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PubMed1991

Improving CD4+ lymphocyte counts in HIV-infected hemophilia patients. A favorable prognostic indicator?

CD4+ lymphocyte counts of 91 HIV+ hemophilia patients were monitored for a mean of 4 years (range: 15-69 months). CD4+ lymphocytes decreased in 55 but increased in 36 patients over time. The CD4+ cell increases were persistent in 5 patients, whereas they fluctuated in 31. Of the 36 patients with increasing CD4+ counts 3 developed AIDS and 1 LAS. The other 32 patients were clinically asymptomatic (CDC II), but had immunological abnormalities, such as increased serum neopterin (N = 18) and impaired in vitro T cell responses to pooled allogenic stimulator cells (N = 15) or mitogens (N = 18). In contrast, of the 55 patients whose CD4+ cells decreased, 24 developed AIDS and 5 ARC (P less than 0.0005). Only 2 of these 55 patients had normal mitogen stimulation in vitro and normal serum neopterin levels.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

[Dermatological disease among HIV-infected patients with CD4-lymphocyte count].

OBJECTIVE: To correlate the prevalence of dermatological diseases among HIV-infected patient with CD4-lymphocyte count. METHODS: A case series study was carried out in the region of Caxias do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Data was collected by reviewing the records of HIV-infected patients admitted to a public hospital (198 patients from March 1998 to June 2002) or seen at the university outpatient clinic (40 patients from March to June 2002). The variables analyzed were: age, sex, CD4-lymphocyte count, viral load, and dermatological diseases. Statistical analyses were performed using Student's t-test, Spearman's and Chi-Square tests. RESULTS: The frequency of dermatological disease was 67.2% among hospitalized patients and 75.0% among outpatients. Oral candidiasis was the most prevalent dermatological disease. Among the hospital population, the average CD4 count was lower among patients with dermatological disease than among those with no disease (142.34 cells/mm3 vs 512.35 cells/mm3, respectively; p=0.018). The same phenomenon was observed in outpatient population (138.88 cells/mm3 and 336.21 cells/mm3, respectively; p=0.001). In both populations, a negative correlation was found between CD4 count and the total number of dermatological diseases by a patient (p=0.000, hospital population, p=0.000, outpatient population). CONCLUSIONS: Dermatological diseases are highly prevalent among HIV-infected patients and the frequency and number of these manifestations are well correlated to the patient's immune status and disease progression.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1994

Relationship between fluconazole sensitivity of Candida albicans isolates from HIV positive patients and serotype, adherence and CD4+ lymphocyte count.

The sensitivity of fluconazole, serotype and adherence to buccal epithelial cells of 46 Candida albicans isolates was studied in vitro. Strains were isolated from 18 HIV-positive patients with variable CD4+ lymphocyte counts who were receiving long-term fluconazole therapy. Results showed that sensitivity to fluconazole correlated with serotype. Of the sensitive isolates 81.5% were serotype A and 18.5% serotype B, whereas of the resistant isolates 37.5% were serotype A and 62.5% serotype B. Sensitivity to fluconazole also correlated with adherence capacity, resistant isolates showing slightly less adherence to buccal epithelial cells than sensitive isolates. Weakly adherent isolates represented 87% of resistant isolates and only 63% of sensitive isolates. Resistant strains were isolated in highly immunocompromised patients. All strains isolated in patients with CD4+ lymphocyte counts above 200 lymphocytes/microliters were sensitive, whereas intermediate and resistant strains were isolated in patients with counts below 200 lymphocytes/microliters. Statistical analyses showed no correlation between adherence of isolates to buccal epithelial cells and CD4+ lymphocyte counts.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2005

Effect of antiretroviral drugs on maternal CD4 lymphocyte counts, HIV-1 RNA levels, and anthropometric parameters of their neonates.

