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PubMed1994

Establishment of a monoclonal antibody to plasma cells: a comparison with CD38 and PCA-1.

A new monoclonal antibody which recognizes plasma cells was developed by utilizing two myeloma cell lines, KMS12PE (12PE) and KMS12BM (12BM), established from the pleural effusion and bone marrow, respectively, of the same patient. Since 12BM expresses CD20, CD38, and PCA-1 antigens, while 12PE has lost CD20, 12PE is considered to be phenotypically more mature than 12BM. The 12PE cells were used to immunize a BALB/c mouse and a MoAb was produced which was more reactive to 12PE than to 12BM. Thus, a clone, D2, was obtained. On Western blotting, D2 detected a single band of 54 kD under both reduced and non-reduced conditions. This antigen was not detected by Western blotting in peripheral blood lymphocytes that had been stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) for 7 days or in those not so stimulated. On flow cytometry, D2 detected a myeloma cell line, RPMI 8226. Another myeloma cell line, U266, was negative for D2 antigen. Staining various cell lines by D2 and other antiplasma cell antibodies, PCA-1 and CD38, showed that D2 is distinct from PCA-1 and CD38. The fresh myeloma cells of 14 myeloma patients were stained by D2 and for other plasma cell antigens. D2 strongly stained three samples obtained from patients with clinically aggressive myeloma, while CD38 stained all cases except one. PCA-1 was positive in nine samples and negative in five. PCA-1 expression was observed in plasma cells obtained from pleural effusion and peripheral blood, while PCA-1-negative cases were not found in such samples, suggesting that PCA-1 expression was related to extramedullary invasion. The morphology of the myeloma cells, classified according to Greipp's criteria, showed that there was no correlation between plasma cell antigen expression and plasma cell morphology. Analysis of D2 antigen expression should provide more information about the heterogeneity of myeloma cells.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗

PubMed2006

Postoperative sleep disturbance in pediatric patients using patient-controlled devices (PCA).

BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbance has not been well quantified in pediatric postoperative management, yet has broad implications in pain management as well as upon the physical and psychological well-being of the young patient admitted for surgery. We aimed to describe sleep disturbance in this population using patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and then identify the predictors of disturbed sleep. METHODS: A retrospective audit and analysis of sleep disturbance in postoperative pediatric patients using PCA devices were performed in a postoperative surgical ward population of a major tertiary referral center. PCA presses were used as a proxy measure of sleep. The description of the sleep disturbance included an unadjusted and adjusted analysis of the proposed predictors of sleep disturbance: age, sex, nature of presentation, operation type, PCA opioid type, presence of background infusion, postoperative night number, and adjuvant medication. All data were entered into an access database developed for the audit and analyzed using stata 8.0. RESULTS: The first 126 children prescribed PCA devices in the year 2004 were audited. One-third of patients in the population prescribed PCA experienced sleep disturbance. Observed predictors of sleep disturbance include older children (OR: 0.86, P=0.001) and those receiving a background infusion (OR: 0.19, P=0.002). Other predictors were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep disruption is common in children-prescribed PCA opioid analgesia. Older children and those receiving a background infusion were observed to experience less sleep. Other proposed predictors were not found to be reliable. Further investigation into the predictors of disturbed sleep in the postoperative patient is warranted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Generation of procoagulant activity (PCA) by macrophage-like cells derived from acute and chronic myeloid leukaemia cells in response to phorbol esters.

Normal human monocytes and macrophages, as well as in vitro human leukaemic promyelocytic cell line (HL-60) transformed into macrophage-like cells by 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) generate potent procoagulant activity (PCA) similar to tissue thromboplastin. In the present study, only mild PCA was detected in primary cultures of cells from the peripheral blood of patients with acute lymphatic leukaemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). After exposure to TPA, AML and CML cells assumed characteristics specific to monocytes and macrophages. Differentiation was associated with the generation of PCA. PCA was not found in ALL cells exposed to TPA. The PCA of TPA-induced macrophages derived from AML and CML cells resembled tissue thromboplastin and normal monocyte and macrophage PCA in several aspects: (a) accelerated clotting via the extrinsic coagulation pathway, (b) inhibition by concanavalin A and protection against lectin inhibition by methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside, (c) localization in the cell membrane. The capacity for PCA generation is additional evidence for the similarity between TPA-induced macrophages derived from AML and CML cells and normal human monocytes and macrophages.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

[Aneurysm at the PCA posterior temporal artery junction: a case report].

