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PubMed2006

Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of non-jejuni/coli campylobacters and arcobacters from Belgium.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the susceptibility of non-jejuni/coli campylobacters and arcobacters isolated from diarrhoeal stool specimens in Belgium. METHODS: The MICs were determined using Etest for six antimicrobial agents including ampicillin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and tetracycline for the most frequently isolated non-jejuni/coli campylobacter and arcobacter strains in two University Hospital laboratories between 1995 and 2005. RESULTS: In total, 85 Campylobacter upsaliensis, 20 Campylobacter concisus, 11 Campylobacter fetus, 61 Arcobacter butzleri and 10 Arcobacter cryaerophilus isolates were tested. Most C. upsaliensis strains were susceptible to ampicillin (100%), gentamicin (100%), ciprofloxacin (94.1%) and tetracycline (100%), whereas 11.8 and 12.9% were resistant to nalidixic acid and erythromycin, respectively. For A. butzleri, 78.7% of isolates were susceptible to ampicillin and erythromycin. Most A. butzleri isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (96.7%), nalidixic acid (82.0%), gentamicin (100%) and tetracycline (100%). All C. concisus strains were fully susceptible to ampicillin and tetracycline, but 5% of them were resistant to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. Nearly all C. fetus and A. cryaerophilus strains were susceptible to erythromycin but the results should be interpreted with caution since only a small number of strains were tested. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoroquinolones should be considered in the treatment of severe C. upsaliensis and A. butzleri infection. When clinically indicated, erythromycin remains the first choice for the treatment of intestinal campylobacteriosis caused by C. concisus and C. fetus.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2004

Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of arcobacter spp. in ground chicken meat and environmental water in Japan and Thailand.

Prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in chicken meat samples and environmental water samples in Japan and Thailand was investigated. Arcobacter was isolated from 48% of chicken meat samples (20/41) and 23% of river water samples (4/17) from Japan, and 100% of chicken meat samples (10/10) and 100% of canal water samples (7/7) from Thailand. A. butzleri was among the species isolated from all positive samples. About 10% genetic diversity was seen in the rpoB-rpoC in Arcobacters, and phylogenetic trees were divided into two clusters. In both countries, the results suggested that chicken and environmental water were highly contaminated with a genetically diverse population of Arcobacter.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Fecal shedding of Campylobacter and Arcobacter spp. in dairy cattle.

Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Arcobacter spp. were detected in feces of healthy dairy cows by highly specific multiplex-PCR assays. For C. jejuni, at this one-time sampling, cows from 80.6% of farm operations (n = 31) and 37.7% of individual dairy cattle fecal samples (n = 2,085) were positive. Farm management factors were correlated with prevalence in herds in which >25% of cows were positive for C. jejuni. Statistical significance was set at a P of 0.20. Using these criteria, application of manure with broadcast spreaders (P = 0.17), feeding of whole cottonseed or hulls (P = 0.17) or alfalfa (P = 0.15), and accessibility of feed to birds (P = 0.17) were identified as possible risk factors for C. jejuni infection. C. coli was detected in at least one animal in 19.4% of operations and 1.8% of individual cows (n = 2,085). At the herd level, use of broadcaster spreaders was not a risk factor for C. coli infection. For Arcobacter, cows from 71% of dairy operations (n = 31) and 14.3% of individual dairy cattle fecal samples (n = 1,682) were positive. At the herd level, for Arcobacter spp., feeding of alfalfa (P = 0.11) and use of individual waterers (P = 0.19) were protective. This is the first description of Arcobacter spp. in clinically healthy dairy cattle and the first attempt to correlate their presence with C. jejuni.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2002

Characterization of an autotrophic sulfide-oxidizing marine Arcobacter sp. that produces filamentous sulfur.

