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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

Excess dietary urea intake in ewes and its effect on ovulation rate and embryo development.

The effect of excess dietary urea on ovulation and early embryo development of sheep was studied. Thirty Border Leicester x Scottish Black face ewes randomly assigned to three treatments were given a basal control diet (C) which met energy requirements for body weight maintenance. Other treatments were basal diet plus 24 g of urea/day (low urea, L) or plus 48 g (high urea, H)/day. The reproductive cycles of the ewes were synchronized using a single injection of prostaglandin (PGF2 alpha) and progesterone by an intravaginal controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device for 12 days. Ovulation was induced by the use of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG). Ewes were inseminated approximately 52 hours after CIDR device removal using a laparoscopic technique. Embryos were recovered at Day 4 or Day 11 after insemination from half of the ewes from each treatment group. There were no significant differences in ovulation rates among the three groups. The embryo recovery rates were not affected by day of recovery. At embryo recovery on Day 4, 7/13 in C, 3/6 in L and 0/7 in H embryos were morulae. After 72 hours of in vitro culture 6/10 in C, 2/3 in L and 0/4 in H embryos developed to the blastocyst stage. Pregnancies sustained were C 6/8, L 5/7 and H 1/3 of the autotransfers. Throughout the experiment plasma urea levels were significantly affected by diet (p < 0.01). Plasma ammonia levels in the H group were significantly higher than those in the C and L groups (p < 0.05) for 4 hours after each feed. There was no treatment effect on plasma progesterone concentration. The luteinizing hormone (LH) surge onset time and amplitude were not correlated to ovulation rate and were not affected by treatment. It is concluded that high circulating concentrations of plasma urea and ammonia have an adverse effect on early embryo development. This effect was independent of any alterations in progesterone and LH concentrations.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1997

[Propofol and postoperative nausea and/or vomiting].

UNLABELLED: The objective of this prospective, randomised study was to investigate the incidence of postoperative nausea and/or vomiting (PONV) during the first 24 h postoperatively. For a quality assurance study on PONV, we compared two established general anaesthetic procedures in 239 patients undergoing four different types of surgery (subtotal thyroidectomy, laparotomy for gynaecological procedures, laparoscopy, and surgery for extra-abdominal procedures). METHODS: All eligible patients provided informed consent. For premedication temazepam 10-20 mg was administered orally. We used propofol (1.5-2 mg/kg) for induction of anaesthesia in all patients, followed by 0.1-0.3 mg fentanyl, 2.5-5 mg droperidol, and for muscular relaxation atracurium or pancuronium according to body weight. Maintenance of general anaesthesia in group A was by administration of isoflurane in a maximum concentration of 0.6 vol.% in 70% nitrous oxide and 30% oxygen and in group B by continuous infusion of propofol (5-8 mg/kg.h) and normoventilation with oxygen in air (Fi02 = 0.3). In both groups additional analgesia was provided intraoperatively by equal dosages of fentanyl up to a maximum of 0.6 mg and clonidine up to 200 micrograms. Episodes of PONV were registered following extubation, during the first 4 h postoperatively, during the period 4-24 h postoperatively, and after the first mobilisation. Pain scores were recorded with the aid of a visual analogues scale. The statistical evaluation was performed using the chi-square or Wilcoxon test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In patients undergoing thyroidectomy or laparotomy, continuous infusion of propofol drastically reduced the incidence of PONV in the first 24 h postoperatively, particularly during the first 4 h (25/41 vs 10/41, resp. 20/32 vs 11/31). The overall incidence of PONV was higher in the first half of the menstrual cycles decreased with patient age, increased with the duration of anaesthesia, and was higher in patients with a history of motion sickness. With the same level of analgesia in both groups, the differences disappeared in the further postoperative course. The use of similar dosages of opioids for pain control in these groups might explain this observation. PONV occurred extremely rarely in patients undergoing laparoscopy (1 resp. 2 of 34), and in those undergoing surgery for extra-abdominal procedures did not occur at all. The explanation may be that the induction of anaesthesia with propofol was followed only by a relatively short duration of general anaesthesia for these surgical procedures, and postoperative pain control was performed solely with non-opioids. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the antiemetic effect of propofol was considerable in the early postoperative period. The higher cost of propofol as compared to other induction agents can be covered by not using nitrous oxide for maintenance of anaesthesia and by the decreased need for antiemetic drugs postoperatively. According to the calculations of our clinical pharmacy, the costs of the propofol infusion regimen exceeded those of balanced anaesthesia by 8.50 DM/h; the need for antiemetics was one-half that of the non-propofol group. Considering a cost of 16 DM for cleaning the bed after vomiting, improvement of the patient's condition during the postoperative period can be achieved without additional expense.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Gastrointestinal function and quality of life after pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy.

The pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD) has taken the place of the conventional Whipple pancreatoduodenectomy as the standard procedure for various periampullary disease. With recent advances in surgical techniques and improvements in perioperative management, the number of long-term survivors after PPPD is increasing. As a result, surgeons should pay more attention to the patients' postoperative gastrointestinal function, nutrition, and quality of life (QOL). Gastric stasis, which is a frequent complication during the early postoperative period after PPPD, prolongs the hospital stay and impairs the QOL in the intermediate term. Several possible pathogeneses for this gastric stasis have been postulated; however, the precise mechanism remains unclear. The gastric emptying function gradually recovers to the preoperative level by 6 months after PPPD. Pancreatic functions are likely to be maintained for at least 1 year after PPPD; however, in some cases, they tend to gradually deteriorate over time after the operation, depending on the type of pancreatic reconstruction or the preoperative condition of the pancreas. It is important to note that preoperative and postoperative pancreatic exocrine function strongly influence the postoperative outcome regarding such factors as pancreatic fistula, body weight maintenance, nutrition, and the QOL. The QOL, as assessed by questionnaire, normally returns to the preoperative level within 6 months after PPPD, and this correlates with the changes in gastrointestinal function and nutritional status. It still remains an unresolved question, however, whether the Billroth-I PPPD really leads to better long-term nutritional status, but worse early gastric emptying function, than the Billroth-II type of reconstruction.

Gastric Emptying↗

PubMed1988

Hormone and metabolite plasma levels after oral glucose in bulimia and healthy controls.

Bulimia patients claim to crave sweets and since as clinical evidence suggests that the food consumed during eating binges often contains large amounts of carbohydrates, hormones involved in carbohydrate metabolism might be affected in bulimia. We therefore performed a 4-hr glucose tolerance test (GTT), using 100 g oral glucose and inquired about attitudes toward sweets. Thirteen female patients, with a mean age of 23.3 years, who had had bulimia from 3 to 7 years but whose binge-eating/vomiting behavior was largely controlled at the time of testing, were compared to 14 age-matched healthy female controls with a mean age of 24.4 years. All bulimic patients and most controls had liked sweets as children and still liked sweets. Significantly more bulimic patients than controls stated they overate on sweets and avoided sweets. Glucose utilization and the insulin, glucagon, growth hormone (GH), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) response curves in the bulimic patients were within the normal range. Fasting plasma levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon, GH, cortisol, free fatty acids (FFA), and PP were not different from controls. There was a trend in bulimic patients to have lower plasma FFA levels and higher plasma cortisol levels during the GTT than controls. The findings suggest that, given body weight maintenance and adequate nutrition, patients with bulimia nervosa have normal glucose tolerance and normal hormonal responses following an oral glucose load.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Inhibition of deprivation-induced feeding by naloxone and cholecystokinin in rats: effects of central alloxan.

Central administration of alloxan reduces the hyperphagic, but not the hyperglycemic response to glucoprivation by presumably acting upon brain glucoreceptors or a glucoprivic control mechanism. The present study evaluated whether central alloxan pretreatment respectively altered the dose-dependent suppressant effects upon deprivation (24-hr)-induced feeding of naloxone (0.01-10 mg/kg, IP) and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8: 1-8 micrograms/kg, IP) in rats. Central alloxan (200 micrograms, ICV) failed to alter body weight, free-feeding and deprivation-induced feeding. Both naloxone and CCK-8 produced significant dose-dependent inhibitions of deprivation-induced feeding in control rats. Central alloxan treatment significantly diminished peak naloxone hypophagia induced by 2.5 and 10 mg/kg doses, and CCK-8 hypophagia induced by the 1 and 4 micrograms/kg doses. Coadministration of 3 M D-glucose, which acts as a cytoprotectant against alloxan-induced diabetes, blocked the attenuating actions of alloxan upon naloxone and CCK-8 hypophagia. These data indicate the effectiveness of central alloxan in restricting the ability of pharmacological agents to either stimulate or inhibit food intake in rats without altering basal intake or body weight maintenance.

