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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Preweaning growth of Angus- (Bos taurus), Brahman- (Bos indicus), and Tuli- (Sanga) sired calves and reproductive performance of their Brahman dams.

Calves born to Angus (A), Brahman (B), or Tuli (T) bulls and B cows were evaluated to determine sire breed of calf effects on preweaning calf growth and reproductive performance of their dams. Records from 242 cow-calf pairs over 2 yr were used to assess birth weight, calf ADG, weaning weight, gestation length, and postpartum interval to estrus (PPI). The sire breed x sex of calf interaction was important (P < .05) for birth weight, weaning weight, and gestation length. Birth weights of BB males (32.8 +/- .8 kg) were significantly heavier than for AB and TB males (30.1 +/- .9 and 28.6 +/- .7 kg, respectively) and BB females (29.4 +/- .7 kg). As a main effect, sire breed of calf affected (P < .05) calf ADG, weaning weight, gestation length, and PPI. Calf ADG and weaning weights were greater for AB (.90 +/- .01 kg/d; 220.9 +/- 3.5 kg) than for TB (.81 +/- .01 kg/d; 200.4 +/- 3.0 kg) and BB calves (.78 +/- .01 kg/d; 198.8 +/- 3.5 kg). Gestation lengths differed (P < .01) among all calf genotypes (284, 288, and 294 +/- 1 d for AB, TB, and BB, respectively). Postpartum intervals were shorter (P < .05) for cows nursing BB calves (83 +/- 4 d) than for cows nursing AB (95 +/- 5 d) and TB calves (97 +/- 4 d). Tuli-sired F1 calves were inferior to Angus-sired F1 calves and similar to straightbred Brahman calves in preweaning growth. Crossbred calves had shorter gestations but longer postpartum intervals than purebred calves.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of Bos taurus-Bos indicus breed crosses with straightbred Bos indicus breeds of cattle for maternal and individual traits.

Data were analyzed to compare crossbred females produced by crossing exotic Angus and Red Poll males to indigenous Ankole, Boran and Small East African Zebu (Zebu) females with straightbred females of the Ankole, Boran and Zebu breeds at the Ruhengere Field Station in the Ankole District of Southwestern Uganda. Progeny of the straightbred and crossbred dams were by Friesian, Brown Swiss and Simmental sires. Crossbred exotic X indigenous dams were favored over straightbred indigenous dams by 13.7% (P less than .01) in calf birth weight and by 14.8% (P less than .01) in calf weaning weight. Cross-bred cows exceeded (P less than .01) straightbred cows by 61.9% (48.5 kg) in calf weight weaned per cow exposed to breeding. Crossbred cows weighed 37, 46 and 42 kg more (P less than .01) than straightbred cows at parturition, weaning and cow mean weight, respectively. Angus X Boran and Red Poll X Boran crossbred dams were compared specifically with straightbred Boran dams. Exotic (Angus, Red Poll) X Boran crossbred dams exceeded straightbred Boran dams by 27.0% (P less than .05) in calf crop born, by 8.3% (P less than .05) in progeny birth weight and by 14.7% (P less than .01) in progeny weaning weight. Weight of calf weaned per cow exposed to breeding favored (P less than .01) the Angus X Boran and Red Poll X Boran crossbred dams over the straightbred Boran dams by 50.5% (50 kg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1981

Plasma cortisol in Bos taurus and Bos indicus heifers in seasonal tropical climate.

Cortisol concentration in blood plasma was measured in Brown Swiss, Holstein-Friesian, and White Fulani heifers over two consecutive estrous cycles during each of the four quarters of the hot humid seasonal tropical climate of Ibadan, Southern Nigeria. Basal cortisol in plasma was low (between 1 and 10 ng/ml). Differences between breeds were not significant. Averages and increases with proestrus and estrus were higher in the wet season (March to August) than in the dry season (November to January). Packed cells volume was higher in the dry season than in the wet season. Seasonal changes in rhythmicity of the estrous cycle were not significant. The low cortisol in plasma probably reflects adaptation to the hot climate and a mechanism to prevent high metabolic heat.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1996

Economic viability of crosses of Bos taurus and Bos indicus for dairying in warm climates.