A coastal marine sulfide-oxidizing autotrophic bacterium produces hydrophilic filamentous sulfur as a novel metabolic end product. Phylogenetic analysis placed the organism in the genus Arcobacter in the epsilon subdivision of the Proteobacteria. This motile vibrioid organism can be considered difficult to grow, preferring to grow under microaerophilic conditions in flowing systems in which a sulfide-oxygen gradient has been established. Purified cell cultures were maintained by using this approach. Essentially all 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride-stained cells in a flowing reactor system hybridized with Arcobacter-specific probes as well as with a probe specific for the sequence obtained from reactor-grown cells. The proposed provisional name for the coastal isolate is "Candidatus Arcobacter sulfidicus." For cells cultured in a flowing reactor system, the sulfide optimum was higher than and the CO(2) fixation activity was as high as or higher than those reported for other sulfur oxidizers, such as Thiomicrospira spp. Cells associated with filamentous sulfur material demonstrated nitrogen fixation capability. No ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase could be detected on the basis of radioisotopic activity or by Western blotting techniques, suggesting an alternative pathway of CO(2) fixation. The process of microbial filamentous sulfur formation has been documented in a number of marine environments where both sulfide and oxygen are available. Filamentous sulfur formation by "Candidatus Arcobacter sulfidicus" or similar strains may be an ecologically important process, contributing significantly to primary production in such environments.

Arcobacter↗

PubMed2000

Isolation of Arcobacter spp. from a brackish environment.

Arcobacter spp. were isolated from water and mussels of two brackish lakes near Messina (Italy). The isolates were phenotypically characterized on the basis of a large battery of cultural and biochemical tests. By comparison with the reference strains Arcobacter butzleri ATCC 49616 and A. cryaerophilus ATCC 43157 they may be considered Arcobacter butzleri-like bacteria. The current isolation suggests that the brackish environment may play an important role in the survival and transmission of Arcobacter spp. also by seafood cultured in the examined waters.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Severe diarrhea associated with Arcobacter butzleri.

Two patients with chronic disease (diabetes mellitus type I, hyperuricemia and alcohol abuse, respectively) were hospitalized with persistent diarrhea and severe abdominal cramps. Using routine methods, the only pathogen isolated in stool specimens was Arcobacter butzleri. In both cases acute symptoms subsided quickly after antibiotic therapy. After termination of antibiotic treatment, Arcobacter butzleri could no longer be detected in stool specimens. Although very little is known about the clinical significance of Arcobacter butzleri infections in humans, it is highly likely that in both cases Arcobacter butzleri played a major causative role in acute disease.

Diarrhea↗

PubMed1997

Comparison of the productivity of cefoperazone amphotericin teicoplanin (CAT) agar and modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate (mCCD) agar for various strains of Campylobacter, Arcobacter and Helicobacter pullorum.

Cefoperazone amphotericin teicoplanin (CAT) agar was developed from cefoperazone deoxycholate (mCCD) agar by modification of the selective antibiotics in order to permit growth of strains of Campylobacter upsaliensis. In this study, 35 strains of Campylobacter and Arcobacter were tested for their ability to grow on CAT and mCCD media using the ecometric method. Six of these strains were also tested using the modified Miles-Misra method. Overall, nineteen strains out of the 35 tested grew better on CAT than on mCCD agar, although for eight strains, the difference was slight. These differences could not be attributed solely to poorer growth of C. upsaliensis on mCCD agar. No strain grew better on mCCD than CAT agar. Eight of the 35 strains tested did not grow on mCCD agar at all, however, only one strain failed to grow on CAT medium. The two methods of testing gave similar results, although the Miles-Misra method was found to be more sensitive and less prone to subjective interpretation. All four CNUPC (catalase negative, urease positive campylobacter-like) strains, one strain of C. sputorum biovar, fecalis, one of two Arcobacter cryaerophilus strains (incubated at 30 degrees C, aerobically) could be detected only using CAT agar. In addition, for some strains of A. butzleri, C. upsaliensis and C. hyointestinalis, CAT medium gave better growth scores than mCCD agar. The level of cefoperazone in mCCDA is inhibitory to some campylobacter strains, but suboptimal growth of Arcobacter strains is more probably due to synergistic interaction between deoxycholate and cefoperazone. CAT agar supports the growth of a wider variety of Campylobacter and Arcobacter species than mCCD agar.