Alloxan↗

PubMed2003

Iron and phosphorus utilization in rats fed soaked and dehulled bambara groundnut supplemented with sorghum or crayfish.

Thirty-six adult Wistar albino male rats (75-128 g) of age 8 weeks were used to study the effect of dehulled and soaked bambara groundnut combined with sorghum or crayfish on iron and phosphorus balances of rats fed for 10 days. Three out of the ten days were for adjustment and the rest for the balance period. Six diets were formulated and fed to the rats. The mixed protein diets provided 10% protein daily for the entire study period. Casein (CA) served as a reference protein. Rats fed the CA diet had significant decreases (p<0.05) in food intake, maintenance body weight, phosphorus intake and phosphorus balance when compared with those of the test groups. As judged by iron nutriture, dehulled brown bambara groundnut (DBGB) appeared to be superior to the white variety. Soaking seriously affected iron utilization in brown variety. Dehulling produced significant increases (p<0.05) in phosphorus balance in animals fed the white variety of bambara groundnut compared with the brown variety. On the other hand, soaking produced positive phosphorus balance in rats consuming the brown variety. Addition of crayfish produced a slight nonsignificant decrease (p>0.05) in rodents eating the brown variety. These results suggested that varietal difference and treatment affected iron and phosphorus utilization in rats fed bambara groundnut in conjunction with sorghum and/or crayfish.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1977

Significance of anomalous thermoregulation in the pre-diabetic spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus): cold tolerance: blood glucose and food consumption responses to environmental heat.

Decreased cold tolerance, reduced food requirement for body weight maintenance and comparative resistance to the hypoglycaemic effect of fasting in high ambient temperatures have been demonstrated in the spiny mouse. These phenomena could be related to anomalous spiny mouse thermoregulation, a phenomenon which is common in desert rodents and is simulated by mutant and artificially diabetic rodent species. The data can be interpreted as showing evidence for a survival advantage of genotypes with potential diabetic expression, and may provide an explanation of the geographic distribution of certain species.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Exercise intensity does not affect depression of resting metabolic rate during severe diet restriction in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

This study examined the effects of high and low intensity exercise on the resting metabolic rate during severe dietary restriction. We hypothesized that exercise would attenuate and/or offset the decline in resting metabolic rate during energy-deficit conditions. Thirty-two male 90-d-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, diet restriction only, diet restriction plus high intensity exercise, and diet restriction plus low intensity exercise. The body weights of the diet-restricted groups were rapidly reduced over 5 wk until rats in these three groups weighted 64% of control weight, and this difference in body weight was maintained for the last 5 wk of the study. The high and low intensity exercise groups ran 5 d/wk at 75 and 37.5%, respectively, of maximal running speed for 45 and 90 min/d, respectively. Resting metabolic rate (23-h oxygen uptake) was measured during wk 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10. Resting metabolic rate for the three diet-restricted groups was significantly lower (25-37%) than for the controls for all measurements. Exercise training had no effect on the diet-induced depression of resting metabolic rate, with the diet-restricted groups differing among each other by < 2% during the measurement periods. During severe diet-restriction, exercise-induced elevations of resting metabolic rate seem to be greatly reduced or eliminated. This absence of an exercise effect on resting metabolic rate persisted through 5 wk of reduced body weight maintenance. We conclude that during severe diet restriction, exercise offers no "protective" or enhancing effect on resting metabolic rate.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Pancreatoduodenectomy for chronic pancreatitis: anatomic selection criteria and subsequent long-term outcome analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to provide a framework through outcome analysis to evaluate operations directed toward the intractable abdominal pain of severe chronic pancreatitis centered in the pancreatic head. Pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) was used as an example. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Head resection for severe chronic pancreatitis is the treatment of choice for a ductal system in the head obliterated by severe disease when associated with intractable abdominal pain. To evaluate the effectiveness of promising head resection substitutes for PD, a framework is necessary to provide a reference standard (i.e., an outcome analysis) of PD. METHODS: Inclusion criteria were severe chronic pancreatitis centered in the pancreatic head, intractable abdominal pain, and a main pancreatic duct obstruction or stricture resulting in absent drainage into the duodenum from the uncinate process and adjacent pancreatic head areas or the entire gland. Since 1986, 57 consecutive cases with these criteria underwent PD (47 head only and 10 total pancreatectomy). Clinical and anatomic predictor variables were derived from the history, imaging studies, and pathologic examination. These variables then were tested for association with the following outcome events gathered during annual follow-up: pain relief, onset of diabetes, body weight maintenance, and peptic ulceration. RESULTS: Operative mortality was zero. In 57 patients with a mean follow-up of 42 months, the 5-year outcome event for survival was 93% and the onset of diabetes was 32%. All new cases of diabetes occurred more than 1 year after resection. In 43 cases > or =1 year postoperative with a mean follow-up of 55 months, all patients indicated significant pain relief and 76% were pain free. Pain relief was more common in patients with diabetes or in those patients with a pancreatic duct disruption. Death was more common in patients with diabetes. Weight maintenance was more common if preoperatively severe ductal changes were not present. Total pancreatectomy was associated with peptic ulceration. CONCLUSIONS: Using selection criteria, the outcome analysis standardized anatomic and clinical variables as to how they were associated with the outcome events (calibrated the effects of the operation with each variable). In these selected patients, PD is safe and significantly relieves pain. Sequelae are from diabetes, provided total pancreatectomy is avoided.

