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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

PubMed1995

Assessment of tissue integrity, ultrastructure and steroidogenic activity of corpora lutea of the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus, following in vitro microdialysis.

Microdialysis of marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) corpora lutea in vitro was evaluated regarding morphology, activity of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) and progesterone (P) secretion. Two different dialysis media were used: an unbuffered ringer solution and Krebs-Henseleit buffer gassed with carbogenium. Additionally, the effects of the luteotrophin prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on P secretion were examined for both media. In general 3 zones of tissue according to the maintenance of cellular integrity could be identified after dialysis. Structurally intact cells were found in close vicinity to the dialysis tubing or the bathing medium after 8 h of perfusion. These 2 zones were separated by a sheet of cells which showed signs of ischemic injury and whose activity of 3-beta-HSD was reduced. During dialysis with ringer solution P release stayed constantly high for a longer period of time than with Krebs buffer. With both media PGE2 stimulated P release but could not prevent the decrease in P production during dialysis with Krebs buffer. In general profiles of baseline secretion, were more stable after treatment than for untreated corpora lutea. There, under dialysis with ringer solution, the ultrastructure of cells close to the dialysis tubing was well preserved exhibiting euchromatic nuclei, tubular sER and numerous mitochondria gathered in the perinuclear region. In contrast, with Krebs buffer heterochromatization of nuclei and vesiculation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum prevailed. After application of PGE2 no histological and ultrastructural differences could be found between tissue dialysed with ringer or Krebs buffer. In these specimens the sER of zone A cells generally appeared vesiculated. Our results indicate (1) a close structure-function relationship of luteal cells in the tested system, (2) the suitability of the system to study intra-luteal regulation and (3) the necessity to control structural integrity of the dialysed tissue.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗

PubMed1995

Morphology of thyroid follicular cells from adult marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

The existence of follicles with a "super flat" epithelium and the large number of primary and especially secondary lysosomes and lipofuscin granules in these cells are characteristic features of the thyroid gland of adult marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, new-world monkeys). It is supposed that these morphological findings are indications of a relatively low function and early ageing.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Plasmodium brasilianum in the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus.

Chronic quartan malarial infection has been established in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Plasmodium brasilianum from a douroucouli monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) was used to infect splenectomized twin animals, passed to an intact animal, and then to 4 other intact adults, 2 pairs of twins. In 2 of the 4 latter animals there was continuing patency with parasitaemias of less than or equal to 0.5% parasitized erythrocytes for 30 weeks. The other 2 had lower initial levels of parasitaemia; in 1 of these parasitaemias remained low or subpatent. All marmosets developed lymphocytosis. One animal became ill 30 weeks after infection with anaemia, weight loss and mild proteinurea, the other 3 remained well. Histological examination showed minor changes in the kidneys; spleens of infected animals showed marked follicular hyperplasia and phagocytosis of pigment. The livers showed sinusoidal hypercellularity and pigment deposition and in splenectomized animals, a marked lymphoid follicular hyperplasia in the portal tracts.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Plasmodium vivax malaria in the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus: adaptation and host response to infection.

Infection with Plasmodium vivax was established in splenectomized Callithrix jacchus marmosets by inoculation of parasitized blood from Aotus trivirgatus carrying the Vietnam Palo-Alto line of P. vivax. Subsequent blood passage through intact marmosets resulted in higher peak parasitaemias (about 1% of red cells infected) and the loss of stainable Schüffner's dots in infected cells. Primary infections with the adapted line were patent for 74 days or more, and induced both a substantial antibody response, as determined by indirect fluorescence, and some lymphocytosis, but no marked anaemia. Marmosets which had recovered from their primary infection (or in which it was drug-cured) suffered abbreviated patency with low-grade parasitaemia on re-infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Metabolism and tissue distribution of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus).

