Carbamazepine and behavior therapy for aggressive behavior. Treatment of a mentally retarded, postencephalitic adolescent with seizure disorder.
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “Behavior Therapy”
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Cognitive behavioral therapy to promote exercise behavior in older adults: implications for physical therapists.
Although exercise has both physical and psychological benefits, most older adults do not exercise on a regular basis. Physical therapists need to explore ways to encourage sustained commitment. This article proposes that cognitive factors contribute to older adults inactivity and that the self regulation of exercise maintenance model is a means of promoting exercise. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), an intervention guided by the self-regulation model, is presented as a practical way to help older adults see how thoughts guide their exercise behavior. The article concludes with a hypothetical case in which principles of CBT are used to promote exercise with older adults.
Adult↗
Dialectical behavior therapy.
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Behavior Therapy↗
Is cognitive behavior therapy just a 'nonspecific' intervention for depression? A retrospective comparison of consecutive cohorts treated with cognitive behavior therapy or supportive counseling and pill placebo.
BACKGROUND: There is a dearth of placebo-controlled studies of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) of depression and the largest such study, by Elkin et al. (Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46 (1989) 971-982), failed to find a significant difference between CBT and a clinical management plus placebo condition. METHODS: The outcomes of two consecutive cohorts of out-patients with major depressive disorder, treated with either CBT (n=90) or a nonspecific control condition (support-counseling-placebo; SCP: n=100), were compared. Although the principal comparisons between the CBT and SCP conditions were delimited to the first 4 weeks of treatment, a secondary set of analyses addressed the subset of 16 patients who received 12 additional weeks of supportive therapy. RESULTS: A consistent pattern of statistically and clinically significant differences favoring CBT over SCP was found in both weeks 4 and 16. LIMITATIONS: Interpretation of these findings are subject to several potential confounds, including the non-randomized nature of the groups and the greater amount of therapeutic contact during the first 4 weeks of CBT. CONCLUSIONS: While these results do not lessen the need for additional prospective studies, our findings do suggest that CBT has therapeutic effects beyond those attributable to placebo-expectancy and other nonspecific factors.
Adult↗
Behavior therapy and the experimental analysis of behavior: contributions of the science of human behavior and radical behavioral philosophy.
It has been argued that clinical psychologists, including clinical behavior therapists, are not aware of or knowledgeable about advances being made in basic behavioral research (Marks, Behavioral Psychotherapy, 9, 137-154, 1981). The present paper addresses the arguments advanced by clinical and experimental psychologists that behavior therapy and cognitive-behavior therapy are moving away from their respective ties to the experimental operant laboratory. It is argued that there are many areas of mutual interest between basic behavioral and clinical research and application. Several major research programs of operant psychology are analyzed in order to demonstrate conclusively that advances in basic behavioral studies have relevance for application by clinical psychologists. Progress in the experimental fields of the quantitative law of effect (the matching law), operant/classical interactions, including behavioral momentum, modeling and verbal and rule-governed behavior are analyzed. Applications of these basic behavioral principles to clinical settings are also illustrated. It is concluded that the experimental analysis of behavior can add much to the continuing development of a scientifically-based clinical psychology, and that mutual interest research in both sub-disciplines of psychology will lead to a greater understanding of the causes and conditions of human behavior, as well as direct the ability of clinical psychologists to effect meaningful behavioral change.
Animals↗
[The relevance of zen-buddhism for dialectic-behavioral therapy].
Dialectic-Behavioral Therapy is a specific psychotherapeutic approach to answer the needs of patients with Borderline Personality Disorder. It uses concepts and techniques of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and of Humanistic Psychotherapies. For a deeper understanding, it is necessary to include also its Zen-Buddhistic background. The experience of Zen-meditation and the basic philosophy of Zen-Buddhism will be explained. In the context of the historical relation between Zen-Buddhism and Psychotherapy, the position of the DBT will be specified. Finally it will be demonstrated how Zen-Buddhism inspired the practice of DBT and what kinds of problems arise when a modern psychotherapy uses the concept of a premodern conception of the world and human existence.
Behavior Therapy↗
[Mediative behavior therapy in complex behavioral problems. Illustrative cases from a psychogeriatric nursing home].