A case of saccular aneurysm located at the PCA posterior temporal artery junction (E portion of PCA) was reported. A 35-year-old man was referred to us for surgical treatment of intracerebral hematoma in the right temporo-parietal lobes. On admission, the patient was somnolent and there was right oculomotor palsy, left homonymous hemianopsia and left hemiparesis. Left vertebral angiograms revealed a saccular aneurysm at the quadrigeminal segment of the posterior cerebral artery on the right. The hematoma was immediately evacuated by temporal corticotomy, and three weeks later, trapping of the aneurysm was performed through subtemporal approach. Postoperative course was uneventful. However, the left homonymous hemianopsia persisted. This was the only symptom which did persist. The incidence of PCA aneurysm is 1% in all cerebral aneurysms, or 15% in aneurysms of the posterior circulation. The majority of those are located at the junction proximal to the PCA-anterior temporal artery, or proximal to the PCA-posterior lateral choroidal artery junction. In the present case, the aneurysm was located more distally at the PCA-posterior temporal artery junction, and aneurysm at this site has been reported only six times in the literature. In addition to the present case, we reviewed 41 cases (42 aneurysms) in the literature, concerning the operative method and postoperative neurological deficits for the aneurysms of PCA. Neck clipping was performed in 23 cases without any further neurological deficits and trapping or proximal clipping of the aneurysms was performed in 16 cases, in which new neurological deficits developed in 3 cases.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Human myeloid precursor cells do not possess or produce procoagulant activity (PCA).

The procoagulant cellular activity (PCA) of human myeloid precursor cells was evaluated after fractionation of normal bone marrow cells over a discontinuous albumin density gradient. No PCA was documented in any of the six freshly isolated fractions (F1-F6); significant amounts of PCA were instead produced, after a 4-h endotoxin preincubation, in fractions F1 and F2, which, unlike the other fractions, contained up to 5% monocyte-macrophages. After removal of the latter by plastic adherence, the PCA was abolished. This study shows that PCA can be produced only by monocyte-macrophages upon endotoxin activation, while myeloid precursor cells, at all stages of differentiation, are incapable of PCA. The PCA demonstrated in some human acute myeloid leukemias, other than that of the monoblastic subgroup, appears therefore to be related to the neoplastic transformation rather than to a maturation arrest or to a toxemic stimulation.

Blood Coagulation Factors↗

PubMed1998

[Patient-controlled analgesia. PCA in a three year old child after traumatic amputation].

We report the case of a 3-year-old boy, who received long-term parent-controlled analgesia after traumatic amputation of one leg. He underwent surgery 17 times for a period of 25 days. Parent-controlled analgesia was started four days after admission because analgesia with non-opioid analgetics (acetaminophen) proved to be insufficient. The pump was set to a bolus-dose of 23 micrograms kg-1 piritramide (dipidolor) and a lockout interval of 10 minutes. Permitted maximum cumulative dose in four hours was 5 mg piritramide. There was no continuous infusion of opioid. PCA and possible adverse effects were explained to the mother. A monitoring regimen was used to assess efficacy (pain intensity estimated by the mother), adverse effects (sedation score, occurrence of nausea and vomiting) and piritramide consumption. For fear of side effects opioid administration was insufficient in the beginning. After three days the mother used the PCA effectively and no additional analgesic medication was required. Nausea or other side effects were not observed. After seven days opioid consumption nearly doubled. Apart from tolerance, this might have resulted from the mother's caution in the first days. After 17 days the PCA was discontinued. Oral analgetics (tramadol) controlled the pain adequately. Management of postoperative pain in children is difficult and too often insufficient. PCA is a safe and effective method of providing postoperative pain relief. Feasibility was shown in adolescents and, more recently, in children aged five years and over. Only few reports are available describing long term use of PCA in children younger than five years. Our case suggests that PCA may also be used effectively and safely in children younger than five years, if experienced staff, a monitoring regimen and cooperative and well instructed parents are available.