PURPOSE: To study the effect of antiretroviral drugs administered during pregnancy on CD4 lymphocyte counts and HIV-1 RNA levels of pregnant women and on the anthropometric parameters of their neonates. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 57 pregnant women and their neonates divided into 3 groups: ZDV Group, HIV-infected mothers taking zidovudine (n=20); triple therapy (TT) Group, mothers taking zidovudine+lamivudine+nelfinavir (n=25), and Control Group, normal women (n=12). CD4 lymphocyte counts and HIV-1 RNA levels of pregnant women were analyzed during two periods of pregnancy. The perinatal prognosis took into account preterm rates, birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, perinatal death, and vertical transmission of HIV-1. Data were analyzed statistically using the nonparametric chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Friedman, Kruskal-Wallis, and Wilcoxon matched pairs tests, with the level of significance set at P<.05. RESULTS: The major maternal demographic and anthropometric data were homogeneous for the various groups. HIV-1 viral burden, which was initially elevated, median of 14,370 copies/mL, was significantly reduced in the TT group, reaching 40 copies/mL. With respect to T-CD4+ lymphocyte counts, there was a significant recovery in Group TT at the end of pregnancy, this value being significantly different from that for the ZDV group (P=0052). There was no difference between groups regarding gestation length, Apgar scores, or neonatal anthropometric classification. There was no case of vertical HIV-1 transmission. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained for the present series demonstrate the efficiency and suggest safety of the use of antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy as revealed by anthropometric parameters of the neonate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Serum anti-p24 antibody concentration has a predictive value on the decrease of CD4 lymphocyte count higher than acid-dissociated p24 antigen.

We studied the prognostic value on the decrease of CD4 lymphocyte count of anti-p24 antibody (ab) titer and compared this value with that of polyclonal and monoclonal p24 (ag) titer before and after immune complex dissociation (ICD); 53 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients having CD4+ counts above 400/mm3 when first examined were followed up over a 3-year period including at least four visits; HIV disease progressors (n = 18) were defined as having CD4+ counts below 200/mm3 and non-progressors (n = 35) as having CD4+ counts still above 400/mm3 at the end of follow-up. Sera were collected at each visit and assayed for p24 ag with and without ICD and for anti-p24 ab titer. The mean anti-p24 ab titer of progressors and of non-progressors at entry was significantly different. A threshold of anti-p24 ab titer indicating a HIV progression was determined at 1/300. The proportion of individuals with an anti-p24 ab titer lower than 1/300 at least once during the study period was 34% in non-progressors and 94% in progressors. The difference between progressors and non-progressors at entry was significant with monoclonal p24 ag without ICD and more significant with monoclonal p24 ag after ICD. The marker having the highest predictive value was the anti-p24 ab titer, then monoclonal p24 ag with ICD, then polyclonal p24 ag with ICD. Anti-p24 ab is an earlier and stronger marker of the decrease of CD4 lymphocyte count than p24 ag even after ICD.

Acids↗
PubMed1999

Correlation between CD4+ lymphocyte counts, concurrent antigen skin test and tuberculin skin test reactivity in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and -uninfected children with tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: HIV-infected children are at high risk of developing tuberculosis after infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Emphasis is placed on tuberculin skin testing (TST) for diagnosing tuberculosis in children; however, its value in HIV-infected children is controversial. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether concurrent antigen testing and/or CD4+ lymphocyte counts help in the interpretation of the TST in children with tuberculosis. METHODS: Children eligible for the study were diagnosed as having tuberculosis on clinical criteria. CD4+ lymphocyte counts and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) test, using the CMI Multitest were performed when tuberculosis was diagnosed. RESULTS: One hundred thirty children were enrolled. Tuberculin reactivity was lower in HIV-infected children at all cutoff levels than in HIV-uninfected children (P < 0.0001). The positive predictive value of normal CD4+ lymphocyte counts in predicting tuberculin reactions of > or =5 mm (in HIV-1-infected) and > or =10 mm (in HIV-uninfected patients) were 50 and 80.3%, respectively (P < 0.0001). An intact DTH reaction to the CMI Multitest in predicting reactions of > or =5 mm and > or =10 mm to tuberculin in HIV-infected and -uninfected children were 55 and 76%, respectively (P < 0.001). Kwashiorkor was responsible for 53.3% of false-negative TST in HIV-uninfected children with normal CD4+ lymphocyte counts. CONCLUSION: TST is of limited value as an adjunct in diagnosing tuberculosis in HIV-infected children. CD4+ lymphocyte counts and concurrent DTH testing are not useful for predicting tuberculin reactivity in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1996

Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte counts and the risk of progression to AIDS. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on AIDS.

