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PubMed2000

[Studies on method for the determination of kaerophyllin in Bupleurum smithii wolff Wolff var. parvifolium].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a quantitative method for the determination of kaerophyllin in Chinese medicine Bupleurum smithii ver. parvifolium. METHOD: Kaerophyllin was determined by HPLC, the mobile phase consisted of methanol-water(70:30), the flow rate was 1 ml.min-1, the eluate was monitored with UV detector at 328 nm. RESULT: The average recovery was 97.1% with RSD = 2.15 (n = 5). CONCLUSION: The result was precise and stable. This method was sensitive and its repeatability was excellent. This method may serve determination of kaerophyllin in B. smithii var. parvifolium.

Bupleurum↗

PubMed2003

Cytokine production by human lymphocytes stimulated by a herbal compound containing Bupleurum (KY88 LIVER LIVO).

AIM: Compounds containing Bupleurum possess immunomodulating effects. KY88 LIVER LIVO (KY88) is a blend of such compound. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of KY88 on the production of cytokines by lymphocytes in vitro. METHODS: Seventy Sprague Dawley rats were used of which 40 were orally fed with 4 mg purified KY88 for 35 d. Normal human lymphocytes were isolated and cultured in standard conditions. The culture medium was collected at zero and 72 h after the KY88 treatment. The cytokines, including interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interferon-gamma, were measured by ELISA kits. RESULTS: TNF-alpha levels in the supernatant of cultured human lymphocytes significantly increased after the treatment of PHA and KY88. The mean levels were (855+/-251), (399+/-145), and (176+/-49) ng/L after the treatment with KY88 at the concentrations of 10, 1 and 0.1 g/mL respectively. However, the level in the control group without specific treatment was only (68+/-4) ng/L. The difference between KY88 10 g/mL and control groups was significant (P<0.05). All other cytokines did not show significant variations between KY88 and the control groups. KY88 may regulate the immune function through the induction of TNF-alpha expression.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[The further studies on the pharmacological actions of Bupleurum smithii var. parvifolium].

Bupleurum smithii var. parvifolium grown widely in Ningxia, had a long history as a common medicinal herb. Its crude saponin had significant protective effect in hepatic damage caused by CCl4 in mice, its ether extract had significant analgesic effect. The ether extract also had significant immunological facilitation effect in mice, it could increase the thymus gland weight and the serum IgG content. These results were similar to or better than that of B. chinense and indicated that B. smithii var. parvifolium could be used as B. chinense.

Analgesics↗

PubMed2003

[Study on organogenesis and dry substance accumulation of Bupleurum Chinense].

OBJECTIVE: To learn the development characteristics of Bupleurum chinese DC. and to provide the cultivation fundament. METHOD: Plant samples of different growing periods were collected and investigated. RESULTS: It was found that the development stages of B. chinense could be divided definitely into emergence of seedings, seedling, elongation of internode, flowering and fruiting, and dormancy. During its life, cotyledon, basal leaves and stem leaves appeared and died away in turn, and the stem extended to its full length in one month. The root reached its top length during seedling stage, and its diameter increased quickly from July to August. The dry substance accumulated in aerial part of the plant increased quickly, and that in root increased by 42.4%, 94.0%, or 40.1% respectively, from mid July to mid August after stem elongation beginning, from mid September to mid October, or from mid October to the date of harvesting. CONCLUSION: Management methods and planting technologies of B. chinense should be mapped out according to the different characteristics of its three key growing stages.

Bupleurum↗

PubMed2003

[Plant growth analysis of Bupleurum chinense].

OBJECTIVE: To learn the development characteristics of Bupleurum chinense DC. for the cultivation fundament. METHOD: Mature and intact plant samples of different growing periods are studied by the method of plant growth analysis. RESULTS: The plant organs are composed of root, root crown, stalk, basal leaves, stem leaves, branches and leaves, apical and lateral inflorescences. Dry substance in the branches of the first and second level was 93.8% of that in all branches. Though the branches of third or fourth level were relatively weak, their amount was large. The root-shoot ratio with the value 0.19 was especially low. Lateral inflorescences of third or fourth level were found commonly in the population, but the first and second ones were the majors part. About 38.1% dry substance was used for the development of propagation organ. The length of main root was only 17.2 cm, its weight was nearly same as that in the lateral roots. CONCLUSION: Short cultivated history of B. chinense are still maintained some significant wild characteristics, so they don't accord with the demand of the objective gathering in the root. It may be resolved with artifical regulation and breeding.