Countries in the warm climatic zones need greater domestic supplies of milk. To increase yields, the option that is least expensive and most widely used is to cross dairy breed sires with local cattle. First generation crosses have more vigor than other crosses under stressful environmental conditions; growth rate, milk yield, and reproduction rate exceed those of local breeds and other crossbred combinations. On average, lactating first generation crosses are fed energy at 45 to 60% below their potential response, which limits their capabilities. Other crosses with local breeds fall short of first generation crosses as do some of the present synthetic breeds with 5/8 to 3/4 dairy breeding. Well-fed (> 2.5 maintenance needs) Holstein or Jersey crosses containing 1/4, 1/2, or 3/4 Bos indicus (Zebu) tend to follow projections of parental means for milk yield, reproduction rate, and tolerance to heat stress; however, for crosses, losses exceed predictions for lactation length, persistency of milk yield, feed efficiency, and rate of milking. Size of thoracic and abdominal organs, size of endocrine glands, stomach weight, and intestine length are lower than expected compared with values for purebreds. The smaller digestive system affects feeding intake of B. indicus crosses, and the smaller endocrine glands appear to limit responses to high energy diets. Possible directional dominance of B. indicus needs further investigation. The first generation crosses could support their use for dairy purposes if feeding rate and management were optimal, but prospects for other crosses remain questionable.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

High environmental temperature and humidity decrease oocyte quality in Bos taurus but not in Bos indicus cows.

Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of environmental temperature and humidity on the quality and developmental capabilities of bovine oocytes. In Experiment 1, Bos taurus (Holstein and crossbred Angus) cows were subjected to 5 weekly sessions of ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration from February 16 through March 23 (cool season) and 5 sessions from May 22 through June 20 (hot season). In Experiment 2, Bos taurus (Holstein) and Bos indicus (Brahman) cows were superstimulated (Super-Ov) during the months of August (hot season) or January (cool season), and each cow was subjected to a single oocyte aspiration session. In each experiment, oocytes were classified as normal or abnormal based on ooplasm morphology and cumulus cell layers. In Experiment 1, oocytes classified as normal were in vitro matured and fertilized (IVM/IVF), and the resulting embryos cultured for 8 d. All oocytes recovered from superstimulated cows in Experiment 2 were matured and fertilized in vitro and the subsequent embryos cultured for 8 d, regardless of their morphological appearance. In Experiment 1, Bos taurus cows produced a higher (P = 0.02) percentage of normal oocytes during the cool season (75.9 +/- 8.0) than during the hot season (41.0 +/- 9.5). The percentage of fertilized oocytes developing to the 2-cell (82.4), 8-cell (65.4) and morula (46.6) stages were also greater (P < or = 0.06) during the cool season than the hot season (45.0, 21.2, 6.0 for 2-cell, 8-cell and morula stages, respectively). In Experiment 2, Bos taurus cows (Holstein) had a lower (P = 0.01) percentage of normal oocytes in the hot season (24.5 vs 80.0) and a lower (P < or = 0.003) percentage of fertilized oocytes developing to the 8-cell, morula and blastocyst stages. No difference (P > or = 0.57) in the percentage of normal oocytes or in embryo development was detected between seasons in Bos indicus (Brahman) cows. In conclusion, high environmental temperature and humidity resulted in a marked decline in the quality of oocytes retrieved from Bos taurus cows and markedly decreased their in vitro developmental capabilities. In contrast, a high percentage of oocytes retrieved from Bos indicus cows exhibited normal morphology and yielded a high proportion of blastocysts, regardless of season.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism of cattle (Bos taurus) and mithun (Bos frontalis) in Yunnan Province].

An analysis of cleavage patterns of mtDNA by restriction endonuclease was performed for fifteen Yunnan native cattle, two Kunming black and white cow, and one mithun (Bos frontalis). Two types of mtDNA molecule were detected in Yunnan native cattle: five individuals showed the type of yellow cattle (Bos taurus), the other ten showed that of zebu cattle (Bos indicus), suggesting their European and zebu origins. The mtDNA in Kunming black and white cow also consists of two restriction types. The mithun mtDNA showed the type of zebu cattle, indicating the close relationship between the origins of mithun and zebu cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Geographic distribution and frequency of a taurine Bos taurus and an indicine Bos indicus Y specific allele amongst sub-saharan African cattle breeds.

