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Major changes in the allocation of health care funds requires that nurse administrators develop excellent grant writing skills. However, many nurse managers indicate they need assistance in developing grant proposals. A step-by-step approach to writing a grant proposal is presented. While it is targeted primarily to the novice grant writer, the seasoned grant writer will particularly benefit from the discussion of the common mistakes.
Of 1761 three-year-old children born in 1979-80 and lived at Yonago city, Japan, 28 (1.6%; 25 boys and girls) were diagnosed as developmental speech delay by two pediatric neurologists. Reading and writing skills were evaluated in twelve of the speech delayed children at 8 years by ITPA, Token test and their compositions. Their results showed that reading or writing skill was delayed in many of them, especially in those with behavioral disorders, such as hyperkinetic behavior and poor personal relationship at 3 years.
Many individuals with limited abilities require specialized technological writing systems. These individuals and the clinicians and engineers who work with them need information regarding the effectiveness of various systems. This study developed a methodology for assessing the effectiveness of a technological writing support system and evaluated its success. The Long-Range Optical Pointer and 10-Branch Abbreviation Expansion System developed at the Trace R&D Center at the University of Wisconsin was used. The study applied a single subject research design: a series of AB replications with naturally-occurring baselines comparing data within subjects across behavior, and across subjects. Behaviors assessed included typing rate, efficiency, and accuracy. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of this system with four individuals with severe physical disabilities and one able-bodied person. Among the data collected, typing rates were found to range from 3 to 15 words per minute, with suspected dependency on familiarity with the system. Discussion highlights the potential benefits of this system and the critical requirement to individually assess a person's needs in order to appropriately select and prescribe these types of technology. The need for further application-oriented single-subject research as well as classical human factors research is emphasized.
Within our profession we need to dispel the mystique surrounding the notion of writing for publication. Anyone interested in writing can do so with self-understanding, proper information, and preparation.
Copies of 1814 prescriptions written by 20 residents were reviewed to determine prescribing patterns and the incidence of prescription-writing errors. An average of 0.69 prescriptions were written per patient visit at an average cost (to the pharmacist) of $13.35. Over one third of all prescriptions were written using the generic name, and "dispense as written" was specified on only 3.25%. On average, 21% (n = 373) of all prescriptions collected contained at least one prescription-writing error. Errors were characterized as omissions (6%), unfulfilled legal requirements (1%), incomplete directions (1%), dose or direction errors (3%), unclear quantity to be dispensed (3%), or prescriptions written for nonprescription products (5%). A correct diagnosis and treatment plan can be undermined by a written prescription that is incorrect or miscommunicates the intention of the prescriber.
Writing a grant proposal is both a means of obtaining research funds and of clarifying and developing a research project. When developing and writing a grant proposal, the applicant must consider the criteria used by funding agencies in its evaluation: expertise of the applicant, the research question, knowledge of the field, soundness of the research design, relevance, ethics and budget. Addressing these criteria will assist the applicant in developing an effective grant proposal. Applicants should also target their proposal to all agencies that have an interest in the field of the research. Alternative sources of research funds, such as private foundations, should be explored whenever possible. If an application is not funded, the researcher should use the reviewers' comments to improve the proposal for the purpose of resubmission. This article discusses some of the basics of preparing and submitting a grant proposal to funding agencies in order to obtain support for nursing research.
Two patients are described who wrote complex textual material suddenly, automatically, and without volitional control. Each met DSM-III criteria for a major affective disorder, had clinical and electrophysiologic temporal lobe epilepsy, absence spells, episodic expressive aphasia, and a history of traumatic loss of consciousness. The episodes of automatic writing met the criteria for ictal events. These patients may have experienced an ictal analogue of interictal hypergraphia. The behavioral neurologic features of this syndrome are discussed in relation to its clinical presentation and known disorders of writing.
Clinicians need to engage in scholarly activities to fulfill their university role. Current conditions within academia suggest that a good activity for practicing scientific skills is in the writing and reviewing of grant proposals. It is also important that writing for publication shares many of the same skills. This paper provides a guide for producing and reviewing grant proposals based on scientific merit.
Much can be done to improve the quality of oral and written communication among physicians, particularly among young physicians. Good communication can be taught. Clear writing is only the reflection of clear thinking. The strong determination to make oneself unmistakable will carry the writer a long way toward his goal; indeed, the determination to be unmistakable is far more important to a writer than rules of grammar or composition. Hitherto neglected, remedial instruction in medical writing is a valuable adjunct to medical education, specifically because the conscious and unremitting attempt to make oneself clear has great catalytic influences. This effort releases hidden energies in the medical writer as is suggested by the cryptic but illuminating remark made by one of E. M. Forster's characters, an old lady who said: "How do I know what I think until I hear what I say."