Bupleurum↗

PubMed2003

[The influence of seed maturity and seed coat on the germination of Bupleurum chinense and B. falcatum].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors influencing the seed germination of Bupleurum chinense and B. falcatum. METHOD: The seeds of different maturity, and the seeds whose coat were removed or nicked before dipping in water, were germinated in a light growth chamber. RESULT: The different inflorescence level represents different development period. Seeds harvested from cultivation have different maturity. The germination rate of the seeds in period I to III was nearly zero, and it was significant different from period IV to VII. The seed coat is not an obstacle for water absorption or gas exchange, but its removal led to significant increase of seed germination rate. However, to dip the seeds without coat into water for 48 h had no more effect on germination. CONCLUSION: The seed maturity and germination inhibitors in seed coat are two important factor influencing seed germination in B. chinense and B. falcatum.

Bupleurum↗

PubMed2004

[Study on liposome preparation technique of Bupleurum chinense volatile oil for injection].

OBJECTIVE: To study the preparation technique of the liposome of Bupleurum chinense volatile oil. METHOD: The composition, entrapment ratio of volatile oil, availability of freeze-drying and the changes of finger prints were studied. RESULT: Entrapment ratio reached 81.9%. After freeze-dried, the remaining ratio of the oil entrapped in the liposome reached 88.6%. CONCLUSION: It is practicable to make B. chinense injection into freeze-dried liposome powder.

Bupleurum↗

PubMed2005

[Studies on lignan glycosides from the roots of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium].

AIM: To study the lignan glycosides from the roots of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium. Chromatography methods was used to isolate compounds and chemical and spectral methods were used to identify the structures of isolated compounds. RESULTS: Two lignan glycosides were isolated from the roots of B. scorzonerifolium and their structures were identified as 2, 3-E-2,3-dihydro-2-(3'-methoxy-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-phenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-5-(3"-hydroxypropenyl )-7-methoxy-1-benzo [b] furan (1) and 2, 3-E-2, 3-dihydro-2-( 3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxy-phenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-5-( 3"-hydroxypropenyl)-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-1-benzo[b]furan (2), both of them which were the mixture of (+)2S,3R- and (-)2R,3S-type diastereoisomer and in both of them the amount of (+)2S,3R-type was a little more than that of the (-)2R,3S-type. CONCLUSION: Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated from B. scorzonerifolium for the first time. (+)2S, 3R-2, 3-Dihydro-2-(3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxy-phenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-5-(3"-hydroxypropenyl)-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-1-benzo[b] furan is a new compound.

Bupleurum↗

PubMed2006

[Preliminary study on the characteristics of Bupleurum chinense in nutrition uptake].

It was studied that the characteristics of Bupleurum chinense DC. in nutrition uptake based on potted and field experiment to provide a properly fertilizer application measure. The result showed that the absorption amounts of N, P and K were in the order of K > N > P under field condition. For one-year-old B. chinesnse DC., the average N, P2O5 and K2O absorption per 100 kg dry matter of root were 11.77 kg, 2.43 kg, 14.07 kg respectively; for two-year-old, the average N, P2O5 and K2O absorption amount per 100 kg dry matter of root were 12.11 kg, 2.74 kg, 18.39 kg respectively. The total absorption amount of N, P2O5 and K2O were lower in the first year, while the percentage of content was higher, that was to say, the demand for N, P and K was urgent in the first year. The accumulation peak of N, P2O5 and K2O occurred regreening to later elongation stage in the second year. The ratio of N, P and K were differential in different growth stages.

Bupleurum↗

PubMed2006

Upregulation of isoprenoid pathway genes during enhanced saikosaponin biosynthesis in the hairy roots of Bupleurum falcatum.