Agar↗

PubMed1997

Classification of Arcobacter species isolated from aborted pig fetuses and sows with reproductive problems in Brazil.

Seventeen field isolates of Arcobacter species were recovered in Brazil from aborted porcine fetal livers (n = 3), kidneys (n = 2), and thoracic fluid (n = 1). Arcobacter species were also recovered from uterine and oviductal tissues (n = 5) and a placenta from sows with reproductive problems. These isolates were initially presumed to be Arcobacter cryaerophilus on the basis of aerobic growth at 30 degree C, indoxyl acetate hydrolysis, catalase and oxidase reactions, growth on MacConkey agar, sensitivity to 3.5% sodium chloride, and susceptibility to nalidixic acid (40 mg/ml). The isolates were confirmed as Arcobacter using polymerase chain reaction, and were classified as A. cryaerophilus 1A (24%), A. cryaerophilus 1B (71%), and A. butzleri (6%) using restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Abortion, Veterinary↗

PubMed1999

Natural and experimental infections of Arcobacter in poultry.

Arcobacter butzleri causes human enteritis and is frequently recovered from poultry carcasses. The purpose of this study was to determine 1) the natural distribution of A. butzleri in poultry and 2) its relative pathogenicity in experimentally infected poultry. Cloacal samples (n = 407) were collected on four occasions from three flocks of chickens. Overall, Arcobacter spp. were recovered from 15% of the birds; A. butzleri was identified in 1% of cloacal samples. Three experimental trials were conducted to determine the susceptibility of birds. In Trial 1, 3-d-old chicks (n = 62) were divided into three groups and infected per os with 1) A. butzleri American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 49616, 2) a suspension of four field strains of A. butzleri isolated from retail purchased chicken, and 3) Campylobacter jejuni (positive control). Arcobacter was not detected in cloacal swabs or in cecal samples of chicks through Day 5 postinfection; C. jejuni was detected in cloacal swabs of all positive control birds. In Trial 2, 5-d-old outbred turkey poults (n = 88) were infected as described above with the addition of a group infected with a suspension of four field strains of A. butzleri from turkey meat. Arcobacter butzleri was recovered from either cloacal swabs or cecal contents of only 6.0% of birds (4 of 67); C. jejuni was recovered from 100% of the positive control birds (n = 21). In Trial 3, 3-d-old turkey poults of the highly inbred Beltsville White strain (n = 141) were experimentally inoculated. In contrast to earlier trials, A. butzleri was recovered overall from the cloacal swabs or tissues of 65% of the turkeys.

Aging↗

PubMed1996

A selective medium for the isolation of Arcobacter from meats.

A method, including enrichment in Arcobacter Selective Broth (ASB) and isolation on semisolid Arcobacter Selective Medium (ASM) under aerobic conditions at 24 degrees C, is described for the isolation of Arcobacter from retail meat products. Selective agents used in ASB and ASM were cefoperazone, trimethoprim, piperacillin and cycloheximide. Arcobacters were isolated from 53 (24.1%) of 220 poultry meat products and also, at lower incidence from samples of beef and pork. The isolates were identified as A. butzleri or A. butzleri-like and belonged to a wide variety of serotypes and biotypes.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Prevalence and genetic variability of Arcobacter species in mechanically separated turkey.