We report for the first time, and for the whole of sub-Saharan Africa, the geographical distribution and the frequency of an indicine and a taurine Y specific allele amongst African cattle breeds. A total of 984 males from 69 indigenous African populations from 22 countries were analysed at the microsatellite locus INRA 124. The taurine allele is probably the oldest one on the continent. However, the taurine and the indicine alleles were present in 291 males (30%), and 693 males (70%), respectively. More particularly, 96% of zebu males (n = 470), 50% of taurine males (n = 263), 29% of sanga males (crossbreed Bos taurus x Bos indicus, n = 263) and 95% of zebu x sanga crossbred males (n = 56) had the indicine allele. The Borgou, a breed classified as zebu x taurine cross showed only the zebu allele (n = 12). The indicine allele dominates today in the Abyssinian region, a large part of the Lake Victoria region and the sahelian belt of West Africa. All the sanga males (n = 64) but only one from the Abyssinian region had the indicine allele. The taurine allele is the commonest only among the sanga breeds of the southern African region and the trypanotolerant taurine breeds of West Africa. In West Africa and in the southern Africa regions, zones of introgression were detected with breeds showing both Y chromosome alleles. Our data also reveal a pattern of male zebu introgression in Mozambique and Zimbabwe, probably originating from the Mozambique coast. The sanga cattle from the Lake Victoria region and the Kuri cattle of Lake Chad, cattle populations surrounded by zebu breeds were, surprisingly, completely devoid of the indicine allele. Human migration, phenotypic preferences by the pastoralists, adaptation to specific habitats and to specific diseases are the main factors explaining the present-day distribution of the alleles in sub-Saharan Africa.

Africa↗
PubMed1989

[The major histocompatibility complex of West African cattle. Typing of lymphocyte antigens (BoLA) of Baoulé cattle (Bos taurus) and Sudanese zebus (Bos indicus) of Burkina Faso (West Africa)].

Lymphocyte antigen (BoLA) typing on 247 Baoule cattle (Bos taurus) and 106 Sudanese zebus (Bos indicus), allowed us to determine gene frequencies of 43 class 1 specificities, as international "W" and European "EU", as African local from Kenya "KN" and Burkina Faso "BF". In comparing these frequencies, it appears that some specificities could be considered as significant breed markers for Baoule cattle and zebus.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Identical marker alleles in Podolic cattle (Bos taurus) and Indian zebu (Bos indicus).

In the context of biochemical marker research and in order to add new information on native breeds, the present work focuses on a local Southern Italy cattle, namely Italian Podolic. We provide the complete structural characterisation of alpha-lactalbumins and beta-globin chains isolated from Podolic cattle (Bos taurus). Given the unavailability of the complete sequence for alpha-lactalbumin A of taurine cattle in the literature, we intended to check its structure in order to ascertain the absence of any possible silent mutation. Screening the Podolic cattle, we found a new beta-globin variant not detectable by conventional methods. The presence of such a new variant might be helpful in the study of the Podolic population genetic structure and for a better knowledge of the gene pool per se, and in comparison with the other breeds. Structural analyses showed that the new beta-globin Podolic variant exhibited the same sequence as beta-globin Azebu. The alpha-lactalbumin A was the same as that isolated from zebu cattle (Bos indicus). The results are discussed in relation to the possible involvement of the two markers in the debate on the origin of the Podolic breed.

Alleles↗
PubMed1995

Recent acquisitions on tick and tick-borne disease resistance in N'dama (Bos taurus) and Gobra zebu (Bos indicus) cattle.

The use of disease resistant breeds is recognised as an economically realistic alternative to acaricide application and drug administration in tick and tick-borne disease control schemes. Although resistance is mainly associated with zebu (Bos indicus) breeds, studies carried out in The Gambia show a higher resistance to ticks and tick-borne diseases in N'dama (Bos taurus) than in Gobra (B. indicus) cattle. Tick resistance in N'dama breed appears to be effective against those species with long hypostome, such as Amblyomma variegatum and Hyalomma spp. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed. Further investigations are identified to assess the economic value of tick and tick-borne disease resistance in the N'dama breed.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed2003

Detection of quantitative trait loci for growth and beef carcass fatness traits in a cross between Bos taurus (Angus) and Bos indicus (Brahman) cattle.