In order to characterize saikosaponin biosynthesis in Bupleurum falcatum, the expression of five isoprenoid pathway genes and their relationship to saikosaponin accumulation in the hairy roots were analyzed. The hairy roots exhibited a rapid accumulation of saikosaponins when incubated in a root culture medium (3XRCM). Homology-based RT-PCR was used to isolate core fragments of five genes, HMGR, IPPI, FPS, SS, and OSC, from the hairy roots. The deduced amino acid sequences exhibited amino acid identities of more than 85% to previously reported genes. Using the fragments as probes, the expression of these five genes in the hairy roots during incubation in 3XRCM medium was examined. Expression of all five genes in the hairy roots increased soon after incubation. In particular, the SS and OSC genes were coordinately induced at 8 days of incubation, and their expression persisted throughout the incubation period. A quantitative HPLC analysis showed that the saikosaponin content of the hairy root culture also began to increase at 8 days of culture. The correlation between SS transcript level and saikosaponin content in the hairy roots suggests that transcriptional regulation plays a regulatory role in saikosaponin biosynthesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1982

Protective effect of saikosaponin-d isolated from Bupleurum falcatum L. on CCl4-induced liver injury in the rat.

The effects of saikosaponin-d extracted from the roots of Bupleurum falcatum L. on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury were studied in rats. Pretreatment with saikosaponin-d produced a remarkable inhibitory action on acute hepatic injury by CCl4. A significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation induced by an acute dose of CCl4 in the liver of rats pre-treated with saikosaponin-d was also noted. Continuous injection of CCl4 caused liver cirrhosis in rats but the severity of cirrhosis was reduced in rats treated simultaneously with CCl4 and saikosaponin-d.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Efficient production of saikosaponins in Bupleurum falcatum root fragments combined with signal transducers.

An efficient system to produce saikosaponins (saikosaponin-a and -d) in Bupleurum falcatum adventitious root fragments combined with signal transducers was developed. The roots are heterogeneous in terms of size and shape and sometimes form aggregates during cultivation. When the roots were cut to lengths of about 5 mm using a scalpel and cultivated, the root fragments did not form the aggregates, and root growth and saikosaponin production were not inhibited. After screening various signal transducers, it was clear that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) markedly promoted saikosaponin production. By comparing the effect of MeJA and related substances on saikosaponin production, we conclude that both the pentenyl and carboxylmethyl group of MeJA play an important role in the promotion of saikosaponin production. Addition of both 100 microM MeJA and 20 mM CaCl2 to the medium stimulated the content of saikosaponin in the root, with levels reaching 31.7 mg/g-dry root for 15 days of cultivation. A large amount of root fragments were prepared using a blender and cultivated (23 g-dry root/l) with 400 microM MeJA and 20 mM CaCl2, resulting in a high concentration of saikosaponins (747.3 mg/l).

Acetates↗

PubMed1989

Structural characterization of an anti-complementary pectic polysaccharide from the roots of Bupleurum falcatum L.

An anti-complementary pectic polysaccharide (BR-2-IIb), isolated from the roots of Bupleurum falcatum L., has an average molecular weight of 36,000 (gel filtration), and was subjected to methylation analysis before and after carboxyl-reduction, digestion with endo-polygalacturonase, base-catalysed beta-elimination, and partial acid hydrolysis. BR-2-IIb consisted mainly of galacturonic acid, arabinose, rhamnose, and galactose in the molar ratios 13.0:2.1:1.4:1.0 and contained a large enzyme-sensitive polygalacturonan region. The enzyme-resistant region (PG-1) was rich in neutral sugars and contained a backbone of 4-linked GalA and 2-linked Rha to which a highly branched arabinogalactan was attached to position 4 of some 2-linked Rha units. Partial acid hydrolysis of BR-2-IIb gave Ara-(1----3)-Ara, Ara-(1----4)-Arap, Ara-(1----5)-Araf, Ara-(1----6)-Gal, Gal-(1----4)-Gal, GalA-(1----2)-Rha, GalA-(1----4)-Rha, GalA----Rha----Rha, Gal----Rha----Rha, and GlA-(1----6)-Gal in addition to (1----4)linked oligogalacturonides. The anticomplementary activity of BR-2-IIb was enhanced by de-esterification, but carboxyl-reduction decreased the activity.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed1993

Saikosaponin derivatives from Bupleurum wenchuanense.