A survey for Arcobacter spp. and Arcobacter butzleri in mechanically separated turkey was conducted during the winter of 1995 and summer and fall of 1996. Arcobacter spp. and A. butzleri were identified by polymerase chain reaction and species-specific oligonucleotide probes. Arcobacter spp. were isolated from 77% (303 out of 395) of the mechanically separated turkey samples with 74% (223 out of 303) of these samples positive for A. butzleri. Of the 121 A. butzleri isolates tested, 86 different patterns were evident following amplification of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences. The extent of genetic polymorphism indicated multiple sources of contamination.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Multiplex PCR detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Arcobacter butzleri in food products.

Arcobacter is a recently described species, previously considered part of the Campylobacter family. A sensitive assay such as that provided by PCR could help to distinguish the closely related Arcobacter from Campylobacter. A PCR method to specifically detect both Campylobacter jejuni and Arcobacter butzleri in the same reaction tube has been developed. C. jejuni and A. butzleri were inoculated into a range of dairy products, raw and ready-to-eat foods. The presence of these two organisms was detected in these test foods by the multiplex PCR assay. A product of 159 bp was apparent when C. jejuni was present, while a 1223 bp product was seen when A. butzleri was present. When both organisms were present, both bands could be detected on the agarose gel. All organisms were confirmed by standard microbiological methods. There was complete agreement between the PCR and standard methods. This PCR assay will allow detection of both organisms within the same PCR tube and can be performed within an 8 h day. The presence of these two human pathogens, which are difficult to distinguish by standard biochemical methods, can now be identified using this PCR assay.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Bacterial 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that bacteria related to Arcobacter spp. constitute an abundant and common component of the oyster microbiota (Tiostrea chilensis).

To explore the bacterial microbiota in Chilean oyster (Tiostrea chilensis), a molecular approach that permits detection of different bacteria, independently of their capacity to grow in culture media, was used. Bacterial diversity was assessed by analysis of both the 16S rDNA and the 16S-23S intergenic region, obtained by PCR amplifications of DNA extracted from depurated oysters. RFLP of the PCR amplified 16S rDNA showed a prevailing pattern in most of the individuals analyzed, indicating that a few bacterial species were relatively abundant and common in oysters. Cloning and sequencing of the 16S rDNA with the prevailing RFLP pattern indicated that this rRNA was most closely related to Arcobacter spp. However, analysis by the size of the amplified 16S-23S rRNA intergenic regions revealed not Arcobacter spp. but Staphylococcus spp. related bacteria as a major and common component in oyster. These different results may be caused by the absence of target for one of the primers employed for amplification of the intergenic region. Neither of the two bacteria species found in large abundance was recovered after culturing under aerobic, anaerobic, or microaerophilic conditions. This result, however, is expected because the number of bacteria recovered after cultivation was less than 0.01% of the total. All together, these observations suggest that Arcobacter-related strains are probably abundant and common in the Chilean oyster bacterial microbiota.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Inhibitory effects of some spice and herb extracts against Arcobacter butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii.

Seventeen spice and medicinal plant extracts (methanol and chloroform) were assayed for their antimicrobial activity against Arcobacter butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii. In general, all of the tested extracts were able, to a different extent, to inhibit the growth of the selected Arcobacter species. Cinnamon, bearberry, chamomile, sage and rosemary extracts showed strong antimicrobial activity toward arcobacter strains tested. Overall, the methanol extracts showed better activity than the chloroform extracts (P < 0.05); however, enhanced antibacterial activity of chloroform extracts of cinnamon and rosemary has been observed in comparison with their methanol counterparts. The inhibitory dose of the most active extracts (the diameter of zone of inhibition > or = 20 mm) was determined using the disc-diffusion method as well.

Arcobacter↗

PubMed2003

The prevalence of Arcobacter spp. on chicken carcasses sold in retail markets in Turkey, and identification of the isolates using SDS-PAGE.