BACKGROUND: Clinical trials of antiretroviral drugs can take years to complete because the outcomes measured are progression to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or death. Trials could be accelerated by the use of end points such as changes in CD4+ lymphocyte counts and plasma levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA and beta 2-microglobulin, but there is uncertainty about whether these surrogate measures are valid predictors of disease progression. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on AIDS, which compared immediate with deferred zidovudine therapy. Patients' plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA and beta 2-microglobulin were measured in stored plasma. RESULTS: Among the 129 patients in the immediate-treatment group, 34 had disease that progressed to AIDS, as compared with 57 of the 141 patients in the deferred-treatment group (P = 0.03). Progression to AIDS correlated strongly with base-line CD4+ lymphocyte counts (P = 0.001) and plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA (P < 0.001), but not with base-line levels of beta 2-microglobulin (P = 0.14). A decrease of at least 75 percent in the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA over the first six months of zidovudine therapy accounted for 59 percent of the benefit of treatment, defined as the absence of progression to AIDS (95 percent confidence interval, 13 to 112 percent). Plasma beta 2-microglobulin levels and CD4+ lymphocyte counts explained less of the effect of treatment. A 75 percent decrease in the plasma HIV-1 RNA level plus a 10 percent increase in the CD4+ lymphocyte count could explain 79 percent of the treatment effect (95 percent confidence interval, 27 to 145 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment-induced changes in the plasma HIV-1 RNA level and the CD4+ lymphocyte count, taken together, are valid predictors of the clinical progression of HIV-related disease and can be used to assess the efficacy of zidovudine and possibly other antiretroviral drugs as well.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1996

[Paraproteins and lymphoma in HIV positive patients].

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Compared to healthy subjects there is a higher incidence of monoclonal immunoglobulins (= paraproteins = PP) in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). High-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) are the second most common neoplasms in these patients. Our aim was to determine whether paraproteins would be of diagnostic significance regarding an underlying or developing NHL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The sera of 202 HIV-positive patients were tested for the presence of monoclonal or oligoclonal bands by using high-resolution-electrophoresis (HRE) and immunofixation (IFX). We also examined immunoglobulin concentrations, leucocyte count, lymphocyte count, CD4 lymphocyte count and CD4/CD8-ratio and collected clinical data. RESULTS: Paraproteins were detected in 26 (12.8%) of the patients. 84.6% of PP were IgG, in 80.7% associated with a kappa light chain. Patients with monoclonal or oligoclonal bands developed NHL significantly more often compared to those without PP (16.7% and 2.8%, respectively (p < 0.05%)). The CD4 count was significantly higher in patients with PP. There was no difference in levels of immunoglobulins, leucocyte count, lymphocyte count and CD4/CD8-ratio. The prevalence of PP was equally distributed in patients at different CDC-stages of HIV-infection. Common acute systemic infections like pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), toxoplasmosis, mycobacteriosis or cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection were not associated with paraproteins. CONCLUSION: We conclude that paraproteins could indicate the presence of a non-Hodgkin's-lymphoma.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1991

The association of clinical conditions and serologic tests with CD4+ lymphocyte counts in HIV-infected subjects without AIDS.

Early intervention guidelines in HIV infection require knowledge of CD4+ lymphocyte count; however, CD4+ determinations require special laboratory procedures and may not be readily available in all situations. Using data from 207 HIV-seropositive homosexual men without AIDS, we evaluated the association of difference clinical conditions or serologic tests with CD4+ count. Men with conditions including seborrheic dermatitis, hairy leukoplakia, oral candidiasis and chronic diarrhea, and men with beta2-microglobulin levels greater than or equal to 4.0 mg/l had significantly lower CD4+ counts. However, the probability that a subject with such parameters had less than 200 x 10(6)/l CD4+ cells was limited (25-63%). Although the probability that a subject with such parameters had less than 500 x 10(6)/l CD4+ cells was better (76-88%), the probability that a person without these parameters had greater than or equal to 500 x 10(6)/l CD4+ cells was only 45-50%. Clinical and serologic parameters may provide important prognostic information, but cannot be used to reliably determine the level of CD4+ cells.

Bisexuality↗
PubMed1992

Changes in the spectrum of AIDS-defining conditions and decrease in CD4+ lymphocyte counts at AIDS manifestation in Germany from 1986 to 1991.