An application in a psychogeriatric nursing home. This article describes the application of mediative behaviour therapy in a psychogeriatric nursing home. Behavioural interventions carried out by the nursing team addressed a variety of problems: quarreling between an institutionalised woman and her visiting husband, complaining about this staff by the husband to team members of another department, and the patient who let herself drop on the floor about once a week. Special regard is given to the analysis of the problems, the learning of appropriate responses by team members, as well as changing their cognitions and emotions about the problem behaviours. A meaningful reduction of the problem behaviours and of the burden experienced by team members was achieved.
Accidental Falls↗
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of adjunctive paroxetine in panic disorder patients unsuccessfully treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy alone.
BACKGROUND: Both cognitive-behavioral therapy and treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have proved to be effective in the treatment of panic disorder. The present study examined the effects of paroxetine added to continued cognitive-behavioral therapy in patients who were unsuccessfully treated with initial cognitive-behavioral therapy alone. METHOD: 161 patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (DSM-IV criteria) underwent a manual-guided cognitive-behavioral therapy of 15 sessions. Forty-three unsuccessfully treated patients from this group were included in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, next-step treatment study consisting of continued cognitive-behavioral therapy plus adjunctive paroxetine at a dose of 40 mg/day or continued cognitive-behavioral therapy plus placebo. RESULTS: Overall, patients in the cognitive-behavioral therapy plus paroxetine condition improved significantly on agoraphobic behavior (p < .05) and anxiety discomfort (p < .01), whereas patients in the cognitive-behavioral therapy plus placebo condition did not. Effect sizes in the cognitive-behavioral therapy plus paroxetine condition ranged from 1.0 to 1.8 and in the cognitive-behavioral therapy plus placebo condition, from 0.4 to 1.0. CONCLUSION: Patients with panic disorder who are unsuccessfully treated with initial cognitive-behavioral therapy may benefit from the addition of an SSRI as a second treatment modality. The importance of timely evaluation of treatment results is emphasized.
Agoraphobia↗
Pavlov and the foundation of behavior therapy.
The foundation, achievements, and proliferation of behavior therapy have largely been fueled by the movement's foundation in behavioral principles and theories. Although behavioral accounts of the genesis and treatment of psychopathology differ in the extent to which they emphasize classical or operant conditioning, the mediation of cognitive factors, and the role of biological variables, Pavlov's discovery of conditioning principles was essential to the founding of behavior therapy in the 1950s, and continues to be central to modern behavior therapy. Pavlov's reliance on a physiological model of the nervous system, sensible in the context of an early science of neurology, has had an implication for behavior therapists interested in the study of personality types. However, Pavlov's major legacy to behavior therapy was his discovery of "experimental neuroses," shown by his students Eroféeva and Shenger-Krestovnikova, to be produced and eliminated through the principles of conditioning and counter-conditioning. This discovery laid the foundation for the first empirically-validated behavior therapy procedure, systematic desensitization, pioneered by Wolpe. The Pavlovian origins of behavior therapy are analyzed in this paper, and the relevance of conditioning principles to modern behavior therapy is demonstrated. It is shown that Pavlovian conditioning represents far more than a systematic basic learning paradigm. It is also an essential theoretical foundation for the theory and practice of behavior therapy.
Animals↗
Treating generalized anxiety disorder with cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be successfully used to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), with or without the inclusion of anxiolytics. The treatment of GAD using cognitive-behavioral techniques involves cognitive restructuring, relaxation, worry exposure, behavior modification, and problem solving. This article will review the principles used in CBT for the treatment of GAD and will discuss recent modifications of CBTs and how they may be employed. The simultaneous use of CBT and antidepressants will also be reviewed.
Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
Patients with bulimia nervosa who fail to engage in cognitive behavior therapy.
Although cognitive behavioral treatment is the treatment of choice in bulimia nervosa, patients' response is variable. A minority of patients do not respond at all and some never engage in treatment. This paper concerns the latter group. A case series of six such patients with whom treatment could not be initiated is compared with a group who received a full course of treatment. The group with whom treatment could not begin were found to have a longer history of disorder, to report excessive laxative abuse, to have more severe depressed mood and a greater dissatisfaction with their body weight. In addition, they were more likely to have abused psychoactive substances, engaged in episodes of self-harm, and have a lower self-esteem. They were also more likely to be diagnosed as having borderline personality disorder. Patients presenting with the wide range of difficulties characteristic of this group require a more intensive form of treatment than standard outpatient cognitive behavior therapy.
Adolescent↗
[Somatization -- conversion -- dissociation: strategies for behavior therapy].
