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PubMed1992

Dynamics of wheelchair basketball.

A sport model wheelchair instrumented with a portable computer and a switch activated with each half revolution of a rear wheel was used to record serial time and distance data on two subjects (1 male, 1 female) during a portion of a basketball game. These and two additional subjects (1 male, 1 female) also completed a series of coast down and maximal sprint trials on the basketball court. The drag force while coasting was positively related to the mass of the subject, and the male subjects had a higher maximal speed, acceleration, force, and power output in the sprint trials. During the wheelchair basketball game, it was estimated that 64% of the time was spent in propulsive action and 36% in braking activity. Projections for a complete 40 minute game indicated that both subjects would travel about 5 km at an average speed of 2 m.s-1 and attain a peak speed of 4 m.s-1. Plots of speed and power vs time showed the intermittent nature of playing wheelchair basketball. The greater amount of propulsive work (52.6 vs 37.5 kJ) and braking ("negative") work (43.9 vs 30.8 kJ) in a game for the male subject can be related to the male's higher body mass and wheelchair drag force.

Acceleration↗

PubMed2004

Combined effects of age and maturation on maximum isometric leg press strength in young basketball players.

AIM: Muscular strength of the leg extensor muscles in children can be affected by several factors such as age, sexual maturation, body mass and training status of the subjects. The purpose of the study was to examine maximal isometric strength characteristics of young male basketball players taking into consideration the combined effects of chronological age and sexual maturation. METHODS: One hundred and twenty male basketball players, aged from 12 to 17 years divided into 6 equivalent age subgroups performed maximum bilateral isometric leg press efforts. The parameters analysed were the maximal voluntary isometric force (MVC), relative strength (MVC/body mass and MVC/fat free mass), starting strength (F50: force exerted during the first 50 ms of the contraction) and speed strength index (the ratio of maximal force to time to attain maximal force). RESULTS: The results indicated that in almost all absolute force parameters, the 12-and 13-year olds demonstrated significantly (p<0.05) lower values compared with the 15(-1)6-and 17-years old groups. Age differences were also significant (p<0.05) when the effects of sexual maturation were taken into consideration in the statistical analysis but they were reduced when strength was adjusted for body mass. Finally, no significant differences for strength per unit of fat free mass were found (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Maximum absolute strength of basketball players is significantly increased from 12 to 17 years and as sexual maturation stage increases. It also appears that body mass and fat free mass should be taken into consideration when examining age effects on strength in basketball players.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

A cross-cultural analysis of positive illusions and sport performance levels in American, Croatian, and Norwegian basketball players.

The present study examined the degree to which positive illusion is associated with sport performance in basketball players among 3 different cultures: The United States of America, Croatia, and Norway. Positive illusion is a cognitive characteristic that is common in mentally healthy individuals, and becomes especially important in the athletic arena. The model tested in this study depicts the level of positive illusion as the main predictor variable and the performance of the basketball players as the criterion variable. The Positive Illusion Sports Scale was used to measure the predictor variable while The Basketball Evaluation System was used to measure the criterion variable. Participants were 239 competitive male basketball players, 122 from USA, 57 from Croatia and 60 from Norway. Results showed that positive illusion was directly (positively) related to actual success and that these relationships were statistically significant and consistent with positive illusion as a theoretical construct for predicting behavior and success.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Structural measures as predictors of injury basketball players.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between structure and injury in basketball players, with the goal of developing equations to predict injury. We examined 45 subjects who were participating in a community center basketball league. Each subject was measured prior to the season for bilateral weight, quadricep girth, calf girth, Q-angle of the knee, dorsiflexion of the ankle, forefoot varus, rearfoot valgus, and true and apparent leg length. All lower extremity injuries causing a game to be missed were recorded during the 16-game season. Average values for bilateral weight, quadricep girth, Q-angle, rearfoot valgus, and leg length measures for the injured players were all larger than the average for the non-injured players by at least one standard deviation. A logistic regression equation using three of the variables correctly predicted the injury status of 91% of the players. The three-variable equation was then used prospectively to predict injury status for members of a small college basketball team. Only one player missed a game due to injury, and the equation identified that player as the most likely to be injured. This study demonstrates a strong relationship between structural measures and lower extremity injury in basketball players.