OBJECTIVES: Analysis of changes in the spectrum of AIDS-defining conditions and their correlation with CD4+ lymphocyte counts in different risk groups associated with HIV transmission. METHODS: Review of data from all adult AIDS cases reported in Germany between 1986 and 1991. RESULTS: Among AIDS cases diagnosed between 1986 and 1991, the proportion of cases with lymphoma and wasting syndrome increased, while the proportion of Kaposi's sarcoma decreased. Homosexual men, but not intravenous drug users, showed a decrease in the proportion of cases in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and an increase in the proportions with toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus infection. The median CD4+ lymphocyte count at time of AIDS diagnosis decreased from 73 x 10(6)/l in 1986 (25 and 75 percentiles, 28 and 212) to 47 x 10(6)/l in 1990 (25 and 75 percentiles, 20 and 120; P less than 0.01). This decrease was the result of reduced CD4+ lymphocyte counts of individuals presenting with opportunistic infections; there was no corresponding change for individuals with non-infectious AIDS-defining conditions. CONCLUSIONS: AIDS diagnosis is now occurring at a later time in the natural history of HIV infection than in 1986, and the relative frequency of specific AIDS-defining conditions has changed. Most pronounced is a decrease of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Changes in the natural history of HIV infection due to therapeutic and prophylactic interventions must be considered when interpreting epidemiological data in the course of the AIDS epidemic. These changes also have implications for the planning and execution of medical care.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

p24 antigenaemia, CD4 lymphocyte counts and the development of AIDS.

A cohort of 111 HIV-infected haemophiliacs has been followed for up to 11 years, during which time 33 patients have been diagnosed with AIDS. Twenty-seven of the cohort developed detectable p24 antigenaemia while remaining free of AIDS. These patients experienced an increased risk of progression to AIDS compared with those patients who were persistently p24-negative (relative risk 7.24; P less than 0.0001, Cox proportional hazards model). The relative risk was reduced to 5.42 (P less than 0.0001) after adjustment for age and cytomegalovirus seropositivity. After adjustment for the patients' declining CD4 lymphocyte count during follow-up, the relative risk fell dramatically to 1.97 and became non-significant (P = 0.2). p24-antigenaemic patients tended to develop AIDS at levels of similar CD4 lymphocyte counts to those who were persistently p24-antigen-negative (median CD4 lymphocyte counts, 70 and 50 x 10(6)/l, respectively). These results suggests that the association between p24 antigenaemia and the rate of progression to AIDS can be explained largely by a more rapid decline in CD4 lymphocyte count among patients with p24 antigenaemia than in those without. The major pathological effects of increased plasma viral load, as detected by the presence or absence of p24 antigenaemia, appear to act via progressive CD4 lymphocyte depletion.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

Evidence of active cytomegalovirus infection in clinically stable HIV-infected individuals with CD4+ lymphocyte counts below 100/microliters of blood: features and relation to risk of subsequent CMV retinitis.

To determine the frequency and significance of cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia and viruria in HIV-positive subjects with low CD4+ lymphocyte counts but with no clinical indications for culture, we studied 100 consecutive clinically stable subjects with CD4+ cells < or = 100/microliters of blood who agreed to culture of blood and urine. Serum was tested for CMV antibody, p24 antigen, neopterin, and liver enzyme concentrations, and patients were offered funduscopic examination. Subjects' records were reviewed an average of 9.1 months after enrollment for evidence of subsequent CMV retinitis. Three of the original cohort proved ineligible because of CD4+ count > 100/microliters; CMV antibody was present in 96% of the remainder. Isolation of CMV from blood was uncommon (2 of 93 seropositive subjects) whereas viruria occurred in 51.6%; likelihood of having a positive urine culture was significantly related to the subject's absolute CD4+ lymphocyte count: 60% for those with CD4+ < or = 50/microliters, vs. 26.1% for those with CD4+ 51-100/microliters. Neither serum p24 antigen nor neopterin was predictive of CMV in urine or blood. No subjects submitting to ophthalmologic exam had unsuspected CMV retinitis. Subsequent development of retinitis correlated with CMV viruria on entry: 13.5% if urine-positive, 1.9% if negative (p = 0.029; Fisher exact test).

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Influence of CD4+ lymphocyte counts on GB virus C/hepatitis G virus carriership in HIV-positive individuals.

