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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Investigation of the relationship between farrowing environment, sex steroid concentrations and maternal aggression in gilts.

Maternal oestrogen and progesterone have been shown to be important in the initiation of maternal behaviour. Thirty-three Large White x Landrace gilts, housed in groups during pregnancy, were observed and aggressive interactions recorded. Individuals had jugular catheters implanted 14.5 (s.e. 0.34) days before their expected parturition date (EPD). Five days before EPD gilts were randomly allocated and moved to either a conventional farrowing crate (C; without straw, 16 gilts) or a pen (P; 2.1 x 3.1 m2; with straw bedding, 17 gilts). Blood samples were taken at frequencies determined by the proximity to farrowing onset. Piglets were removed at birth and returned 2 h after placental expulsion. The reaction of each gilt to her piglets was monitored. Gilts savaging piglets were sedated with azaperone (n = 8). There was no overall effect of farrowing environment on oestradiol and progesterone concentrations. The pre-farrowing ratio of progesterone to oestradiol was higher for (P) gilts (0.45 vs. 0.25, (P) vs. (C); S.E.D. 0.085, P < 0.05) as was their overall maximum oestradiol level (3.39 vs. 2.29 ng/ml, (P) vs. (C); S.E.D. 0.39, P < 0.01). In contrast to progesterone, oestradiol patterns varied considerably between individuals. Dominance rank value during pregnancy, but not levels of aggression, correlated positively to pre-farrowing oestradiol concentrations. Treatment with azaperone was not related to farrowing environment, piglet weight or litter size. Azaperone treated gilts showed a higher pre-farrowing oestradiol to progesterone ratio (0.55 vs. 0.29, +/- azaperone; S.E.D. 0.10, P < 0.05), significantly higher levels of oestradiol post-partum (0.7 vs. 0.19 ng/ml, +/- azaperone; S.E.D. 0.20, P < 0.001) and significantly lower levels of aggression during pregnancy (1.68 vs. 2.23 aggressive interactions/h, +/- azaperone; S.E.D. 0.15, P < 0.001). The results indicate that there are no major effects of farrowing environment on sex steroid concentrations. Maternal aggression under these conditions appears to be negatively related to aggression during pregnancy, but this is not reflected in plasma concentrations of sex steroids around parturition.

Aggression↗
PubMed1977

An evaluation of chemical restraining agents in the horse.

An evaluation of acepromazine (0.5 mg/kg intramuscularly), azaperone (0.7 and 0.9 mg/kg intramuscularly) and xylazine (2.0 mg/kg intramuscularly) as chemical restraining agents was carried out in seven horses. (Xylazine and azaperone were used at the recommended dose rates; acepromazine at five times the recommended dose rates). Of the three drugs administered only azaperone produced sufficient sedation in all the horses to allow a percutaneous needle muscle biopsy to be taken from six muscles. With acepromazine and xylazine this procedure could be successfully carried out in five and four horses respectively. Both acepromazine and azaperone produced a mild transient tachycardia and a fall in packed cell volume but all three drugs reduced the "stress" of muscle biopsy as measured by increases in heart rate. Azaperone produced an increase in plasma 11-OHCS levels when administered to control animals. The measurement of changes in plasma 11-OHCS levels was not found to be a satisfactory means of assessing any reduction of "stress" with some sedative agents.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1988

A behavioral pharmacological study of mafoprazine, a new phenylpiperazine derivative.

Behavioral pharmacological studies on mafoprazine, a new drug for the prevention of aggressive behavior, were performed to compare its effects with those of an existing drug, azaperone (Stresnil). The acute toxicity of mafoprazine in mice was slightly stronger than that of azaperone. Mafoprazine showed the following effects (at 0.2 to 2.0 mg/kg, s.c.): a decrease in spontaneous motor activity, prolongation of the duration of pentobarbital anesthesia, inhibition of long-term isolation-induced aggressive behavior, inhibition of olfactory bulbectomy-induced hyperemotionality and muricide behavior in mice and rats, and a marked taming and tranquilizing effect on aggressive behavior in dogs. These effects of mafoprazine were qualitatively the same as those of azaperone. Mafoprazine showed cataleptogenicity in rats at 5 mg/kg, s.c. or more and motor incoordination in rats at 0.2 mg/kg, s.c. or more. In the experiment on operant behavior in rats, the effect of mafoprazine on differential reinforcement of the low rate (DRL) response was almost the same as those of azaperone and chlorpromazine. These results indicate that mafoprazine has substantially the same psychotropic effect as azaperone, while the former has a weaker action on the extrapyramidal system than the latter, suggesting that mafoprazine could be used as a unique aggression-inhibiting drug.

