machine operators than among carpenters. The occupational differences were considerably smaller with regard to lumbago and nonspecific LBP. In multivariate analysis, occupation, age, reported back accidents, and postural load showed significant independent effects on the occurrence of sciatic pain. Allowing for other risk indicators, the relative risk was 1.3 contrasting machine operators with both office workers and carpenters, but carpenters had no excess risk as compared with office workers.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1988

[Evaluation of working conditions at the work place with video terminals: a survey conducted in 6 business offices].

The Authors have taken under study 6 office buildings and a total of 165 work stations with VDTs. Lighting conditions, postures, indoor climate and air-quality have been evaluated, besides worker's subjective approach sounded by individual questionnaire. Concerning visual comfort, it has been noticed that the most simple and well-known rules are often disregarded, such as avoiding to place a screen in front of a light source because of its glare. Also, operators postures are often incorrect, making problems related to their own fixity worse. Air conditioning systems assure almost excellent conditions for thermal comfort, but air changes are often poor and microbiologic quality suffers from plant's inadequate servicing. Finally, the survey of questionnaires shows a complaint percentage which only partly corresponds with the objective data collected, reflecting instead an uneasiness to the kind of work and its organisation.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1987

Wellness in the work place: potentials and pitfalls of work-site health promotion.

In the past decade work-site health promotion programs have been developed by many American corporations. Although the potential for these programs to improve worker health and productivity is appealing, there is yet only limited data on their effectiveness or their pitfalls. Evaluation of the benefits of work-site health promotion must consider the sociopolitical context as well as cost-containment outcomes.

Cost Control↗
PubMed1978

[Muscle activity and heart rate during rhythmical work using a hand ergometer. II. Heart rate, mechanical and bioelectrical activity of muscles during work with different loads and in relation to endurance].

The study has been made to analyse changes in heart rate, in mechanical and bioelectrical muscle activity during thythmical handgrip contractions. Loads of 20% to 100% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) were applied. The working frequency was 30 cpm. With loads of 40%--100% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) the following characteristic changes were obtained: Both the plane of the mechanogram and the duration of the mechanogram increased permanently. The heart rate rose to the end of the experiment and so did the EMGs of the flexor, the extensor, the brachioradial muscle and the muscle of the thenar. The rate of the rise (%/s) of all physiological functions was greatest during maximal load test and decreased with decreasing contraction strength. The endurance as a function of the force showed a parabolic curve. The physical endurance capacity of this rhythmical hand work is between 20% and 40% MVC.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Supply and demand factors in occupational health; determinants of self-reported compliance with the work place related requirements of the German Work Safety Law.

The study evaluates the extend to which West German company doctors reported that they carried out the workplace related activities as required by the German Work Security Law 'ASiG'. Postal questionnaires were completed by 502 of West German company doctors. About one third of those who responded, reported that they carried out the requirements of the German Work Safety Law with regard to workplace-related prevention. Multivariate analysis was applied to discover the factors that influenced compliance. We conclude that investment in supply-side factors (doctors' qualifications, experiences and recourses) are not enough to bring about compliance. More important are the demand-side regulations which directly address the health and safety culture of the companies.

Germany↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The relationship between work and vision in a preventive medicine context: the initial guidelines for a correct ergonomic ophthalmological approach proposed by the Italian Group for the Study of the Relationships between Work and Vision (G.I.L.V.). I. The presentation].

Modern technology poses numerous and complex problems concerning the implications for health in the work/vision relationship. While many of the hypotheses made in the past about the possibility of serious eye alterations in non-industrial workers have not been confirmed by recent investigations, considerable attention is at present being addressed to the short- and long-term effects of office work, especially in the case of tasks requiring prolonged visual effort "at near point". The prevalence of asthenopia in such workers is rather high, between 40 and 80%. The considerable specificity of the symptoms and the shortcomings in assessment of exposure in most of the research done so far has meant that no clear and unequivocal causal relationship between work involving intense visual effort and onset of asthenopia has been established. Nevertheless, from an analysis of the literature three main guidelines for a correct ergophthalmologic assessment can be identified: a) ophthalmologic assessments that will detect any transitory inefficiencies of the accommodation and convergence system; b) specific analysis of the technical and illumination conditions with special attention to the distribution of the natural and artificial light sources; c) quantification of airborne pollutants that have a potential irritative effect on the "ocular surface". Other environmental parameters that could be considered are electric and magnetic fields in the vicinity of VDTs and PCs and the microclimate of the workplace.

Ergonomics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The relationship between work and vision in a preventive medicine context: the initial guidelines for a correct ergonomic ophthalmological approach proposed by the Italian Group for the Study of the Relationship between Work and Vision (G.I.L.V.). II. The method].

In view of the numerous problems concerning the relationship between work and vision, the Italian Group for the Study of Work/Vision Relationships has developed a document that sets out initial guidelines for environmental monitoring and health surveillance in ergophthalmology. Particular emphasis is given to fact-finding inspections and collection of subjective assessments that will enable the occupational health physician to identify any adverse factors in the working environment and assess the visual effort of the operators. The importance of cooperation between occupational health physicians and ophthalmologists in the various phases of ergophthalmological assessment is stressed. An analytical list is provided of the parameters that the ophthalmologist should measure during eye examination as well as the appropriate assessments that the occupational health physician should perform if an ophthalmological specialist is not available. Suggestions for periodic controls on the basis of visual effort and ophthalmological status are made. It is the task of the occupational health physician to establish the fitness or otherwise of the patients for the job, and for this the Group is preparing further documents.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1993

Medical technologists' perceptions of their work: results of perception of work study in Sweden.