The duration of the GB virus C or hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) carriership varies according to the patient group studied. The immune competence of the host may be important. GBV-C/ HGV was studied in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons and an attempt was made to correlate the presence of viral RNA or E2 antibodies with CD4+ lymphocyte counts. Of 138 HIV-positive subjects, 30 were GBV-C/HGV RNA-positive and 20 others were E2 antibody-positive, whereas in healthy GBV-C/HGV-infected persons, the proportion of E2 antibody carriers was much higher. On the other hand, a relationship was not found between CD4+ lymphocyte counts and the presence of GBV-C/HGV RNA in the HIV-infected persons. This result does not necessarily imply that the CD4+ lymphocyte count does not affect viral clearance, but the results could be due to the trans-sectional nature of this study. A longitudinal assessment should clarify this point.

CD4 Lymphocyte Count↗
PubMed1994

Within-subject variation in CD4 lymphocyte count in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection: implications for patient monitoring.

Changes in CD4 lymphocyte counts are widely used in monitoring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients for disease progression. However, random fluctuations may obscure clinically significant changes. CD4 cell counts from 1020 untreated subjects with asymptomatic HIV infection monitored by standardized methods for up to 2 years were assessed. The within-subject coefficient of variation averaged 25% but was higher in subjects with lower counts; in 6% of subjects the count was half or double the one obtained 8 weeks before. Proportionate rates of decline, which had negligible correlation with the baseline count, averaged 14.3%/year but varied considerably between subjects: An estimated 29% had increasing trends. Declines were greater in HIV p24-positive subjects and those with higher lymphocyte percentages or lower platelet counts or hemoglobin levels. With such high variation, changes between single counts should be interpreted cautiously. Using multiple counts and other markers may provide more precise assessment of immune status.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Case report: increase in CD4 lymphocyte counts after splenectomy in HIV-infected patients.

The records were reviewed of five human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-infected patients who underwent splenectomy, four for HIV-associated thrombocytopenia and one for gastric compression secondary to splenomegaly. After splenectomy, the four adult patients all had marked, sustained increases in their absolute CD4 lymphocyte counts; greater increases were observed in CD8 lymphocyte counts, accounting for decreases in the CD4:CD8 ratios. In patients 5 (one of triplets, all of whom were infected with HIV after a blood transfusion), absolute CD4 lymphocyte counts were stabilized after splenectomy; the other siblings manifested a decline in CD4 counts, which was associated with a delay in physical development and recurrent episodes of varicella. Immunohistochemical staining of spleen sections demonstrated significantly higher numbers of CD4 cells in splenic tissue from HIV-infected patients than from patients splenectomized secondary to trauma (2,070 +/- 284 vs. 962 +/- 296; p = 0.025). In addition, the HIV-infected patients had significantly higher percentages of CD4 lymphocytes in splenic tissue than in peripheral blood (49.3 +/- 11.0 vs. 20.3 +/- 7.9; p = 0.005), suggesting that CD4 cells were sequestered in the spleens of these patients. These findings have implications for the management of splenectomized HIV-infected patients with regard to optimal timing of initiation of zidovudine therapy and for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Long-term follow-up of 120 patients with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma treated with interferon alpha-2a.

One hundred and twenty patients suffering from an AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma treated by 18 million units of recombinant alpha-2A-interferon daily were followed prospectively for a period of between one and six years. An overall complete response was observed in 35% of these patients; the figure was significantly higher in those who did not have a visceral localization or opportunistic infections. Total lymphocyte count, CD4 lymphocyte count, and CD4/CD8 ratio were significantly higher, and beta-2-microglobuline significantly lower, in the responders than in the non-responders. A multivariate analysis showed that localization of KS and CD4 count had independent predictive value, with an odds ratio of 35 for patients who had more than 300 CD4 cells at the onset of treatment versus those with less than 150. Patients whose initially negative p24 antigenemia remained negative during treatment had the highest frequency of complete response. Among patients with initially positive p24 antigenemia, those whose percentage decrease in antigenemia levels was greatest had a higher frequency of complete response. The cumulative probability of survival in responders was 62% at four years. These results demonstrate an anti-tumoral and anti-viral effect and prolonged survival in a group of patients whose initial immune parameters were relatively well preserved. However, these results do not permit us to conclude whether these well-responding patients were treated at the onset of illness, or whether their illness was naturally less evolutive.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