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A proposal for a code of ethics for nurse practitioners.

PURPOSE: To review established codes for health care professionals and standards of practice for the nurse practitioner (NP) and to utilize these codes and standards, general ethical themes, and a new ethical triangle to propose an ethical code for NPs. DATA SOURCES: Reviews of three generally accepted ethical themes (deontological, teleological, and areteological), the ethical triangle by Potter, the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) standards of practice for NPs, and codes of ethics from the American Nurses Association (ANA) and the American Medical Association (AMA). CONCLUSIONS: A proposal for a code of ethics for NPs is presented. This code was determined by basic ethical themes and established codes for nursing, formulated by the ANA, and for physicians, formulated by the AMA. The proposal was also developed in consideration of the AANP standards of practice for NPs. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The role of the NP is unique in its ethical demands. The authors believe that the expanded practice of NPs presents ethical concerns that are not addressed by the ANA code and yet are relevant to nursing and therefore different than the ethical concerns of physicians. This proposal attempts to broaden NPs' perspective of the role that ethics should hold in their professional lives.

American Nurses' Association↗

Ethics in perioperative practice--commitment to the patient.

Though often difficult, ethical decision making is necessary when caring for surgical patients. Perioperative nurses have to recognize ethical dilemmas and be prepared to take action based on the ethical code outlined in the American Nurses Association's (ANA's) Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. In this fourth of a nine-part series that will help perioperative nurses relate the ANA code to their own area of practice, the author looks at the second statement, which emphasizes commitment to the patient.

Adult↗

A pathway for moral reasoning in home healthcare.

Ethical issues arise in the practice of infusing nursing, and when they do, the home care nurse can find guidance in the code of ethics. This article addresses the importance of the code of ethics and introduces a framework for decision-making to assist the home care nurse in determining a course of action in the face of ethical quandaries.

Advance Directives↗

End-of-life decisions: the role of the nurse.

Nurses confront the clinical realities and controversies of end-of-life decisions in all practice settings and professional roles. It is imperative that nurses consider these issues and understand the ethical and professional parameters of practice. A code of ethics and professional position statements can provide guidance and support as nurses attempt to fulfill their professional obligations and deliver competent and compassionate end-of-life care.

Decision Making↗

Individual vs aggregate good: ethical tension in nursing practice.

In this paper the ethical tension between the obligation to benefit the individual client and the obligation to benefit society is critically examined. Descriptions of both obligations in nursing practice as found in professional statements on practice standards, social policies and codes of ethics are discussed. Theoretical foundations for both ethical obligations are described and their implications for nursing practice are discussed. Since promoting one good over the other has serious implications for requirements of moral accountability in nursing practice, several strategies for the distribution of nursing resources and the balancing of the two obligations are proposed. It is concluded that meeting requirements for moral accountability in today's health care delivery system means being answerable for how the nurse determines the justifiability of promoting one good over the other and for articulating justifiable reasons for limiting the provision of either individual or aggregate good in specific nursing care situations.

American Nurses' Association↗

Ethics in perioperative practice--promoting health, welfare, and safety.

Though often difficult, ethical decision making is necessary when caring for surgical patients. Perioperative nurses have to recognize ethical dilemmas and should be prepared to take action based on the ethical code outlined in the American Nurses Association's (ANA's) Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. In this eighth of a nine-part series that is designed to help perioperative nurses relate the ANA code to their own area of practice, the author looks at the eighth statement, which emphasizes nurses' responsibility to promote the health, welfare, and safety of all people.

Codes of Ethics↗

Ethics in perioperative practice--patient advocacy.

Though often difficult, ethical decision making is necessary when caring for surgical patients. Perioperative nurses have to recognize ethical dilemmas and be prepared to take action based on the ethical code outlined in the American Nurses Association's (ANA's) Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. In this second of a nine-part series that will help perioperative nurses relate the ANA code to their own area of practice, the author looks at the third provision statement, which addresses nurses' position as patient advocates.

Adult↗

Ethics in perioperative practice--principles and applications.

Though often difficult, ethical decision making is necessary when caring for surgical patients. Perioperative nurses have to recognize ethical dilemmas and be prepared to take action based on the ethical code outlined in the American Nurses Association's (ANA's) Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. In this first of a nine-part series that will help perioperative nurses relate the ANA code to their own area of practice, the author looks at the first statement, which emphasizes respect for people.

Aged↗

Professional values: key to professional development.

Humanistic nursing care requires application of not only cognitive and psychomotor learning, but also affective skill development. The nursing profession has focused on cognitive and psychomotor domain learning. However, knowledge in all three domains is essential for full professional development and, thus, socialization into the profession. This article discusses affective domain learning, specifically, value formation and the contribution of education, service, and the profession to full embodiment of professional values.

Education, Nursing↗

The perinatal nurse's role in obstetric emergencies: legal issues and practice issues in the era of health care redesign.

The perinatal nurse is charged with providing safe and effective care in both routine and emergency situations. This duty arises from the states' nurse practice acts and American Nurses Association's Code for Nurses, and it has been affirmed by a growing body of case law. Current changes in health care systems have created new challenges for the perinatal nurse. In some instances, the transformations occurring in health care may actually hinder the nurse's ability to provide care when faced with an obstetric emergency. These changes do not, however, alter the nurse's affirmative duty to take some positive action when complications arise. The article elaborates essential nursing actions required when an obstetric emergency occurs within the context of redesigned maternity settings.

Emergencies↗