This study was conducted to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting growth and beef carcass fatness traits in an experimental population of Angus and Brahman crossbreds. The three-generation mapping population was generated with 602 progeny from 29 reciprocal backcross and three F2 full-sib families, and 417 genetic markers were used to produce a sex-averaged map of the 29 autosomes spanning 2,642.5 Kosambi cM. Alternative interval-mapping approaches were applied under line-cross (LC) and random infinite alleles (RA) models to detect QTL segregating between and within breeds. A total of 35 QTL (five with genomewide significant and 30 with suggestive evidence for linkage) were found on 19 chromosomes. One QTL affecting yearling weight was found with genomewide significant evidence for linkage in the interstitial region of bovine autosome (BTA) 1, and an additional 19 QTL were detected with suggestive evidence for linkage under the LC model. Many of these QTL had a dominant (complete or overdominant) mode of gene action, and only a few of the QTL were primarily additive, which reflects the fact that heterosis for growth is known to be appreciable in crosses among Brahman and British breeds. Four QTL affecting growth were detected with genomewide significant evidence for linkage under the RA model on BTA 2 and BTA 6 for birth weight, BTA 5 for yearling weight, and BTA 23 for hot carcass weight. An additional 11 QTL were detected with suggestive evidence for linkage under the RA model. None of the QTL (except for yearling weight on BTA 5) detected under the RA model were found by the LC analyses, suggesting the segregation of alternate alleles within one or both of the parental breeds. Our results reveal the utility of implementing both the LC and RA models to detect dominant QTL and also QTL with similar allele frequency distributions within parental breeds.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1977

[The topography and cytoarchitectonic of the diencephalon of the cow (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.) I. The topography of the diencephalon of the cow. (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.) (author's transl)].

The study contains a comprehensive review of the literature on the brain of the cattle, followed by notes on form and location of the brain in the skull of the cow and of the diencephalon. In addition we point to some possibilities for locating the brain by stereotaxic manipulations. Several structural particularities are discussed, where to a limited extent references to structures of the brains of other domestic artiodactyla are made.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[The topography and cytoarchitectonic of the diencephalon of the cow (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.). II. The internal structure of the diencephalon of the cow (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.) (author's transl)].

The five parts of the diencephalon of the cow are distinctly separated by fibrous tractuses or plates. The three main tractuses (Fornix, Tractus mamillo-thalamicus and Fasciculus retroflexus) are very strongly developed. Regarding the essential fibrous structures and the cytoarchitectonic features 62 nuclei can be differentiated in either half of the diencephalon, of which the thalamus contains 28 and the hypothalamus 23 nuclei. Epithalamus, Metathalamus and Subthalamus possess 2 big nuclei on each side. The findings are briefly compared with the data on the diencephalic structures of cow, sheep goat, pig and dromedar given in literature.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Immunogenetic influences on tick resistance in African cattle with particular reference to trypanotolerant N'Dama (Bos taurus) and trypanosusceptible Gobra zebu (Bos indicus) cattle.

In sub-Saharan Africa, tick infestation and tick-borne infections together with tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis arguably constitute the main parasitological disease complex constraining livestock production. Resistance to tick attack and tick-borne micro-organisms (TBMs) varies among different breeds of cattle. The magnitude of losses due to these parasites is related to an extent to the degree of breed resistance. Generally, zebu (Bos indicus) cattle possess a higher resistance to ticks and TBMs than European (Bos taurus) cattle. The host's immune system would appear to be the single most important factor that regulates this resistance. This paper reports on the main effector immune mechanisms governing resistance against ticks and TBMs. The cellular immune response appears more effective and stable than humoral immunity in modulating resistance to ticks and TBMs. Similarities between the immune mechanisms employed by trypanotolerant N'Dama (B. taurus) cattle, when infected with trypanosomes, and those elicited by tick bites and TBMs seem to exist, particularly at the skin level in the early phases of parasitic invasion. Moreover, there is evidence that in the N'Dama breed, resistance against ticks per se also has a genetic basis. Therefore, the N'Dama appears to be a unique breed in that it exhibits resistance to several parasitic diseases and/or infections, including helminths, when compared to other cattle breeds in West Africa. It is concluded that the multi-parasite resistant traits of the N'Dama breed should be exploited in those areas where trypanosomosis, ticks and tick-borne diseases constrain animal production. This should be of benefit for low-input farming systems where the use of chemicals for prophylaxis and therapy is limited by their relatively high cost. Additionally, the potential contribution of multiple disease resistant N'Dama cattle should be considered in crossbreeding programmes with exotic dairy breeds for increasing milk production in West Africa.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed1995