Word processing makes the writing and altering of scientific articles faster, easier, and more accurate. Personal computers that are ideally suited to this use are now available. Certain factors must be taken into consideration when a system is selected with word processing in mind. A small business computer or a suitable transportable computer, linked to a printer, provides all the hardware, or machinery, necessary. This, along with a sufficiently powerful word processing program, and all the essential accessories, can be purchased for between $2,300 and $6,000. The editors of all (with one uncertain) 29 clinical veterinary and medical journals surveyed will accept articles written by the dense dot matrix or near-correspondence quality printers that frequently accompany personal computers. The major problem affecting the veterinarian who wishes to purchase a personal computer word processing system is that of spending the time to acquire sufficient information in order to choose the computer and the programs that will be appropriate to his or her requirements. These will include the specialized word processing demands of scientific article writing and many other applications, as appropriate.
Word processing makes the writing and altering of scientific articles faster, easier, and more accurate. Personal computers that are ideally suited to this use are now available. The major problem affecting the veterinarian who wishes to purchase a personal computer word processing system, is that of spending the time to acquire sufficient information in order to choose the computer and the programs that will be appropriate to his or her requirements. These will include the specialized word processing demands of scientific article writing and many other applications, as applicable. Despite this obstacle, the acquisition of a personal computer and a suitable word processing program, soon results in time saving. The use of the computer for many other tasks logically follows. An additional benefit is the understanding of computers, their abilities and their limitations--a decided benefit in the 1980s.
Guidelines on writing research papers for pharmaceutical journals are presented. The main focus is on organizing thoughts properly for a research paper. Suggestions are made for preparing to write the first draft, and a checklist is offered for evaluating successive drafts. The specific requirements for the following parts of a manuscript are reviewed: title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Advice is given on the submission of a manuscript to a journal.
The author, after a short introduction concerning the importance of reading and writing in modern society, analyses the prerequisites necessary for their learning. Cognitive screening was carried out for 8 years (1983-1990) on the play school population of ULSS n. 8 in Vicenza, and the method used in over 18,000 cases is reported. The investigation protocol, expressly calibrated for this particular population, and the results obtained, are described. A long term follow-up was performed in order to verify the correspondence between the degree of impairment observed during screening and the positive performance at primary school level of the same subjects. Some final considerations are made concerning the effectiveness of different communication tests in predicting problems related to the learning of reading and writing.
Sir William Osler was known throughout his life as a great humanitarian. His writings touched all of us, and to persons of every race, creed, and color, he showed universal feelings of justice and mercy. Osler's writing supports great tolerance for all, yet Osler's contemporaries were far less broad-minded and not free of bigotry. Osler's role model, Sir Thomas Browne, wrote openly about his marked prejudices against Catholics, Jews, Moslems, and even women. This paradox between Osler's tolerance and humanitarianism and the prejudice and bigotry of his time, as well as his role model Browne, are explored.
While the number of nursing journals has increased, the amount of time nurses have to read has decreased. This leaves nurse readers in a dilemma of when to find time to read their publications. Many nurses put their publications aside when they receive them, hoping to get more time later. Today, the author and editor need to develop writing styles which assist the busy nursing leader to read and comprehend quickly. This author provides ten tips on writing for the busy reader.
1. The advancement of nursing depends on sharing ideas through submitting articles for publication. 2. Nurses are often reluctant to write up their ideas for publication. 3. A review of the literature is essential in understanding the principles of writing for publication. 4. A system of peer review should be developed in the workplace to encourage and support nurses in the publication process.
The Jameses provide abundant material for this study of the function of writing within a family, combining a relationship between generations and between the sexes among siblings. The starting point is Henry's dream of the Galerie d'Apollon, which can be referred to its sources in reality; its autobiographical account; and its transformation into a story. This material gives clues to some central features of his unconscious conflicts with both his father and elder brother. The father's writings deal with his concern with religion, which expresses his relationship with his own father. William transforms his father's theology into philosophy and becomes one of the pioneers of modern psychology. Alice's diary recounts her identification with her father's infirmity through her hysterical paralysis. Henry's work reveals that he is the one who really succeeded in solving his conflicts with the father. His literature is transgressive according to his father's and brother's values, though he shares their ideal of a consciousness common to the Jameses. Through fiction, Henry has indirect access to the drives; but only in his work did he acknowledge these, overcoming his oedipal conflicts. Thus Henry is the closest of the Jameses to psychoanalysis; his work enables us to make some hypotheses regarding the creative process.
1. Reflection requires conscious and voluntary effort. 2. It can help both nurses and students to examine the link between what they are told and what they see practised. 3. Journal writing helps the reflective process. 4. Journal writing may initially be difficult, but becomes increasingly satisfying.