Ankle Injuries↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Orofacial trauma and mouth-protector wear among high school varsity basketball players.

This investigation surveyed the prevalence and types of orofacial injuries among 1020 Florida high school basketball players during one season; it also examined the prevalence and types of mouth protectors used and their influence on sustained injuries. The results demonstrated a relatively high prevalence of players (31 percent) reporting orofacial trauma suffered during the organized playing of basketball. Most players reporting orofacial trauma indicated they received multiple injuries during the season. Only a small percentage (4.2 percent) of the basketball players surveyed reported use of mouth protectors and this use was exclusively voluntary. Those players not wearing mouth protectors reported an approximately seven-fold increase in orofacial injuries; most involved trauma to the soft tissue. Many objections were cited to the use of mouth protectors by the players, which must be overcome if compliance with future mandatory wear is recommended. Results of this survey suggest that further investigation into orofacial injuries among basketball players should be pursued.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Facial injuries in basketball players.

As the popularity of basketball increases and the style of the game becomes more physical, there is an increasing number of basketball-related injuries. Although most facial injuries sustained while playing basketball are relatively minor, severe and permanent injuries do occur. This article reviews the most common facial injuries incurred by basketball players with emphasis on diagnosis, early treatment, and prevention.

Basketball↗

PubMed2005

Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee in asymptomatic professional basketball players.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of articular cartilage lesions and meniscal tears on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in the knees of asymptomatic male professional basketball players. TYPE OF STUDY: A retrospective review. METHODS: Twenty players (40 knees) met the inclusion criteria of being signed by a National Basketball Association team and passing their preseason physical examination. All included athletes were assessed for the presence of articular cartilage lesions, meniscal pathology, and the presence of effusions. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of articular cartilage lesions on MRI was 47.5% in our study group. There were trochlear groove articular lesions in 25%. The lateral femoral condyle was involved in 2.5% of all knees. The medial femoral condyle was affected in 10% of all knees. The lateral tibial plateau showed articular cartilage lesions in 5%. The patella had articular cartilage lesions in 35%. The overall prevalence of various grade meniscal lesions was 20% on MRI. Medial intra-meniscal signals accounted for 87.5% and 12.5% on the lateral side. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study show an equal to or higher prevalence of meniscal lesions in male professional basketball players than previously reported in the literature. We found a large number of patella-femoral articular cartilage lesions in our study population of male professional basketball players. These athletes perform at the highest demand level, which indicates that the presence of these lesions did not cause any symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, case series.

Athletic Injuries↗

PubMed1985

A survey of injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee in female basketball players.

This study surveyed 76 female basketball-related injuries that occurred during a 30-month period at the B.C. Sports Medicine Clinic. The knee was the most common site of injury (72%), and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture accounted for 25% of all basketball injuries seen. A total of 19 ACL ruptures in females were seen as compared to only 4 ACL ruptures in male basketball players during the same time period. During this time period a total of 151 males and 76 female basketball players were seen. Each patient was assessed as to age, height, weight, and alignment and questioned as to mechanism of injury, playing position, experience, and training plus previous injuries. Possible etiological factors postulated included player position, joint laxity, weak quadriceps mechanism, and a possible hormonal basis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Gender differences in anterior cruciate ligament injury rates in wisconsin intercollegiate basketball.