Amputation, Traumatic↗

PubMed2007

[Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in outpatients with cancer pain. Analysis of 1,692 treatment days].

INTRODUCTION: In the home-care setting, cancer pain patients in need of parenteral analgesia have to be switched to patient-controlled analgesia using portable pumps. But there is a paucity on data on the logistic requirements or the success rate of such a cost-intensive therapy performed by specialized home-care services. METHODS: In a retrospective study we analyzed data on care intensity, logistics and outcome of 46 consecutive palliative cancer patients with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in a home-care setting. RESULTS: On days 1, 2, and 3 of PCA the switch to parenteral analgesia resulted in a significant increase of the median daily opioid dose in comparison to the dose just prior to PCA. Concurrently, pain scores were significantly reduced. The median duration of PCA was 25 days (range 2-189 days). On average, each patient was seen by the home-care team every 7.4 days. The median duration of the home visits was 60 min (range, 10-190 min). Of the visits 20% were unscheduled, most of these visits being due to problems regarding analgesia. Most patients died at home. Insufficient analgesia required prefinal hospitalization in only a single case. CONCLUSION: If the indications are correct, intravenous PCA for palliative cancer pain patients results in higher opioid consumption and better pain control. Home-care PCA requires a lot of human and financial resources, but pain-related hospitalization can be prevented.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Effects of the antithrombitic agent PCA 4230 on agonist-induced Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ release in human platelets.

We have studied the effects of the antithrombitic agent PCA 4230 on the entry of Mn2+, used here as a Ca2+ surrogate for Ca2+ channels, and on the release of Ca2+ from the intracellular stores in stimulated human platelets loaded with fura-2. PCA 4230 prevented receptor-operated calcium entry activated by thrombin, ADP and collagen with no modification of the Ca2+ release from the intracellular stores. PCA 4230 also inhibited cytochrome P-450-mediated O-dealkylase activity with the same concentration-dependence as the thrombin-induced Mn2+ entry. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of PCA 4230 on Ca2+ influx may be due to its interaction with cytochrome P-450, which has been proposed recently to be involved in the activation of receptor-operated Ca2+ channels. In addition, PCA 4230 inhibited both PAF-induced Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ release, behaving as a PAF-antagonist. All these effects contribute to explain the antithrombitic action of PCA 4230.

Blood Platelets↗

PubMed1993

Interference of the PAF receptor antagonist, PCA 4248, with the rat pleurisy evoked by inflammatory mediators or allergen.

This study investigated the effect of the platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, PCA 4248, on the rat pleurisy caused by PAF, serotonin, bradykinin, histamine or allergen. The pleurisy was assessed by measuring liquid extravasation and leucocyte infiltration. Oral pretreatment with PCA 4248 (2.5-20 mg/kg) completely inhibited the pleural exudation caused by intrathoracic (i.t.) injection of PAF (1 microgram/cavity) (ED50 = 6.1 mg/kg), partially (42% reduction) the one induced by serotonin (100 micrograms/cavity), but was inactive against histamine (200 micrograms/cavity) or bradykinin (50 micrograms/cavity). PCA 4248 blocked the increase in the number of neutrophils, eosinophils and mononuclear cells observed 6 h after the i.t. injection of PAF, as well as the selective eosinophil accumulation noted 24 h later. In actively sensitized rats, PCA 4248 (20 mg/kg) failed to modify the increase in the total leucocyte counts noted 4 h after ovalbumin (12 micrograms/cavity), but dose dependently inhibited the pleural exudation observed within 1 h and the late eosinophil infiltration noted 24 h post-antigen. These observations led us to suggest that PCA 4248 is a potent PAF antagonist with anti-serotoninergic properties. Its interference with exudation and eosinophil infiltration caused by allergen is consistent with the interpretation that PCA 4248 may be useful in the management of allergic dysfunctions.

Allergens↗

PubMed1981

Mechanisms of PCA-induced hypothermia, ejaculation, salivation and irritability in rats.