From the roots of Bupleurum wenchuanense 14 derivatives of saikosaponin were isolated and identified as 2"-O-beta-D-xylopyranosylsaikosaponin b2, 3",6"-O O-diacetylsaikosaponin b2, 2"-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylsaikosaponin b2, saikosaponin b2, 6"-O-acetylsaikosaponin b2, saikosaponin d, 2"-O-acetylsaikosaponin d, 3"-O-acetylsaikosaponin d,6"-O-acetylsaikosaponin d, 16-epichikusaikoside, prosaikogenin G, saikosaponin a,2"-O-acetylsaikosaponin a and 3"-O-acetylsaikosaponin a. The first two compounds are new derivatives of saikosaponin and this is the first isolation of prosaikogenin G from a plant. Their complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments were made by using a combination of 2D NMR techniques (DQF-COSY, HOHAHA, ROESY, HETCOR, HMQC and HMBC). Some of the compounds showed cytotoxic activity against the P-388 cell line.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Saponins from the root of Bupleurum falcatum.

Three new saponins and nine known saponins were isolated from the dried roots of Bupleurum falcatum. On the basis of chemical and spectral analyses, the structures of new compounds, named 4''-O-acetylsaikosaponin d and hydroxysaikosaponins a and c, were established. In aqueous acidic conditions, saikosaponins a and d were converted into not only known compounds, saikosaponins b1 and b2, but also hydroxysaikosaponins a and d, respectively. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of the decoction of Bupleuri Radix itself by HPLC exhibited that it contained saikosaponins a, c and d, and hydroxysaikosaponins a, c and d.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed1996

Minor constituents from Bupleurum fruticosum roots.

A new triterpenoid saponin, 23-acetoxy,16 alpha-hydroxy-13,28-epoxyolean-11-en-3 beta-yl--beta-D-glucopyranosyl- (1-->2)---beta-D-glucopyranosil(1-->3)-beta-D-fucopyranoside, has been isolated from the roots of Bupleurum fruticosum, along with eight coumarins, scopoletin, scoparone, prenyletin, capensin, fraxetin, aesculetin,7-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy-6-methoxycoumarin, 7-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-butenyloxy)-6-methoxycoumarin and 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)coumarin. The last compound has not been previously encountered in nature. The structures were determined by analysis of NMR spectral data including two-dimensional techniques.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed1993

The pectic polysaccharide from Bupleurum falcatum L. enhances immune-complexes binding to peritoneal macrophages through Fc receptor expression.

Binding of glucose oxidase-anti-glucose oxidase complexes (GAG), a model of immune complexes, to macrophages was enhanced by treatment with an acidic pectic polysaccharide, bupleuran 2IIb, from Bupleurum falcatum L. GAG binding to macrophages by bupleuran 2IIb increased in a dose-dependent fashion, and was abolished when the Pronase-treated macrophages were incubated with bupleuran 2IIb. The GAG binding enhancing activity of bupleuran 2IIb was reduced by periodate oxidation but not Pronase digestion of bupleuran 2IIb. When bupleuran 2IIb was digested with endo-polygalacturonase, the resulting enzyme resistant carbohydrate portion showed potent activity. Scatchard analysis indicated enhanced expression of the Fc receptor (FcR) on the surface by the action of bupleuran 2IIb. The enhancement of GAG binding by bupleuran 2IIb was inhibited by the presence of actinomycin D or cycloheximide. Bupleuran-2IIb-stimulated cells showed enhanced expression of both FcRI and FcRII mRNA, which were measured as PCR products. These results suggested that the endo-polygalacturonase resistant carbohydrate portion of bupleuran 2IIb is important for the expression of the activity, and that the activity of bupleuran 2IIb on GAG binding was mediated by receptors for polysaccharide on the cells. The up-regulation of the Fc receptor by bupleuran 2IIb was also suggested to mediate by de novo synthesis of the receptor protein.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Pharmacological activity of the essential oil of Bupleurum gibraltaricum: anti-inflammatory activity and effects on isolated rat uteri.

The essential oil of Bupleurum gibraltaricum showed considerable anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-produced pedal edema in rats. This appeared to be due to the delta-3-carene component. The essential oil and delta-3-carene both produced qualitatively similar changes in rat uterine contractions caused by oxytocin (a progressive dose-related modification of the concentration-response curves) and acetylcholine (non-progressive modification of the concentration-response curves).

Acetylcholine↗