Modern cognitive behavioral approaches for the treatment of patients with medically unexplained somatic symptoms have been developed on the basis of the classification systems DSM-IV and ICD-10. These systems define somatoform disorders as a homogeneous clinical group. Behavior therapy has additionally developed vicious circle models specifying etiological, triggering and maintaining factors. Treatment goals and strategies can be derived directly from these models. The main components are: (1) motivation of patients to accept the psychotherapeutic approach; (2) introduction of alternative explanations of the symptoms on the basis of both biomedical as well as psychosocial mechanisms; (3) evaluation of the new explanations by patient and therapist; (4) reduction of avoidance and inadequate illness behaviour. Health economical aspects are particularly important because patients with somatoform disorders tend to overuse medical services and are thus considered an expensive problem group for the health system.
Clinical Trials as Topic↗
[Alcoholism: cognitive-behavioral therapy].
Cognito-behavioral therapy of alcohol dependence is based mainly on the aspect of enhancing social integration and conditioning. Clinical applications are thus focused on behavioral modifications, including social learning and coping skills. This approach may be individual or based on group therapy; specific programs may be adjusted to the severity of neuropsychological impairment and/or to the motivation of the patient.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Tailor-made and standardized therapy: complementary tasks in behavior therapy. A contrarian view.
In medicine, decisions about treatment selection are mainly based on clinical diagnoses, whereas behavior therapists have typically assumed that it is necessary to tailor treatments based on individual problem analyses. However, various studies (including our own using patients with phobic anxieties) have failed to demonstrate an advantage for this procedure. At least for some disorders, clinical diagnosis appears to be a relevant and sufficient criterion for treatment selection. A process model is presented that views treatment individualization and standardization as complementary strategies. Although the application of techniques should be standardized as much as possible, translating general method rules into a concrete intervention for a particular person will remain a task of individualization. Individualization will also remain necessary for the other primary task of the therapist: promoting basic patient behavior that is conducive to treatment and a precondition for the successful application of interventions.
Anxiety Disorders↗
Staff perception of barriers to behavior therapy at a psychiatric hospital.
Behavior therapy has been found to be significantly effective in the treatment of psychiatric inpatients. Despite these findings, the frequency and quality of behavioral interventions in most hospital settings have been lacking. Several barriers have been thought to be impediments to the implementation of behavioral strategies in these settings, including administrative constraints, therapist biases, and limits of behavioral interventions themselves. To define these impediments more precisely, staff at Camarillo State Hospital were surveyed regarding their perceptions of barriers. A factor analysis of reported barriers uncovered five underlying factors: institutional constraints, insufficient collegial support, philosophical opposition, client dissatisfaction, and collateral interference. Further analyses found relationships between these factors and perceived job stress, characteristics of the treatment setting, and knowledge of behavior therapy. Identification of barriers to behavior therapy is a necessary first step in clinical services research that seeks to increase utilization of behavioral strategies.
Adult↗
Multiple channel exposure therapy: combining cognitive-behavioral therapies for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with panic attacks.
A large proportion of patients who present for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience comorbid panic attacks, yet it is unclear to what extent currently available PTSD treatment programs address this problem. Here we describe a newly developed treatment, multiple-channel exposure therapy (M-CET), for comorbid PTSD and panic attacks. The treatment utilizes elements of cognitive processing therapy treatment for PTSD and elements of panic control treatment to target physiological, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms. Preliminary results suggest that M-CET may provide a promising treatment program for a subset of patients with PTSD who experience panic attacks. In addition, guidelines for conducting M-CET with clients who have been exposed to diverse traumatic events are provided.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
Efficiency of multimodal smoking cessation therapy combining transdermal nicotine substitution with behavioral therapy.
Effects of smoking cessation treatment combining transdermal nicotine substitution with behavioral therapy were investigated in three studies. A total of 535 smokers underwent 9 weeks of behavioral self-control treatment. For 7 weeks, groups with transdermal nicotine substitution received in addition nicotine patches that continuously released nicotine through the skin into the circulatory system. The effects of treatment were measured by daily cigarette consumption. Subjects additionally treated with transdermal nicotine substitution reached significantly higher abstinence rates by the end of treatment and during the follow-up period than control subjects. The results thus indicate enhanced therapeutic effectiveness of transdermal nicotine substitution.
Administration, Cutaneous↗