Injections of p-chloramphetamine (PCA, 5 mg/kg) induced hypothermia, ejaculation, salivation and irritability in male rats kept at an ambient temperature of 20 +/- 1 degree C. PCA-induced hypothermia was attenuated by pretreatment with the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake blockers Lundbeck 10-171 (Lu 10-171, 10 mg/kg) and chlorimipramine (CMI, 20 mg/kg) and the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 150 mg/kg daily for 3 days); it was potentiated by pretreatment with the noradrenaline uptake blocker Lundbeck 5-003 (Lu 5-003, 10 mg/kg) and the catecholamine synthesis inhibitor alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT, 50 mg/kg every 3 hr for 9 hr). PCA- induced ejaculation was attenuated by pretreatment with Lu 10-171 and CMI. PCA-induced salivation was attenuated by pretreatment with Lu 10-171 and CMI and potentiated by pretreatment with Lu 5-003. PCA-induced irritability was potentiated by pretreatment with PCPA. These results suggest that both 5-HT and the catecholamines play a role in PCA-induced hypothermia, ejaculation, and salivation.

Aggression↗

PubMed1995

PCA-4248, a PAF receptor antagonist, inhibits PAF-induced phosphoinositide turnover.

The effect of a new PAF (platelet activating factor; 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoryl-choline) receptor antagonist, PCA-4248 (2-phenylthio)ethyl-5-metoxycarbonyl-2,4,6-trimethyl-1, 4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate), on phosphoinositide turnover evoked by PAF was investigated. PAF treatment resulted in an increased 32P incorporation into phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid in rabbit platelets. Treatment with PCA-4248 abolished both effects in a dose-dependent manner, 10 microM being the most effective dose. In thrombin stimulated platelets, phosphoinositide turnover was not influenced by PCA-4248. In addition, PAF caused a rapid and significant increase in protein phosphorylation. Thus, PAF treatment resulted in a marked phosphorylation of two proteins of 47 kDa and 20 kDa. Treatment with PCA-4248 resulted in an inhibition of these actions. Serotonin secretion evoked by PAF was also inhibited by PCA-4248. It is concluded that PCA-4248 antagonizes the PAF effects by acting as a competitive antagonist at the PAF receptor level as evidenced from binding studies.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The efficacy of intramuscular ketorolac in combination with intravenous PCA morphine for postoperative pain relief.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy of intramuscular (IM) ketorolac used in combination with intravenous (IV) patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) morphine for postoperative pain relief following intra-abdominal gynecologic surgery. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. SETTING: Patient care unit at a university medical center. PATIENTS: Thirty-five healthy women undergoing intra-abdominal gynecologic surgery who requested postoperative PCA. INTERVENTIONS: Postoperatively, all patients received IV PCA morphine, with the PCA device programmed to deliver a maximum of 1 mg every 6 minutes (maximum of 30 mg over 4 hours). In addition, patients received one of three regimens: (1) IM saline every 6 hours; (2) IM ketorolac 30 mg while in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), followed by 15 mg every 6 hours; or (3) IM ketorolac 60 mg while in the PACU, followed by 30 mg every 6 hours. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients were assessed at regular intervals. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores were used to assess analgesia and patient satisfaction with therapy. Data on morphine usage were obtained from the PCA device, and the frequency and severity of adverse effects were assessed for the presence or absence of side effects. Cumulative morphine dosages were lower (p less than 0.05) in both ketorolac groups at 12, 18, and 24 hours. VAS scores and the frequency of side effects did not differ significantly among groups. CONCLUSIONS: IM ketorolac significantly decreased PCA morphine requirements. The analgesic effects of the two drugs appear to be additive.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Addition of ultralow dose naloxone to postoperative morphine PCA: unchanged analgesia and opioid requirement but decreased incidence of opioid side effects.