OBJECTIVE: The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in women basketball players has been shown to exceed that of male basketball players. The purpose of this study was to determine the ACL injury rate for both male and female intercollegiate basketball players in the state of Wisconsin and to determine if certain factors played a significant role in the number of ACL injuries incurred. DESIGN AND SETTING: The design was a 5-year retrospective survey study. The study took place in the state of Wisconsin at 22 colleges and universities. SUBJECTS: Certified athletic trainers were selected from the colleges and universities to answer the surveys. MEASUREMENTS: The survey consisted of close-ended questions about the incidence of ACL injuries and the circumstances surrounding these injuries. RESULTS: The injury rate was high in the female basketball players. The female athletes had a 2.3 times higher ACL injury rate than the male athletes. No other factors were found to be significant. CONCLUSIONS: ACL injuries were higher in the female athletes than the male athletes examined.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1995

The National Basketball Association eye injury study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiology of eye injuries sustained by professional basketball players in the National Basketball Association (NBA). METHODS: A prospective study involving all NBA athletes who sustained eye injuries between February 1, 1992, and June 20, 1993, was conducted. Twenty-seven NBA team athletic trainers, physicians, and ophthalmologists were provided data forms to complete for any player examined for an eye injury. Practice and game exposures during the preseason, regular season, playoffs, and championships were included. RESULTS: Of the 1092 injuries sustained by NBA players during the 17-month period, 59 (5.4%) involved the eye and adnexa. Eighteen (30.5%) of the injuries occurred while the player was in the act of rebounding, and 16 (27.1%) while the player was on offense. The most common diagnoses included 30 abrasions or lacerations to the eyelid (50.9%), 17 contusions (edema and/or ecchymosis) to the eyelid or periorbital region (28.8%), and seven corneal abrasions (11.9%). There were three orbital fractures (5.1%). Most injuries were caused by fingers (35.6%) or elbows (28.8%). Nine players (15.3%) missed subsequent games because of their injury. Fifty-seven players (96.6%) were not wearing protective eyewear at the time of injury. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of eye injuries in NBA players during the 17-month period was 1.44 per 1000 game exposures. Frequent physical contact in professional basketball players leaves them at great risk for sustaining eye injuries. To prevent these injuries, protective eyewear is recommended.

Anterior Eye Segment↗

PubMed1991

Basketball exercise and secretory immunoglobulin A.

This study examined saliva levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) before and after three games and three practice sessions during the basketball season. Saliva was collected from 27 prepubescent boys (10-12 years) in a small Fry league and 23 postpubescent boys (16-18 years) on a high school varsity team. Saliva samples were frozen for later assay using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. IgA levels were significantly increased after games 1 and 3 in both age groups and after practice 3 in the high school athletes. Over the 2 months of saliva collections the pre-exercise IgA increased significantly with games 2 and 3 higher than game 1, and practice 3 higher than practices 1 and 2, in both age groups. These results indicate that basketball exercise can increase saliva IgA levels and that chronic exercise over the basketball season may increase the resting levels of IgA. These changes may give athletes more protection against respiratory infections both after exercise and in the resting state later in the season.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Ankle injuries in basketball players.

We carried out a retrospective study of the frequency of ankle sprains in basketball players. A questionnaire about previous ankle injuries, time off after such injuries, current ankle problems, personal data, number of practice hours and the use of prophylactic measures was sent out to 102 basketball players in a second division league in Sweden. Ninety-six players answered. 92% of them had suffered an ankle sprain while playing basketball, and of these 83% reported repeated sprains of one ankle. In the last two seasons, 78% of the players had injured at least one ankle. The injury frequency in the investigation was 5.5 ankle injuries per 1000 activity hours. 22% of the players used some kind of prophylactic support of their ankle joints. Because of the great number of ankle sprains and the disability in terms of time away from sports that they cause, prevention of these injuries is essential.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Effects of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and ascorbic acid on oxidative, hormonal and enzymatic exercise stress markers in habitual training activity of professional basketball players.