Aggression↗
PubMed2004

Development of a rapid screening test for veterinary sedatives and the beta-blocker carazolol in porcine kidney by ELISA.

Sedatives and tranquillisers are frequently used to reduce stress during the transportation of food producing animals. The most widely used classes of sedatives include the butyrophenone azaperone, the phenothiazines acepromazine, propionylpromazine, chlorpromazine and the [small beta]-blocker, carazolol. For regulatory control purposes, tolerances for azaperone and carazolol have been set by the European Union as 100 and 25 [micro sign]g kg(-1), respectively. Furthermore, the use of the phenothiazines is prohibited and therefore has a zero tolerance. A method for the detection of residues of five tranquillisers and one [small beta]-blocker using a single ELISA plate has been developed. Kidney samples (2.5 g) were extracted with dichloromethane and applied to a competitive enzyme immunoassay using three polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits against azaperol, propionylpromazine and carazolol conjugates. In sample matrix, the azaperol antibody cross-reacted 28.0% with azaperone and the propionylpromazine antibody cross-reacted 24.9% with acepromazine and 11.7% with chlorpromazine. In the ELISA, the detection capabilities of the six sedatives, azaperol, azaperone, carazolol, acepromazine, chlorpromazine, and propionylpromazine are 5, 15, 5, 5, 20 and 5 [micro sign]g kg(-1), respectively. The proposed method is a sensitive and rapid multi-residue technique that offers a cost effective alternative to current published procedures, without any concession on the ability to detect sedative misuse.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1988

Neurochemical study of mafoprazine, a new phenylpiperazine derivative.

Mafoprazine, a phenylpiperazine derivative, was neurochemically investigated in rats to determine its action mechanism. The rank order of affinity of mafoprazine for neuronal receptors was D2 greater than or equal to alpha 1 greater than S2 greater than alpha 2 much greater than D1 greater than beta greater than mACh. The affinity of mafoprazine for D2 receptors (Ki = 10.7 nM) was 2 times higher than that of azaperone, and 6 and 16 times lower than those of chlorpromazine and haloperidol, respectively, whereas the D2 receptor selectivity [D1/D2 (Ki value ratio)] of mafoprazine was 10, 9 and 2 times higher than those of chlorpromazine, azaperone and haloperidol, respectively. The affinity of mafoprazine for alpha 2 receptors in terms of the ratio of the Ki values for D2 and alpha 2 receptors (D2/alpha 2) was 345, 26 and 3 times higher than those of haloperidol, chlorpromazine and azaperone, respectively. Mafoprazine slightly showed the inhibitory effect on dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase (IC50 = 52300 nM), and it had almost no affinity for beta and mACh receptors. Mafoprazine significantly increased dopamine metabolites in the corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens, although to lesser extents as compared with azaperone and chlorpromazine. These results suggest that mafoprazine probably manifests its antipsychotic action mainly through D2 receptor blocking activity and alpha-adrenergic activity (alpha 1 receptor blocking activity and alpha 2 receptor stimulating activity).

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1994

Pulmonary hydraulic impedance responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in newborn pigs.

The purpose of this study was to determine the cumulative effects of brief intervals of hypoxia and hypercapnia on the pulsatile characteristics of the pulmonary arterial circulation of 48-h-old compared with 2-wk-old open-chest Yorkshire pigs while using two different anesthetic regimens: 1) azaperone and ketamine (4 and 12 mg/kg im, respectively) and 2) thiopental sodium (25 mg/kg i.v.). Animals 48 h old were randomly allocated to undergo mild hypoxia (inspired O2 fraction = 0.15), severe hypoxia (inspired O2 fraction = 0.05), or hypercapnia (inspired CO2 fraction = 0.20), whereas animals 2 wk old underwent severe hypoxia or hypercapnia. With use of Fourier analysis, characteristic impedance (Zo), mean input impedance (Zm), impedance moduli, and phase angles were determined. In 48-h-old pigs anesthetized with azaperone-ketamine, neither mild nor severe hypoxia altered Zo, Zm, or pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), whereas hypercapnia increased Zo by 22% (P < 0.001), which persisted despite a return to normocapnia. In 48-h-old animals anesthetized with thiopental, baseline control Zo and Zm were lower than those in same-age pigs anesthetized with azaperone-ketamine. In thiopental-anesthetized 48-h-old pigs, both severe hypoxia and hypercapnia increased Zm and PVR but Zo was unaltered. In 2-wk-old pigs anesthetized with thiopental, severe hypoxia but not hypercapnia elevated Zm and PVR, whereas Zo was not changed with either stress. Results indicate age- and anesthetic-dependent responses of Zo, Zm, and PVR to severe hypoxia and hypercapnia. The persistent elevation in Zo caused by hypercapnia indicates a prolonged decrease in arterial compliance or a reduction in effective proximal pulmonary arterial radius.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed2001

Rectal prolapse associated with a healed pelvic fracture in a pregnant free-ranging African black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). Part 1: anaesthesia.