Ultralow doses of naloxone (0.001-0.1 microg/kg) produce analgesia in animal models. However, no clinical study has evaluated the combination of ultralow dose naloxone and morphine using patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). This randomized, double blind controlled study sought to determine if the combination of ultralow dose naloxone and morphine in PCA solutions affects opioid requirements, analgesia, and side effects. Two-hundred and sixty-five patients (18-65 years old) undergoing operations were randomized to receive PCA morphine 1 mg/ml (n=129) or PCA morphine 1 mg/ml plus naloxone 0.6 microg/ml (n=136). We evaluated the numbers of supplemental rescue doses, the cumulative dose of each PCA solution, pain intensity, pain relief, and opioid side effects during the first 24 h after surgery. We found that opioid requirements did not differ significantly between groups. The morphine+naloxone group on average required 0.07 mg more morphine (95% CI -1.1 to 1.3) during the 24 h than the morphine group. Pain intensity levels were also similar in both groups. The morphine+naloxone group had 0.06 units lower (95% CI -0.5 to 0.4) pain intensity levels than the morphine group. The morphine+naloxone group had a lower incidence of nausea and pruritus than the morphine group (P=0.01 for both symptoms). However, the incidence of vomiting, time to tolerate fluids, sedation, and urinary retention were similar between groups (all P values >0.1). The combination of ultralow dose naloxone and morphine in PCA does not affect analgesia or opioid requirements, but it decreases the incidence of nausea and pruritus.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Involvement of cyclic GMP in the mode of action of a new antithrombotic agent PCA-4230; inhibition of the platelet cyclic GMP dependent phosphodiesterase.

The effect of PCA-4230, a new dihydropyridine derivative with a potent antithrombotic activity, on cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in platelets was studied. PCA-4230 inhibited (54%) cyclic GMP hydrolytic activity of a platelet cytosolic fraction, whereas it did not affect that of cyclic AMP. Results suggested that PCA-4230 inhibited a cyclic GMP-dependent phosphodiesterase, known as cGB PDE or type V, on a purified enzyme from rabbit platelets by a non-competitive-uncompetitive type inhibition. In addition, PCA-4230 potentiated the increase in both cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP levels evoked by sodium nitroprusside. Furthermore, PCA-4230 and forskolin caused a synergistic effect in cyclic AMP, and also potentiated the phosphorylation of 50 kDa and 22 kDa proteins, reported as substrates of cyclic GMP- and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases that are related to the inhibition of platelet functions. Finally, PCA-4230 also potentiated the forskolin- and sodium nitroprusside-inhibited serotonin release evoked by thrombin, probably related to the increased cyclic nucleotide level.

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine↗

PubMed2002

The combination of low dose of naloxone and morphine in PCA does not decrease opioid requirements in the postoperative period.

The continuous infusion of low doses of naloxone has been reported to decrease postoperative opioid requirements and opioid side effects. However, there is no study that evaluates the effectiveness of the combination of a low dose of naloxone and morphine using patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). This prospective, randomized double-blind controlled study sought to determine if the combination of a low dose of naloxone and morphine in a PCA solution decreases postoperative opioid requirements and pain intensity. One hundred sixty-six patients (18-65 years old) undergoing operations of less than 3 h duration with an American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status I or II were randomized to receive PCA morphine 1 mg/cc plus normal saline or PCA morphine 1 mg/cc plus naloxone 6 microg/cc. Initial PCA settings were 0.5 cc per demand with a lockout time of 10 min. The numbers of 2.5 cc supplemental rescue doses and the cumulative dose of each solution were recorded in the first 24 h after the surgical procedure. Pain intensity and opioid side effects were evaluated every 10 min in the post-anesthesia care unit and every 4 h afterwards. Patient satisfaction was assessed at the end of the 24 h of observation. The morphine+naloxone group had more treatment failures (P=0.0001), higher opioid requirements (P=0.0097), greater pain intensity (P=0.04), less pain relief (P=0.004), and less satisfaction (P=0.01) than the morphine group. The incidence of side effects was similar in both groups (P=0.3). Contrary to previous reports, adding low doses of naloxone to a morphine PCA solution increases opioid requirements and pain.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Coordination framework hosts consisting of 4-pyridyl-substituted carboxylic acid (PCA) dimers and 1D chains of Ni2+ and SCN-: a rational structural extension toward coordination framework hosts with large rectangular cavities.