BACKGROUND: Intense physical exercise has been associated with an increase of free radical production. When the body's natural defense systems against free radicals are overwhelmed, oxidative stress increases. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study examined the effects of a vitamin antioxidant supplement, (composed of 600 mg alpha-tocopherol, 1000 mg ascorbic acid and 32 mg beta-carotene) on oxidative, hormonal, and enzymatic exercise stress markers during habitual training activity over 35 days. METHODS: The plasma concentrations of ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, testosterone, cortisol and lipid peroxides and the serum activities of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase were measured at four time points: pre-supplementation (PS), pre-training (PT), after training (AT) and 24 h after training (24h-AT) in 13 professional basketball players of the first Spanish Basketball League (ACB). RESULTS: Antioxidant supplementation led to a significant increase of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene from PS to PT. Plasma lipid peroxides decreased about 27.7% after 35 days of antioxidant treatment. A significant decrease of lactate dehydrogenase serum activity was observed during the 24 h recuperation time. During this time the anabolic/catabolic balance increased about 29.8% in the antioxidant supplemented group, although this increase did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that supplementation with alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and ascorbic acid might partially account for the hormonal and enzymatic stress marker profile observed during habitual training activity of professional basketball players.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Medial patellar taping changes the peak plantar force location and timing of female basketball players.

Subtle changes in patellofemoral joint biomechanics may influence lower extremity function. The McConnell method of patellar taping has become an increasingly popular method of managing patients with various patellofemoral joint disorders. The purpose of this order effect controlled study was to assess medial patellar taping (McConnell Method) for changes in peak plantar force location and timing while running and dribbling a basketball prior to the performance of a basketball lay-up. Sixteen non-impaired, right hand dominant members of a female junior varsity basketball team (age=14.6 +/- 2 years) participated in this study. Subject bodyweight and height were 607.8 +/- 99 N and 1.67 +/- 0.10 m, respectively. All data were collected from the preferred stance limb. A series of two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (condition, trial) were used to determine statistical significance (P < or = 0.05). During medial patellar taping, subjects displayed a more forefoot directed peak plantar force location 89.9 +/- 18 versus 81.3 +/- 21 mm and delayed peak plantar force onset 141 +/ - 23 versus 130 +/- 29 ms following initial ground contact. Medial-lateral peak plantar force location and peak plantar force magnitude did not differ between conditions, however, medial-lateral peak plantar force location displayed significant trial sequence influences with the latter trials displaying more lateral center of plantar force locations (30.4 +/- 2 vs. 32.5 +/- 3 mm). The results of this study suggest that medial patellar taping influences distal lower extremity function by shifting peak plantar force location toward the forefoot, and delaying its onset. These changes with consideration for known synergistic ankle plantar flexor-subtalar joint invertor and knee extensor function during weight bearing suggest the presence of increased muscular stiffness acting through a more rigid foot to improve the impact force attenuating capability of the lower extremity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

A prospective study of injuries in basketball: a total profile and comparison by gender and standard of competition.

The study aimed to determine prospectively a basketball injury profile, including severity of injury, and to compare the injury profile by gender and standard of competition. Trained observers viewed basketball games, noting the occurrence of injuries, and confirmed injuries by questioning all players on site after the game. Injured players completed a questionnaire and the progress of their injury was monitored by telephone interview. A total of 10,393 basketball participations were observed. An overall injury rate was documented of 18.3 per 1,000 participations (24.7 per 1,000 playing hours), and was comparable by gender and standard of competition. Serious injuries (missing one or more weeks of play) occurred at a rate of 2.89/1,000 participations; with the ankle joint the most common serious injury (1.25/1,000 participations), followed by the calf/anterior leg (0.48/1,000 participations) and knee joint (0.29/1,000 participations). The severity of the injury was significantly associated with the body region injured, with more serious injuries incurred to the lower limb than other body regions (p <.05). The severity of the injury incurred was not related to the standard of competition, gender, age, height, number of games played per week, amount of training undertaken, type of injury, or the mechanism of injury (p> .05).

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Patellar tendinopathy in junior basketball players: a controlled clinical and ultrasonographic study of 268 patellar tendons in players aged 14-18 years.