Three male marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) were injected i.v. with the tobacco-specific carcinogen [2'-14C]N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) (20.3 mumol/kg body weight) or [carbonyl-14C]4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) (18.8 or 420 mumol/kg body weight). They were sacrificed 4 h later. Tissue distribution was studied in two monkeys by whole-body autoradiography and by computer-assisted densitometric analysis of the autoradiograms. The autoradiograms showed a high level of radioactivity in the liver, nasal mucosa, kidneys, melanin of the eyes, hair-follicles of the skin and in the ceruminous ear glands of the monkeys. Total level of radioactivity was 5.7 times higher in the liver of the [carbonyl-14C]NNK-injected monkey than in that of [2'-14C]-NNN-injected monkey. Washing the sections with trichloroacetic acid and organic solvents selectively removed free metabolites leaving metabolites bound to cellular macromolecules. Level of bound metabolites was 1.5 times higher in the nasal mucosa than in the liver of the [2'-14C]NNN monkey. Levels of bound metabolites were similar in the liver of NNN- and NNK-treated monkeys. The results indicate that the liver and nasal mucosa of C. jacchus can activate NNN and NNK to alkylating species. Unbound metabolites present in the liver, lung, kidneys, eye, blood and urine were extracted and separated by h.p.l.c. Hydroxylation of the carbons alpha to the N-nitroso group of NNN were the major metabolic pathways. Unmetabolized NNN was the major radioactive component in the liver, lung, eye and blood. Reduction of the carbonyl of NNK yields 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)butan-1-ol (NNAl). NNAl was present in all tissues analyzed and was the major radioactive component in the eye and stomach lumen. It was also excreted in the urine. NNK and NNAl were metabolized by alpha-carbon hydroxylation. These results suggest that in C. jacchus, NNN, NNK and NNAl are activated to alkylating species by alpha-carbon hydroxylation. In the third monkey injected with NNK, DNA methylation was observed in the liver and nasal mucosa but not in the lung and kidneys. Pulmonary tissues of C. jacchus, unlike those of F344 rats, do not have the enzymic capacities to activate NNK to methylating species.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Radionuclide angiographic study of the influence of dietary lipid supplements on cardiac function in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

Radionuclide angiography was used to examine the influence of dietary fat on cardiac function in the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) under barbiturate anaesthesia. Animals were fed for 6-8 months with a low fat (4.5%) reference diet or the same diet supplemented (12%) with sunflower seed oil or sheep fat. Although there was a tendency towards increased heart rate, left ventricular ejection fraction, peak ejection rate, and peak filling rate in both fat supplemented groups, significant increases in heart rate (+50%), peak ejection rate (+71%), and peak filling rate (+84%) were found with sheep fat supplementation, whereas only the vegetable oil supplement produced a significant improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (+23%). There were no differences in resting blood pressure, and the main consequence of dietary fat supplementation was a major increase in apparent cardiac oxygen consumption (+58%) with the sheet fat diet, as determined by the pressure-rate index. Infusion of isoprenaline hydrochloride (0.2 microgram.kg-1.min-1) increased all indices of cardiac function towards common maxima. There were no differences in either the depth or duration of anaesthesia between dietary groups. It therefore is unlikely that this contributed to any of the observed dietary induced differences in cardiac function. It is suggested that dietary saturated animal fat increased cardiac work and oxygen consumption at rest to the extent that functional reserve to respond to stress was significantly diminished. Feeding a linoleic acid rich polyunsaturated vegetable oil supplement was, however, accompanied by evidence of some improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Primary structures of adult hemoglobins of silvery marmoset, Callithrix argentatus, and cotton-headed tamarin, Saguinus oedipus.

Tryptic peptides of the alpha and beta chains from silvery marmoset (Callithrix argentatus) and cotton-headed tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) hemoglobins were isolated and sequenced, respectively, by conventional methods. The ordering of the peptides in each chain was deduced from the homology of their sequences with those of human adult hemoglobin. The primary structures thus deduced are compared with those of other primate hemoglobins, and the rate of evolution in New World monkey hemoglobins is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1994

Oxytocin gene expression and oxytocin immunoactivity in the ovary of the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus).

Oxytocin was identified in ovaries recovered on Day 5 (+/- 1) of the luteal phase from three female marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). With use of a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay, expression of mRNA for oxytocin and oxytocin receptor was detected in both luteal tissue and in the ovarian remnant. Evidence for ovarian synthesis of oxytocin was provided by immunohistochemistry, which showed positive staining for oxytocin and neurophysin in the cytoplasm of the luteal cells. Some luteal cells had a more intensely stained perinuclear region than others for oxytocin immunoreactivity, whereas the staining for neurophysin was evenly distributed. Granulosa and theca cells of antral follicles also showed positive staining for oxytocin immunoreactivity; no reactivity was found in fibroblast or endothelial cells. Oxytocin immunoreactivity was also detected in the luteal tissue of all animals by immunoassay, with values ranging from 2.8 to 12.1 ng/g wet weight. The oxytocin concentration for the ovarian remnant was either very low (0.55-0.75 ng/g wet weight) or nondetectable (< 0.5 ng/g wet weight). Local production of oxytocin within the ovary was suggested by the measurement of higher oxytocin concentrations in the blood from ovaries containing corpora lutea compared with peripheral blood. Collectively, these results provide evidence for ovarian biosynthesis of oxytocin and suggest the possibility of a paracrine role in the regulation of primate ovarian function.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

An assessment of the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa in the epididymis of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus).