For the expansion of a rectangular cavity (RC) defined by two isonicotinic acid (isoH) dimers as bridging ligands and two SCN bridges, we conducted a structural extension based on the elongation of the bridging ligands by the replacement of isoH with longer 4-pyridyl-substituted carboxylic acid (PCA). For this purpose, the following three PCAs have been employed: trans-3-(4-pyridyl)propenoic acid (acrylH), 4-(4-pyridyl)benzoic acid (pybenH), and trans-3-(4-(4-pyridyl)phenyl)propenoic acid (pppeH). Self-assembly of Ni2+, SCN-, and each of four PCAs involving isoH, acrylH, pybenH, and pppeH in the presence of an aromatic guest gave four inclusion compounds formulated as [Ni(SCN)2(isoH)2].1/2(benz[a]anthracene) (1), [Ni(SCN)2(acrylH)2].1/2(benz[a]anthracene) (2), [Ni(SCN)2(pybenH)2].(pyrene) (3), and [Ni(SCN)2(pppeH)2](3/)(2).(benz[a]anthracene) (4). X-ray crystal structural determination of 1-4 revealed that the proposed structural extension was successful. Their crystal structures are layered structures of two-dimensional (2D) grid-type coordination frameworks (2D host layers) framed with bridging ligands of the corresponding PCA dimers and 1D chains consisting of Ni2+ ions and mu(1,3)-SCN- ions. The lengths of the PCA dimers are 12.269(5) A (isoH dimer), 16.890(4) A (acrylH dimer), 20.89(2) A (pybenH dimer), 25.387(3) A (pppeH dimer A), and 25.527(4) A (pppeH dimer B). Each 2D host layer has RCs defined by the two corresponding PCA dimers and the two SCN bridges. The dimensions of RCs are expanded in proportion to the increase in the lengths of the PCA dimers: 29.52 x 5.60-7.20 A2 (4) > 24.95 x 5.46-7.38 A2 (3) > 20.88 x 5.49-7.25 A2 (2) > 16.41 x 5.53-7.43 A2 (1). These expansions reflect the number of aromatic guests that can be included in RCs. RC of 1 include only one molecule of benz[a]anthracene, whereas RCs of 3 or 4 includes two molecules of pyrene or benz[a]anthracene, respectively. Comparison of the lengths between the PCA dimers and 4,4'-bipyridine-type ligands demonstrated that a design strategy-the preparation of a bridging ligand through self-assembly of two PCAs-is both efficient and particularly suitable for the preparation of very long bridging ligands.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Cost-effectiveness of analgesia after Caesarean section. A comparison of intrathecal morphine and epidural PCA.

BACKGROUND: Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) techniques and intrathecal morphine are the most widely used treatments for post-Caesarean section pain. However these methods have not been compared with respect to analgesic quality and cost differences. METHODS: Fifty-three patients scheduled for elective or semi-urgent Caesarean section were randomized to receive for postoperative analgesia either epidural PCA with a mixture containing bupivacaine 0.06% and sufentanil 1 microg x ml(-1) or intrathecal morphine 0.15 mg together with the spinal anaesthetic and to be supplemented with paracetamol and tramadol. Analgesic efficacy, side-effects and costs were calculated during 48 h. RESULTS: VAS pain scores both at rest and during mobilization were lower in the PCA group, more particularly during the second postoperative day. Nausea and vomiting were more frequently registered in the morphine treated patients. PCA treated patients stayed longer in the recovery room but required fewer nurse interventions on the surgical ward. Manpower and drug costs were equal in both groups. The differences in total costs (Euro) amounted to euros 33 and were mainly caused by the more expensive equipment required for epidural PCA. Satisfaction and hospital discharge were similar for both treatments. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that epidural PCA induced better pain relief, caused less nausea/vomiting but was more expensive than intrathecal morphine.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Bidirectional PCA with assembled matrix distance metric for image recognition.

Principal component analysis (PCA) has been very successful in image recognition. Recent research on PCA-based methods has mainly concentrated on two issues, namely: 1) feature extraction and 2) classification. This paper proposes to deal with these two issues simultaneously by using bidirectional PCA (BD-PCA) supplemented with an assembled matrix distance (AMD) metric. For feature extraction, BD-PCA is proposed, which can be used for image feature extraction by reducing the dimensionality in both column and row directions. For classification, an AMD metric is presented to calculate the distance between two feature matrices and then the nearest neighbor and nearest feature line classifiers are used for image recognition. The results of the experiments show the efficiency of BD-PCA with AMD metric in image recognition.

Algorithms↗