Anterior knee pain is a common presenting complaint amongst adolescent athletes. We hypothesised that patellar tendinopathy may occur at a younger age than is generally recognised. Thus, we studied the patellar tendons in 134 elite 14- to 18-year-old female (n=64) and male (n=70) basketball players and 29 control swimmers (17 female, 12 male) clinically and with ultrasonography. We found that of 268 tendons, 19 (7%) had current patellar tendinopathy on clinical grounds (11% in males, 2% in females). Twenty-six percent of the basketball players' patellar tendons contained an ultrasonographic hypoechoic region. Ultrasonographic abnormality was more prevalent in the oldest tertile of players (17-18 years) than the youngest tertile (14-15.9 years). Of tendons categorised clinically as 'Never patellar tendinopathy', 22% had an ultrasonographic hypoechoic region nevertheless. This study indicates that patellar tendinopathy can occur in 14- to 18-year-old basketball players. Ultrasonographic tendon abnormality is 3 times as common as clinical symptoms.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Physical performance of elite wheelchair basketball players in armcranking ergometry and in selected wheeling tasks.

This study compared the aerobic and the anaerobic performance of 11 elite Israeli wheelchair basketball players in arm ergometric tests and corresponding wheeling tasks, derived from basketball practice. The ergometric tests included a continuous aerobic maximal peak work capacity test (PWCmax), and a 30-second arm-all-out anaerobic test of mean anaerobic capacity (MANC) and peak anaerobic power (PANP). The wheeling tasks included a 428 meter race, slalom and 6-minute endurance race. We examined the relationship of performance variables to personal variables, age, bodyweight and classification as athletes. The results were analysed by Spearman correlation tables, revealing the following: (1) HRmax (maximal heart rate) correlated highly (r = .884-.962) with performance in all wheeling tasks; (2) no relationship was found between variables in the arm ergometric tests and variables in the wheeling tasks; (3) bodyweight correlated significantly with MANC and PWCmax (r = .817 and .783 respectively). This relationship was better than the other independent variables (classification and age). It is concluded that HRmax can be used for performance evaluation in wheelchair basketball practice, and that arm ergometric work capacity has only limited predictive value of performance in wheeling tasks.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of migraines in NCAA division I male and female basketball players. National Collegiate Athletic Association.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the overall prevalence of migraines within National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I men's and women's basketball players. In addition, the prevalence of migraines was determined across gender and ethnic groups for the same sample. BACKGROUND: Although numerous studies have assessed the prevalence of migraines within the general population, college students, professional groups, industrial/work place settings, and overseas populations, little has been done with athletes. To the best of our knowledge, no study of the incidence of migraines in athletes has been previously conducted. It has also been reported that migraines cause depression, insomnia, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting, all of which might hinder athletic performance. Sports medicine clinicians and researchers also agree that migraines in athletes are probably underreported and often misdiagnosed. METHODS: Seven hundred ninety-one Division I men and women basketball players representing 51 colleges and universities were mailed a previously validated survey asking questions about headaches. All surveys were analyzed with a validated diagnostic algorithm consistent with the International Headaches Society's (IHS) criteria for headache diagnosis. Descriptive statistics were used to report the prevalence rate for gender and ethnic groups, as well as the entire sample. Chi-square tests were performed (P = 0.05) to determine if there were any differences in the prevalence of migraines among gender and ethnic groups. RESULTS: Results showed that 2.9% (n = 23 of 791) of the total sample was classified as having migraines meeting IHS guidelines. In addition, 0.9% (n = 3 of 332) of men and 4.4% (n = 20 of 459) of women were classified as having migraines meeting IHS guidelines. Additionally, results showed that women reported migraines (chi2 = 8.140, P = 0.004) more often than men. When comparing the prevalence rates of migraines between ethnic groups, results showed that Caucasians had a rate of 3.3% (n = 14 of 429), whereas African Americans had a rate of 3.1% (n = 9 of 287). There was no significant difference found between ethnic groups in migraine prevalence (chi2 = 2.491, P = 0.2888). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, it was found that the prevalence of migraines in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I men's and women's basketball players was generally less than in the general population, that women showed an increased prevalence of migraines when compared with men, and that Caucasians and African Americans did not differ in prevalence of migraines.

Black or African American↗