Abdominal Pain↗

PubMed1995

The pharmacological manipulation of fetal haemoglobin: trials using hydroxyurea and recombinant human erythropoietin.

Hydroxyurea (HU) and recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) have been used in several studies to elevate Hb F level in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients and hence to ameliorate the clinical presentations of the disease. The treatment protocol and doses have varied in the different studies. We studied the effects of HU+rHuEpo combination therapy in sickle cell anaemia (SCA patients) to investigate the Hb F manipulation and hence treatment of SCA. Six patients with severe SCA were selected for treatment with HU (20-25 mg/kg body weight) and rHuEpo (400-800 U/kg body weight) combination therapy for 4 weeks followed by HU (20-25 mg/kg body weight) maintenance therapy for 6 months to 1 year. Iron and folic acid were administered during HU+rHuEpo treatment. Signs, symptoms and complications were recorded to obtain the severity index. Only patients with a severity index > or = 6 were included in the study. Haematological and biochemical parameter values, Hb A2, Hb F, Hb F distribution, Hb F cells, bilirubin level and reticulocyte count were assessed at least on 2-3 occasions prior to initiation of the therapy protocol to establish baseline values. During the treatment period, the clinical presentations were monitored and the estimation of the laboratory parameters was carried out every 4-8 weeks. The results of these parameters during HU and rHuEpo combination therapy and HU maintenance therapy were compared with baseline values using paired t test. The elevation in the level of Hb F, Hb F cells, total haemoglobin, red cell count and MCV were significant (p < 0.005), while reticulocyte count and total bilirubin were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Each patient showed an individual pattern of Hb F elevation. The increase in Hb F level was correlated with the haematological and biochemical parameters using the General Linear Model Programme of Statistical Analysis System. In general, the clinical presentation improved as Hb F level increased in each patient. In addition, the positive correlation with the haematological parameters and negative correlation with reticulocytes and total bilirubin confirmed the beneficial effect of elevated Hb F level on reducing red cell haemolysis. No correlation could be demonstrated between the pretreatment Hb F level and the increase in Hb F during the treatment period. Daily doses of HU with a single intravenous rHuEpo and iron supplementation elevate Hb F and Hb F cells in SCA patients. The Hb F level can be maintained high on HU therapy alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Simultaneous bilateral central catheters: a safe technique.