The fertilizing ability of spermatozoa from differ regions of the epididymis of the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus, was assessed by determining their rate of fusion with zonaless hamster ova in vitro. This technique tests for functional competence and was validated using epididymal spermatozoa of the hamster whose fertility have been measured previously by in vivo fertilization experiments. The results suggest that some marmoset spermatozoa first acquire the ability to fertilize in the distal caput and proximal corpus epididymidis although the majority become fertile on reaching the proximal cauda region. Acquisition of fertilizing capacity was associated with a change in the degree and character of sperm motility. However, it is considered that modifications to the sperm plasmalemma which allow capacitation and the acrosome reaction to occur are of primary importance for sperm fertility. The development of sperm fertilizing ability in the marmoset is discussed in relation to that in other primates.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Successful infection of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) with human varicella-zoster virus.

The common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, can be infected with human varicella-zoster virus (VZV), both wild-type strain KMcC and attenuated vaccine strain Oka/Merck. Infection was accomplished with either whole-cell-associated or cell extract VZV by combined oral-nasal-conjunctival application and was characterized by substantial and persistent anti-VZV antibody responses. The infectivity of VZV for marmosets was destroyed by treatment of inocula with heat or UV light. Diluted inocula with as few as 40 PFU/ml were infectious for marmosets. The lungs were demonstrated to be a major site of viral replication; both the presence of viral antigens and signs of pneumonia were demonstrated in lung tissues. Four serial passages of VZV KMcC were carried out in C. jacchus by a process of in vitro isolation and culturing of VZV from infected lung tissue and reapplication of the cultured isolates to fresh animals. The isolated viruses were identified as VZV both serologically and by restriction endonuclease analyses. The C. jacchus infectivity model should prove useful for determining the efficacy of subunit and live recombinant VZV vaccines as well as for the study of zoster.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Cytoarchitecture of the oculomotor nuclear complex and of the trochlear nucleus in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

The cytoarchitecture of the oculomotor nuclear complex (ONC) and of the trochlear nucleus (TN) was studied in the encephalon of 10 adult marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). All the encephala were fixed with Bouin, embedded in paraffin and submitted to 20-mum serial sections in the transversal, frontal and horizontal directions. The following staining methods were employed: Nissl, Kluver-Barrera, and Pal-Weigert, modified by Erhart [1951]. Morphologically we delimited four cell columns in the ONC of the marmoset, namely lateral, dorsal, anterior, and dorsal central. The lateral and dorsal central columns comparatively correspond, in man, to the somatic portion. The others to the visceral portion. The trochlear nucleus of the marmoset is compact, round in shape and can be divided in to central cellular, dorsoventral and ventrolateral groups. The neurons of both the nuclei, of the multipolar type, predominantly have a round shape but it is also possible to observe oval or triangular neurons. They have a central nucleus, the Nissl substance is not dense and is irregularly disposed. Some differences in the size of neurons can be observed among the columns of the ONC.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Immunofluorescence-microscopic localization of collagen type IV and VI, laminin and nidogen in the livers of Callithrix jacchus during pre- and postnatal development.

The distribution of collagen type IV and VI, laminin and nidogen was investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy in the livers of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) at various stages of development, i.e. on days 93, 111, 116 and 134 of gestation, 1 day postpartum and at the mature stage. Large amounts of collagen type IV could in all cases be demonstrated in the sinus wall and in all basal laminae outside the lobule. After the application of antibodies against collagen type VI the sinus wall showed a weak fluorescence reaction at the early stages and a strong binding towards the end of gestation which persisted up to the adult stage. In the periportal field it was mainly localized at the border between lobule and connective tissue. Laminin also increased gradually but could be demonstrated only until birth. In contrast, nidogen was present during the total prenatal and postnatal period. Therefore, collagen type IV and VI were not very suitable for the demonstration of an increase in matrix components under pathological conditions, because they occur already in large amounts in normal livers. However, the occurrence of laminin that was missing in the adult liver must be interpreted as pathological indication. The different occurrence of laminin and nidogen showed that these two substances were expressed and regulated independently of each other.