The subjective perceptions of autonomy, occupational hazards, job satisfaction, and work content were studied for a sample of medical technologists (MTs) employed in clinical chemistry in Sweden. The sample (N = 488) consisted of a randomized tenth of the members of the MT trade union. A mailed questionnaire was completed by 359 (73.6%) MTs. A further validation was performed through interviewing 48 MTs who had not participated in the survey. The answers in the validation study corresponded well to the distributions of the answers in the main study. The MTs' job satisfaction was high, which is in accordance with a European survey, but contradictory to American studies. However, the overall picture of the MTs' perception of their work in the present study was contradictory: an ideal of what they want the occupation to be, and a reflection of a reality that partly causes considerable dissatisfaction. This may suggest that medical technology is undergoing a process of professionalization.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of shared governance on perceptions of work and work environment.

This quasi-experimental study examined the effects of shared governance on nurse/non-nurse perceptions of work and work environment. Initiating shared governance did not significantly influence job satisfaction, anticipated turnover, and perceived effectiveness. Increases in autonomy were not sustained over time.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Work locus of control: the intrinsic factor behind empowerment and work excitement.

A positive focus on empowerment explores the relationship between locus of control, work excitement, and receptivity to new information. Concepts related to control, mastery, and stress management are explored as they relate to an individual's affinity for generative learning, as opposed to adaptive learning. Internally oriented, proactive individuals perceive their jobs to be more enriched and intrinsically motivating than externally oriented, reactive individuals who report low levels of job satisfaction and higher levels of perceived powerlessness. Those whose jobs are being changed should be offered active participation in those redesign efforts. Internally oriented individuals will be more likely to volunteer, and thus to both seek and share information. Participation in such change efforts will enhance perceptions of control and offer the best chances for job satisfaction and successful redesign outcomes, including sustained work excitement among internally motivated employees.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Issues for hospitals in educating social work students for social work practice in health care settings.

Conflicting values and issues emerge when hospital and professional school converge to educate the next generation of the profession. These values derive from issues of authority, responsibility, accountability, status, communication, and mutuality. This paper identifies their occurrence, describes a method for managing them, and delineates a hospital social work department's role in developing an educationally based, practice focused practicum site. The components and results of the relationship between the department and the school, including details of the practicum model, are discussed.

Hospital Departments↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Work disability work in the first year of chronic polyarthritis. A comparison with members of the legal health health insurance].

Even though sick-leave (SL) is a direct consequence of the reduction of work capacity due to the disease, this has not gained much attention in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, the occurrence and duration of SL (defined as the history of SL as certified by a physician) was determined in a cross-sectional multicenter study of early RA (< or = 12 months duration) and compared to the members of the compulsory health insurance. One hundred and thirty four gainfully employed consecutive outpatients fulfilled > or = 4 of 7 ACR 1987 criteria of RA: 85 females (63% of 134 patients), age 50 years (median), disease duration 7 months (median). SL due to RA occurred in 102 of 134 patients (76%). The duration of SL because of RA was 11 days per month (about one-third of the disease duration) in males and 8 days per months (one-quarter of the time since the onset of RA) in females. SL due to RA was five times longer than expected from controls. In addition to SL because of RA, SL due to other causes occurred with a similar duration as in controls. Already in the first year of RA the large proportion of patients with SL due to RA and the long SL duration indicate the extent of substantial handicap concerning gainful employment.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1997

Force exertion in awkward working postures--strength capability while twisting or working overhead.

Isometric strength data have been collected for three of the awkward work situations often imposed by workplace constraints in industry, as found in jobs such as maintenance and repair. The effects of the task layout factors (location of the workpiece, reach distance and direction of force exertion) were investigated and the data has been tabulated to show the degree to which strength may be reduced in different situations. Strength measurements in the present study were found to be considerably higher than previous measurements, apparently due to differences in instructions on foot placement that were given to subjects, which indicates that even small constraints on posture within the workplace may have large effects on the ability to exert force.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Examining the associations between physical work demands and work injury rates between men and women in Ontario, 1990-2000.

AIMS: To describe the decline in injury rates between 1990 and 2000 within occupations stratified across three levels of physical demands and gender, adjusting for industry, in Canada's largest province. METHODS: Records of injury compensation claims were obtained from the Ontario Workplace Safety & Insurance Board. The population likely to be insured by the Ontario Workplace Safety & Insurance Board was estimated from Statistics Canada's Labour Force Survey. Injury rates were calculated by three broad levels of physical demands, separately for men and women. RESULTS: Injury rates decreased across each grouping of lower physical demands at work for both men and women, with the largest absolute differences in manual occupational groups (high physical demands). Occupations classified as manual (high physical demands) and mixed (moderate physical demands) showed larger differences in injury rates between genders than did non-manual (low physical demands), although the directions of these differences were not always consistent across different natures of injury classification. CONCLUSIONS: The absolute reduction in injury rates in Ontario between 1990 and 2000 was dominated by the reduction in injury rates for men and women in manual and mixed occupations. However, not all types of injury have declined to the same extent. A large proportion of differences in injury rates between men and women can be attributed to the differential labour force participation across occupations and industries, as well as the differential tasks within occupational groups.

Accidents, Occupational↗