Anaesthesia was required in a heavily-pregnant, adult, free-ranging African black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis with a rectal prolapse for examination and possible treatment. The animal was immobilised with 4.5 mg etorphine and 60 mg azaperone. For continued observation, the immobilised animal was transported to a boma. Additional etorphine and azaperone were administered to keep the animal anaesthetised during treatment and transport. In addition, 15 mg nalorphine was administered during this time to improve ventilation and reduce muscle rigidity. Sixty hours later, in preparation for surgery, 2.5 mg etorphine and 40 mg azaperone were administered, followed by endotracheal intubation and halothane anaesthesia. During anaesthesia, a decrease in tidal volume was observed. Venous blood-gas analysis indicated a decrease in the oxygen partial pressure, and a mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis. Cardiac arrest was preceded by an increase in heart rate and tidal volume after 80 min of inhalation anaesthesia.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMed1992

[Effects of dopamine on the coronary vessels of swine].

The pharmacological responses of dopamine, a catecholamine which is used as a circulatory active drug in shock treatment, were investigated in isolated coronary arteries of pigs from the slaughter house. The effects are compared with those obtained after application of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the same in vitro system. The aim of the experiments was to discover whether the three catecholamines have an effect on the same adrenergic receptors and to characterize the specific effect of dopamine. Phentolamine and propranolol were used as adrenergic alpha- und beta-blockers, azaperone and haloperidol were used as unspecific antagonists, and domperidone as a specific dopamine antagonist. The three catecholamines caused a dose-dependent vasodilation of the coronary artery. A pretreatment of the vessels with phentolamine did not affect the vasodilation after all three catecholamines. Propranolol inhibited the effects of only adrenaline and noradrenaline, but not those of dopamine. Azaperone, haloperidol and domperidone were effective to inhibit the dopamine-action, but not those of adrenaline and noradrenaline. The results show, that the vasodilation of the coronary artery by dopamine is not related to a stimulation of adrenergic alpha- oder beta-receptors. Adrenaline and noradrenaline produce a vasodilation only by a stimulation of adrenergic beta-receptors, as alpha-receptors are not present in the coronary system of the pig. The conclusion is that the vasodilation of the coronary artery is caused by a stimulation of specific dopaminergic receptors. The coronary effects of dopamine in shock therapy are reduced after a treatment of the animals with butyrophenone derivatives like azaperone or haloperidol or after treatment with the specific dopamine antagonist domperidone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Ban of the use of metomidate (Hypnodil) in swine. Background, consequences and alternatives].

Since the beginning of 1997 the use of the hypnotic drug metomidate (Hypnodil) in swine is not longer allowed. This ban caused a substantial therapeutic deficit for anesthesia in swine. The ban is based on provisions of the European Council Directive 2377/90 for fixing maximum residue limits (MRL) of veterinary drugs in animal-derived food and due to the fact that the pharmaceutical industry has not submitted any application for determining an MRL for metomidate. According to the regulations of the German drug law only those substances can be used as alternatives which are authorized for use in swine or another food-producing animal species. Registrations for use in swine exist for the barbiturates thiamylal and narcobarbital, for ketamine and for the neuroleptics azaperone, acepromazine and propionylpromazine. In the exceptional case of therapeutic emergency levomethadone or xylazine can be used. The administration of propofol, thiopentone, opioids (except levomethadone) or benzodiazepines (except brotizolam) to swine is not allowed since these drugs are authorized only for use in humans or companion animals. At present the most appropriate alternative for anesthesia in swine is thiamylal after premedication of azaperone and ketamine inducing general anesthesia with sufficient tolerance at low risks. In current studies general anesthesia with tolerance could further be produced by combinations of levomethadone, ketamine and azaperone or xylazine. Combined use of levomethadone with benzodiazepines appeared to be not suitable in swine.

Anesthesia↗