Aging↗

PubMed1981

Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis and wasting disease in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Six marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), 20 months to 16 years old, died from a disease characterized by weakness and paralysis of the hind legs, weight lose, anemia and transient diarrhea. The lesions most prominent at necropsy were subacute to chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, subacute to chronic pancreatitis, and generalized hemosiderosis. Chronic protein deficiency is believed to be the underlying pathogenic mechanism, since the diet contained no more than 15% animal protein during the last two years, and increasing the amount of protein was accompanied by disappearance of the syndrome.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Spontaneous neoplasms of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Oral and nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas.

Eight spontaneous highly invasive oral and nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas were observed over an 18-month period in a breeding colony of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Affected marmosets were predominantly males over four years of age. The incidence of this tumor in the four-year-plus age group was 4.9%. The tumors were locally invasive through the palate to the nasal cavity, retrobulbar space and cranial cavity in some marmosets with lung metastases present in three cases.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

A survey of the pathology of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) derived from a marmoset breeding unit.

The results of a survey of the major pathological conditions encountered in an established breeding colony of common cotton-eared marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) is presented. 265 home-bred and 70 imported wild-caught marmosets were examined. A Heinz body haemolytic anaemia and skeletal muscle myopathy were the most common pathological findings and were considered to be a result of a complex nutritional deficiency involving vitamin E, selenium and protein. Inflammatory disease of the intestinal tract was also a major feature. Chronic colitis was particularly common in older marmosets. Pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis and brain abscesses were important pathological findings in home-bred marmosets and were commonly associated with bacterial infections, particularly Bordetella bronchiseptica and Klebsiella species. Trichospirura leptostoma within pancreatic ducts of wild-caught marmosets was the only significant parasitic disease encountered. Mycotic infections of the upper alimentary tract with Candida species were occasional findings in debilitated animals. No pathological features suggesting viral diseases were found.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

An outbreak of Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia in a colony of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

An outbreak of Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia occurred in a breeding colony of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). 16 animals, all except one under 12 months of age, died suddenly. Extensive lesions of pneumonia and pleurisy were found at necropsy and B. bronchiseptica was isolated from the nasopharynx, trachea and lungs. Older animals had only a mild rhinitis. Colonization of the nasal mucosa occurred in 71 of 156 marmosets.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

A survey of the pathology of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) under experiment.

A survey of the pathology of 567 laboratory-bred cotton-eared marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) is presented. There were few significant pathological changes in animals used in studies up to 6 months in duration, suggesting that the marmoset can be a useful non-human primate species for routine toxicology. The most common pathological changes encountered were chronic colitis, chronic thyroiditis and interstitial mononuclear infiltration in the kidney. No internal parasites were encountered, nor were any viral or bacterial diseases identified. Fungal disease was confined to a few cases of oesophageal mycoses. In a long term study a variety of pathological changes have been observed, including a 'wasting' syndrome, not related to skeletal muscle myopathy, with atrophy of the gastrointestinal tract, salivary glands and gonads, haemosiderosis and fatty change in the liver and osteoporosis. It is suggested that these changes may be related to protein deficiency and that the nutritional requirements of the marmoset require further investigation.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Systems for collection of urine in the captive common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus.

Two systems are described for the collection of 24 h urine samples from the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Using 84 adult animals, 1210 24-h samples were collected. Mean urinary excretion was 14.4 +/- 7.5 ml/24 h (n = 1210, mean +/- SD). No differences were observed between sexes (for 52 females, 24 h volume = 15.1 +/- 8.0 ml; for 32 males, 24 h volume = 12.5 +/- 6.0 ml). No significant differences were observed between pregnant and non-pregnant females with respect to 24 h urine volume, and bilateral gonadectomy did not influence subsequent urinary excretion in either sex. For 161 pairs of observations, the intake of drinking water (11.7 +/- 10.2 ml/24 h) and the volume of urine excreted (12.6 +/- 7.1 ml/24 h) showed a positive correlation (r = 0.406 d.f. 159, P less than 0.001: y = 0.558x + 4.247).

Animals↗