Optimal central catheter care includes restriction usage for blood sampling and blood product administration on enhance continued sterility, but our experience with 25 children receiving bone marrow transplants after cytoreduction challenges this concept. Prior to transplantation, bilateral percutaneous subclavian vein silastic catheters were inserted without incident, one utilized for continuous nutritional support in caloric quantity to assure body weight maintenance, and the contralateral catheter utilized for daily venous sampling plus administration of medications including blood products. Patients subsequently entered a protective environment and bi-weekly surveillance cultures were monitored. Nutritional therapy was given for 876 days through 53 catheters. One patient developed culture-proven sepsis, an organism first cultured from the skin. The patient complication rate of 4% and the per diem rate of 0.11% in this immunocompromised population compares favorably to the 10.5 and 0.32% incidence we previously reported for 200 children with unilateral catheters. These data demonstrate that bilateral central catheters can be safely utilized in children for nutrition and sampling.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Effects of metformin on insulin secretion, insulin action, and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Hyperinsulinemia contributes to the ovarian androgen overproduction and glucose intolerance of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We sought to determine whether metformin would reduce insulin levels in obese, nondiabetic women with PCOS during a period of weight maintenance and thus attenuate the ovarian steroidogenic response to the GnRH agonist leuprolide. All subjects (n = 14) had an oral glucose tolerance test, a GnRH agonist (leuprolide) test, a frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance test, graded and oscillatory glucose infusions, and a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan before and after treatment with metformin (850 mg, orally, three times daily for 12 weeks). With weight maintenance (body mass index: pretreatment, 39.0 +/- 7.7 kg/m2, posttreatment, 39.1 +/- 7.9 kg/m2), oral glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity (Si; 0.87 +/- 0.82 vs. 0.74 +/- 0.63 x 10(-5) min-1/ pmol.L), and the relationship between Si and first phase insulin secretion (AIRg vs. Si) were not improved by metformin. The insulin secretory response to glucose, administered in both graded and oscillatory fashions, was likewise unaltered in response to metformin. Free testosterone levels remained about 2-fold elevated (pretreatment, 26.6 +/- 12.7 pg/mL; posttreatment, 22.4 +/- 9.8 pg/mL). Both basal and stimulated LH and FSH levels were unaffected by metformin. The mean responses to leuprolide of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (pretreatment, 387 +/- 158 ng/dL; posttreatment, 329 +/- 116 ng/dL) as well as those of the other ovarian secretory products (androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, and estradiol) were not attenuated by metformin. We conclude that hyperinsulinemia and androgen excess in obese nondiabetic women with PCOS are not improved by the administration of metformin.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Hypothalamic responses to peripheral glucose infusion in food-restricted sheep are influenced by photoperiod.

Nutritional feedback provided by systemic hormones, such as insulin and leptin, influences reproductive neuroendocrine output within the hypothalamus, yet the mechanisms and their interaction with photoperiodic cues remain unresolved in seasonal species. Here, peripheral glucose (G) infusion was used to increase endogenous concentrations of insulin and leptin in food-restricted sheep kept in either long-day (LD) or short-day (SD) photoperiod, and responses were examined in terms of pulsatile luteinising hormone (LH) (gonadotrophin-releasing hormone by inference) output and hypothalamic gene expression for nutritionally sensitive neuropeptides and receptors. We addressed the hypothesis that these hypothalamic responses were correlated and influenced by photoperiod. Oestradiol-implanted, castrated male sheep were kept 16 weeks in SD (8 h light/day) or LD (16 h light/day) and then transferred to the opposite photoperiods for 8 weeks, during which food was restricted to 90% requirement to maintain body weight (maintenance). For the final 6 days, food was reduced to 75% maintenance, and sheep in both photoperiods were infused intravenously with G (60 mM/h) or saline (S) (n = 8/group). G-infused sheep had higher mean plasma concentrations of G, insulin and leptin than S-infused sheep, with no effect of photoperiod. In LD, but not in SD, G infusion increased LH pulse frequency and pulse amplitude. In LD, but not in SD, gene expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus was lower in G- than S-infused sheep for neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AGRP) and was higher in G- than S-infused sheep for pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). Gene expression for leptin and insulin receptors was not affected by photoperiod or infusion. These results are consistent with the involvement of NPY, AGRP and POMC in mediating the reproductive neuroendocrine response to increased systemic nutritional feedback, and they support the hypothesis that hypothalamic responses to nutritional feedback are influenced by photoperiod in sheep.

Agouti-Related Protein↗

PubMed1992

Propofol and methohexitone for elective caesarean--a comparative study.

Two identical groups of females underwent caesarean operations. One group was induced with propofol 2.04 (SD 0.023) mg per kilogram and the other group induced with methohexitone 1.05 (SD 0.15) mg per kilogram body weight. Maintenance of anaesthesia was identical in both groups. Post-intubation blood pressure in the methohexitone group was significantly raised whereas with propofol the changes were not significant. There were no significant differences in the Apgar scores, uterine contractility and umbilical venous or arterial blood gases. There was a significant difference in the analgesic requirement in the first hour of the post-operative period; in the propofol group, patients needed less analgesia compared to the methohexitone group. There was no maternal awareness in both groups.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

[Is molecular biology useful to the practitioner?].