Relationship between shear force and trained sensory panel tenderness ratings of 10 major muscles from Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle.

The present experiments were conducted to determine 1) the relationship between shear force and overall tenderness of 10 major beef muscles, 2) the effect of Bos indicus inheritance on the tenderness of various beef muscles, 3) whether differences in tenderness between genotype are affected by method of cookery, and 4) the relationship between tenderness of the longissimus and tenderness of other muscles. To meet the first objective, shear force and trained sensory panel overall tenderness were determined for psoas major (PM), infraspinatus (IS), triceps brachii (TB), longissimus (LD), semitendinosus (ST), gluteus medius (GM), supraspinatus (SS), biceps femoris (BF), semimembranosus (SM), and quadriceps femoris (QF) steaks from grain-fed steer carcasses (n = 16). Shear force did not accurately reflect differences among muscles in overall tenderness. To accomplish the remaining objectives, muscles were removed from grain-fed Bos taurus x Bos taurus (n = 31) and Bos indicus x Bos taurus (n = 18) steer carcasses and aged until 14 d postmortem. Shear force of LD, TB, SS, BF, and QF steaks and QF, BF, TB, and LD roasts was higher (P < .05) for progeny of Bos indicus sires than for progeny of Bos taurus sires. Shear force differences among genotypes were reduced slightly by roasting. Shear force of LD was not highly related to shear force of other muscles. Thus, systems that accurately predict the tenderness of LD of a carcass will likely do little to predict the tenderness of other muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effects of altitude, ambient temperature and solar radiation on fasting heat production in yellow cattle (Bos taurus).

Growing yellow cattle (Bos taurus, n 30, 1.0-3.5 years old and 75-240 kg) from their native altitude (2000-2800 m) were used to evaluate the effects of altitude, ambient temperature (Ta) and solar radiation on the basal energy metabolism in this large mammal. Fasting heat production (FHP) was measured at altitudes of 2260, 3250 and 4270 m on the Tibetan plateau both in the summer and winter respectively, after a 90 d adaptation period at each experimental site. The gas exchanges of the whole animal were determined continuously for 3 (2260 and 3250 m) or 2 (4270 m) d after a 96 (2260 and 3250 m) or 48 (4270 m) h starvation period, using closed-circuit respiratory masks. Increasing altitude from 2260 to 3250 m at similar Ta in the summer significantly elevated FHP for all animals (P<0.01), and from 3250 to 4270 m for young cattle (P<0.05); increasing altitude from 2260 to 3250 m in the winter also significantly elevated FHP (P<0.05), but the increase was mainly due to the decrease of Ta and the increase in wind speed. No results were obtained at 4270 m in the winter, due to the problems of the animals, adapting to the altitude. The magnitude of FHP elevation caused by increasing altitude was greater with summer sunshine or winter wind than without them. Increase of Ta from 10.0 to 22.0 degrees C, in the presence of solar radiation, slightly (2260 m) or significantly (3250 and 4270 m, P<0.01) elevated FHP, but slightly reduced it in the absence of solar radiation; decrease of Ta from 0.0 to -30.0 degrees C linearly increased FHP. At 3250 and 4270 m, FHP at the same Ta was higher with summer sunshine or winter wind (3250 m) than without them, but this did not occur at 2260 m. In conclusion, high altitude elevates FHP in yellow cattle in the warm season, and the summer solar radiation and winter wind at high altitude significantly increase metabolic rate. It may be also concluded that the effects of solar radiation on metabolic rate depend on the altitude and the environmental temperature.

Altitude↗