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PubMed1990

Autonomic nervous system abnormalities and asthma.

Autonomic nervous system function has been studied both in vitro and in vivo using a variety of methodologies. In asthmatic patients, beta-adrenergic hyporesponsiveness and alpha-adrenergic and cholinergic hyperresponsiveness can be frequently demonstrated. These observations have provided support for the beta blockade theory of asthma, advanced in the late 1960s by Andor Szentivanyi's experiments involving sensitized rodents. However, in addition to asthma, aberrations in autonomic nervous system function have been noted in other individuals including cystic fibrosis patients and their parents, patients with emphysema and bronchitis, and in patients (allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis) who have demonstrable IgE antibody responses to a variety of antigens. Thus, although these defects are not specific for asthma, it is noteworthy that these conditions share many clinical features; the ultimate phenotypic expression of these abnormalities may depend on both genetic and environmental factors that have yet to be defined.

Asthma↗
PubMed1983

The role of the autonomic nervous system in allergic diseases.

The autonomic nervous system plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, especially asthma. This paper details the components of the autonomic nervous system, defines the role that these individual components play in allergy and details the abnormalities found in the autonomic nervous system in allergic subjects that may contribute to the disease state.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in advanced cancer.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) innervates every organ in the body and is largely involuntary. There have been reports of autonomic dysfunction in cancer patients, but most are case reports. There are suggestions that this abnormality may be common in advanced cancer. Inpatients and outpatients with advanced cancer were enrolled. Patients were excluded if they had a previous diagnosis of a disease associated with autonomic nervous system (ANS) abnormalities, or had taken or were taking drugs affecting the ANS. Autonomic function was evaluated using five bedside cardiovascular tests: (1) heart rate response to deep breathing, (2) heart rate response to standing, (3) heart rate response to the Valsalva maneuver, (4) blood pressure response to standing and (5) blood pressure response to static exercise. Each test result was scored according to a validated scale of 0,.5, or 1. The individual scores were added together and each patient received a dysfunction score: none ( = 0-1), mild ( = 1.5-2), moderate ( = 2.5-3) or severe ( = 3.5-5). Twenty-eight men and 22 women participated, median age was 64 years. The median ECOG performance status was 2. Lung and prostate cancer were the most common ( N = 9, 5). 245 tests were performed; 86 (35%) individual tests were normal or borderline. Composite dysfunction scores were calculated; all the participants had a score consistent with abnormality. The median number of symptoms was 6 (range 1-15). Twenty-eight rated at least one symptom as severe (median 2, range 0-5), but symptoms did not correlate with test abnormalities. The results reveal significant ANS dysfunction in advanced cancer. There are more invasive tests that may give more accurate descriptions of ANS abnormalities in this population. These tests may help define the lesion better than these simple bedside tests. Further research with sophisticated ANS testing is needed to clearly define this paraneoplastic syndrome.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of general and epidural anesthesia on autonomic nervous system].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate autonomic nervous tone during general and epidural anesthesia. METHODS: Thirty-two female patients(ASA grade I-II), scheduled for elective hysterectomy, were randomized to receive epidural anesthesia (group EA, n = 16) or general anesthesia (group GA, n = 16). The changes of HRV were observed with power spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV-PSA) at the following time intervals: immediately pre-anesthesia (T1), 15 min after induction (T2), 1 min after incision (T3), dragging uterus (T4), after removing uterus (T5) and end of surgery (T6). RESULTS: Patients in group EA demonstrated a significant advance in LF/HF at T4 and descending in LF and HF at T5, T6 to compare with T1, LF, HF and LF/HF remained unchanged at the rest time intervals. In group GA, compared with T1, LF, HF and LF/HF dropped remarkably except for an increase in LF/HF at T6. CONCLUSION: The autonomic nervous tone is inhibited by both epidural and general anesthesia. EA reveals a shift in the sympathovagal balance toward sympathetic predominance. GA is associated with a shift toward parasympathetic predominance intraoperatively, while postoperatively appears a dramatic increase in LF/HF. Relative to EA, there is a greater effect on autonomic nervous system with GA.

Anesthesia, Epidural↗
PubMed1992

[Autonomic nervous system from a basic aspect].

The autonomic nervous system was reviewed from a basic aspect with particular emphasis on (1) cooperation between the autonomic and somatic nervous systems, (2) necessity for a concept of functional unit of the central and peripheral autonomic nervous systems, and (3) realization of the existence of afferent fibers in the peripheral autonomic nerves. In addition, some recent topics related to the autonomic nervous system on (1) parasympathetic innervation of blood vessels, (2) receptors and intracellular signal transduction system, (3) autonomic regulation of hormonal and immune organs, (4) intracranial neural regulation of cerebral blood flow, and (5) neurotrophic factors are reviewed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Chagas cardiomyopathy and the autonomic nervous system. Clinical studies].

The autonomic nervous system is abnormal in patients with advanced Chagas'heart disease. Most researchers consider these autonomic abnormalities as primary, specific and irreversible. However, when and why do these abnormalities appear in the natural history of Chagas'disease, is still the subject of intense controversy. Recent morphological and functional studies strongly suggest that, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic abnormalities, are preceded by myocardial damage and left ventricular dysfunction. Consequently, the cardiac parasympathetic abnormalities and the activation of the sympathetic and of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems of chagasic patients are very likely secondary and partially reversible. Therefore, neurohormonal activation, as postulated by the neurogenic theory could contribute to the progression of myocardial damage and left ventricular dysfunction. Additional clinical investigations are necessary to clarify this important issue.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed2006

Physiology of long pranayamic breathing: neural respiratory elements may provide a mechanism that explains how slow deep breathing shifts the autonomic nervous system.

Pranayamic breathing, defined as a manipulation of breath movement, has been shown to contribute to a physiologic response characterized by the presence of decreased oxygen consumption, decreased heart rate, and decreased blood pressure, as well as increased theta wave amplitude in EEG recordings, increased parasympathetic activity accompanied by the experience of alertness and reinvigoration. The mechanism of how pranayamic breathing interacts with the nervous system affecting metabolism and autonomic functions remains to be clearly understood. It is our hypothesis that voluntary slow deep breathing functionally resets the autonomic nervous system through stretch-induced inhibitory signals and hyperpolarization currents propagated through both neural and non-neural tissue which synchronizes neural elements in the heart, lungs, limbic system and cortex. During inspiration, stretching of lung tissue produces inhibitory signals by action of slowly adapting stretch receptors (SARs) and hyperpolarization current by action of fibroblasts. Both inhibitory impulses and hyperpolarization current are known to synchronize neural elements leading to the modulation of the nervous system and decreased metabolic activity indicative of the parasympathetic state. In this paper we propose pranayama's physiologic mechanism through a cellular and systems level perspective, involving both neural and non-neural elements. This theoretical description describes a common physiological mechanism underlying pranayama and elucidate the role of the respiratory and cardiovascular system on modulating the autonomic nervous system. Along with facilitating the design of clinical breathing techniques for the treatment of autonomic nervous system and other disorders, this model will also validate pranayama as a topic requiring more research.

Autonomic Nervous System↗