Congenital malformations as related to deficiencies of riboflavin and vitamin B12, source of protein, calcium to phosphorus ratio and skeletal phosphorus metabolism.
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No teratoma formation and very little growth and differentiation followed implantation of late gastrula-stage frog embryos into forelimbs of adults. This is attributed to poor blood supply and rigid walls of muscle and bone surrounding the implants. The fate of embryos in nonamputated limbs is compared with that of regeneration-promoting implants in amputated limbs.
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The teratogenic effect of audiovisual and immobilization stress was studied in rats. Groups of 15 animals were subjected from the 9th to the 12th day of pregnancy to one or the other of these types of stress or to stress combined with administration of vitamin A. It was shown that the stresses alone had no effect on congenital malformations. Immobilization stress seemed to potentiate the teratogenic effect of vitamin A.
Most hypoxia-induced malformations are caused by a syndrome involving tremendous edema followed by formation of clear blisters and hematomas. These, in turn, mechanically interfere with development. Studies of blood pH and lactic acid indicate that lactate accumulation initiates this syndrome. The effects of lactic acid injections parallel those of subjection to hypoxia, confirming this conclusion.