The relative importance of molecular biology in clinical practice is often underestimated. However, numerous procedures in clinical diagnosis and new therapeutic drugs have resulted from basic molecular research. Furthermore, understanding of the physiological and physiopathological mechanisms underlying several human diseases has been improved by the results of basic molecular research. For example, cloning of the gene encoding leptin has provided spectacular insights into the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the control of food intake and body weight maintenance in man. In cystic fibrosis, the cloning and identification of several mutations in the gene encoding the chloride channel transmembrane regulator (CFTR) have resolved several important issues in clinical practice: cystic fibrosis constitutes a molecular defect of a single gene. There is a strong correlation between the clinical manifestations or the severity of the disease (phenotype) with the type of mutations present in the CFTR gene (genotype). More recently, identification of mutations in the gene encoding a subunit of the renal sodium channel in the Liddle syndrome has provided important insight into the physiopathological understanding of mechanisms involved in this form of hereditary hypertension. Salt retention and secondary high blood pressure are the result of constitutive activation of the renal sodium channel by mutations in the gene encoding the renal sodium channel. It is speculated that less severe mutations in this channel could result in a less severe form of hypertension which may correspond to patients suffering from high blood pressure with low plasma renin activity. Several tools, most notably PCR, are derived from molecular research and are used in everyday practice, i.e. in prenatal diagnosis and in the diagnosis of several infectious diseases including tuberculosis and hepatitis. Finally, the production of recombinant proteins at lower cost and with fewer side effects is used in everyday clinical practice. Gene therapy remains an extraordinary challenge in correcting severe hereditary or acquired diseases. The use of genetically modified animal cell lines producing growth factors, insulin or erythropoetin, which are subsequently encapsulated and transferred to man, represents an attractive approach for gene therapy.

Cystic Fibrosis↗

PubMed1994

A prospective study of weight maintenance in obese subjects reduced to normal body weight without weight-loss training.

We examined the pattern of weight maintenance in 24 obese women [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) 27.6 +/- 0.4 who were provided foods for a balanced deficit diet until each had lost > or = 10 kg and attained normal body weight (BMI 22.9 +/- 0.4). At 1 y subjects had regained a mean of 42% of their weight loss, which increased to 87% at 4 y. At 4 y 44% of patients had regained < 75%, whereas 37% had regained > or = 100% of the weight originally lost. The amount of weight gained was markedly different from that observed in 24 pair-matched never-obese control subjects over the same length of follow-up. Because the results reported herein were obtained without teaching the subjects weight-control skills, they may be regarded as reflective of the natural history of weight maintenance in this population and may serve as a reference for various weight-intervention programs. The pattern of weight rebound observed in this study is very similar to the pattern observed in combined results from published diet and behavioral-modification programs, which raises important questions regarding the efficacy of these approaches in long-term weight maintenance.

Aged↗

PubMed1982

Area postrema lesions produce feeding deficits in the rat: effects of preoperative dieting and 2-deoxy-D-glucose.

To investigate the possible role of the area postrema (AP) in the control of food intake and body weight, male albino rats were divided into four groups: (a) animals dieted to 80% of their original body weights prior to receiving AP lesions, (b) nondieted animals with AP lesions, (c) animals dieted to 80% prior to receiving sham lesions, and (d) nondieted animals with sham lesions. Lesions of the AP in nondieted rats resulted in hypophagia, hypodipsia and body weight loss followed by recovery of normal intake and maintenance of body weight at a fixed percentage of the sham operated animals' weight. Reducing body weight prior to surgery led to body weight maintenance levels equivalent to those of the nondieted groups. We also tested the animals for sensitivity to glucoprivation caused by intraperitoneal injections of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG). Injections of 2-DG produced hyperphagia in sham lesioned rats, but not in rats with AP lesions. Our data suggest that the effects of AP lesions on intake and body weight are similar, in several important respects, to the lateral hypothalamic feeding syndrome and to the effects of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. We discuss the results with respect to hierarchical levels of neural circuitry involved in controlling feeding behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Body composition and weight maintenance with a very-low-calorie diet for the treatment of moderate obesity.

We report body composition in 11 moderately obese patients (mean BMI less than 30) treated for 8 wk with a 2530-kJ/d (605-Kcal) diet. Mean weight loss was 9.4 kg. Fat-free mass (FFM) loss of 2.3 kg was 23% of total weight loss and essentially equal to loss of total body water (2.5 L). Body composition was measured by the Futrex-5000 near-infrared technique. We conclude there is no excess loss of FFM in moderately obese patients treated with MNP 70/70, a 70-g protein, 70-g carbohydrate dietary supplement for 8 wk.

Body Composition↗