In this study, the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. on chicken carcasses sold in various retail markets in Turkey was investigated. The isolates were characterized and identified using various phenotypic and molecular tests. The membrane filtration technique employing 0.45-microm pore size membrane filters laid onto a nonselective blood agar was used after enrichment in Oxoid Arcobacter Enrichment Broth (AEB) to examine a total of 75 chicken carcasses (44 fresh and 31 frozen). Species level identification was performed using SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins and a recently developed multiplex-PCR assay. All isolates were identified as Arcobacter butzleri. Of the 44 fresh chicken carcasses examined, 42 (95%) were positive for A. butzleri. A. butzleri was also recovered from seven (23%) of the 31 frozen carcasses examined.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

The recovery of Arcobacter butzleri NCTC 12481 from various temperature treatments.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the growth and survival characteristics for Arcobacter butzleri NCTC 12481. METHODS AND RESULTS: The temperature and pH growth ranges were 15-39 degrees C and pH 6.0-8.0, as determined using impedance microbiology. The maximum specific growth rate was 00.57 h(-1) at 30 degrees C, pH 7.0. Arcobacter butzleri harvested from the exponential phase was more resistant to heat treatment than stationary phase cells (D55 1.1 and 0.4 min, respectively). Fluorescent dye uptake, and the release of UV-absorbing material, increased in heat-treated cells. After 21 d storage at 4 and -20 degrees C, A. butzleri was recovered on blood agar, but not on the isolation media CAT or CCDA. CONCLUSION: Arcobacter butzleri cells from the exponential phase were less heat sensitive than those from the stationary phase. The organism was able to survive cold storage for at least 3 weeks. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The growth and survival characteristics have been quantified thus providing a greater understanding of this newly emerging pathogen.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Under the microscope: Arcobacter.

This review describes characteristics of the genus Arcobacter. Unlike its close phenotypically related neighbour Campylobacter, Arcobacter is not currently a major public health concern, but is considered as an emerging human pathogen, and is of significance towards animal health. This review focuses on the public health significance, culturing and typing, reservoirs, and antimicrobial studies of Arcobacter. Collectively, increasing knowledge in these areas will help to develop measures, which can be used to control this emerging pathogen.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Effect of pH, NaCl content, and temperature on growth and survival of Arcobacter spp.

Growth and survival of six human isolates of the pathogenic Arcobacter spp. in the presence of selected environmental factors were studied. Four strains of Arcobacter butzleri and two strains of Arcobacter cryaerophilus were exposed to pH levels of 3.5 to 8.0. Most strains grew between pH 5.5 and 8.0, with optimal growth of most A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus strains at pH 6.0 to 7.0 and 7.0 to 7.5, respectively. The 24-h optimal growth range in the presence of NaCl was 0.5 to 1.0% for A. cryaerophilus. However, after 96 h, the optimum was between 0.5 and 2.0% NaCl. The optimum range for growth of A. butzleri strains was 0.09 to 0.5% NaCl after 96 h. The upper growth limits were 3.5 and 3.0% NaCl for A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus, respectively. Survival at 25 degrees C in up to 5% NaCl was noted for A. butzleri 3556 and 3539 and A. cryaerophilus 3256. Decimal reduction times (D-values) at pH 7.3 in phosphate-buffered saline for three A. butzleri strains were 0.07 to 0.12 min at 60 degrees C, 0.38 to 0.76 min at 55 degrees C, and 5.12 to 5.81 min at 50 degrees C. At pH 5.5, decreased thermotolerance was observed, with D-values of 0.03 to 0.11 min at 60 degrees C, 0.30 to 0.42 min at 55 degrees C, and 1.97 to 4.42 min at 50 degrees C. Calculated z-values ranged from 5.20 to 6.28 degrees C. D-values of a three-strain mixture of A. butzleri in raw ground pork were 18.51 min at 50 degrees C and 2.18 min at 55 degrees C. Mild heat (50 degress C) followed by cold shock (4 or 8 degrees C exposure) had a synergistic lethal effect, reducing more cells than with an individual 50 degrees C treatment or with cold shock temperatures of 12 or 16 degrees C.

Animals↗