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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Separation experiences: a new look at an old topic.

Research findings on the effects of separation are reviewed. Children of working mothers develop as well as those whose mothers remain at home. The effects of day care for very young children depend very much on the quality of care provided. Admission to hospital is stressful for preschool children through separation from the family, lack of opportunity to form new attachments, a strange environment, and disturbed parent-child relationships on return home; recurrent hospital admissions may have long-term sequelae, especially in children under chronic stress. An institutional upbringing need not impair cognitive development, but multiple rotating caretakers are likely to interfere with social development. Broken homes are associated with psychiatric disorder only in so far as they reflect family discord and disharmony. Bereavement is most likely to lead to prolonged grief reactions in older children and adolescents. Forced separations of mother and infant in the neonatal period may damage parent-child relationships. Many mechanisms are involved in these different experiences, and in only a few is the separation itself the main stress.

Anxiety, Separation↗
PubMed1980

Psychomotor development in 65 home-reared children with cri-du-chat syndrome.

The psychomotor development of 65 noninstitutionalized individuals with cri-du-chat syndrome was examined through parental questionnaire responses and supporting medical records. Social quotients determined by a Vineland Maturity Scale ranged from 6 to 85, the ages at which developmental milestones were attained varied from the upper limits of normal to six years delayed. Achievement levels were influenced favorably by the early introduction of special education, and were affected adversely by the presence of an unbalanced translocation. This study suggests that many children with cri-du-chat syndrome can attain developmental and social skills normally seen in 5- to 6-year-old children, although their linguistic abilities are seldom as advanced. Contrary to the commonly portrayed clinical picture of severe mental retardation and bedridden debilitation, the older home-reared cri-du-chat child was usually ambulatory, had a moderate degree of independence in self-care skills, and was able to communicate either verbally or through gestural sign language. Physicians and parents should be aware of the full range of psychomotor potential of the child with cri-du-chat syndrome in order to make informed decisions concerning institutional placement.

Achievement↗
PubMed1980

Failure to thrive.

Failure to thrive is one of the most common diagnostic problems in pediatrics. The term is applied to describe a still poorly defined entity. We will define failure to thrive, review the frequency of various etiologies, and present a logical approach to this problem.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Epidemiology of hearing impairment at three Flemish Institutes for Deaf and Speech Defective Children.

A retrospective analysis of 190 records of hearing impaired children up to the age of 14, all educated at one of three Flemish Institutes for Deaf and Speech Defective Children in Belgium, was performed. Until 1999, the well-known behavioral test (Ewing test) was used in the Flemish national screening program for hearing losses. Because it presented a lot of disadvantages, it has been replaced by Automated Auditory Brainstem Responses (AABR), enabling the Flemish national neonatal screening program to commence. This study is an extension of the preliminary results of a recently performed retrospective analysis in one Flemish institute of the hearing loss of patients that were diagnosed in the pre-AABR era. The authors analyzed the following data: etiology, risk factors of congenital hearing impairment, the patient's history from the moment of the first suspicion to diagnosis and treatment. The median age of the children was 8.5 years (2-14 year). In 66.5% the parents and/or grandparents were the first to raise suspicion, this was at a median age of approximately 9 months. The diagnosis was often made late, at a median age of 15 months (0-88 months). The etiology was unknown in 32.6% of the cases. The only cast-iron certain diagnoses were pre- and perinatal infections, syndromal and genetic hearing loss, and acquired infections (meningitis and measles). No risk factors of hearing loss, as they are stated by the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing, were found in more than 50% of the cases. Audiometry was performed in all cases, often supplemented with Auditory Brainstem Responses and/or click-evoked otoacoustic emissions, while other diagnostic investigations (imaging, genetics, etc.) were only variably performed. Finally, the authors confirm the need for universal neonatal screening, which only recently started in Belgium, and suggest that a detailed protocol should be established to pursue a coherent diagnostic policy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A restraint on restraints: the need to reconsider the use of restrictive interventions.

Children with behavior problems are put in units with milieu therapy for the support and guidance of a specialized health care team, supposedly experts in the care of children with these unique and urgent needs. The reality of such units, however, is that those with the most contact with the children are often inadequately prepared, both in terms of knowledge and skills, to manage disruptive behaviors. As a result, the milieu that is supposed to provide support and structure can actually exacerbate the trauma for the vulnerable child. Preliminary data are presented from an ongoing study that is investigating the experiences and memories of formerly hospitalized children. Three types of traumatic experiences are described: vicarious trauma, alienation from staff, and direct trauma. Many of the traumatic events endured by child patients are the result of an inappropriate use by staff of power and force. There was a marked lack of understanding by the children of why given interventions were used. Although coercive interventions are sometimes necessary, ethical, legal, and other professional considerations make it clear that more work is needed. Research to identify the patterns of lack of knowledge and skills, as well as to develop appropriate interventions are recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1970

Observations on the nasopharyngeal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b in children in Kampala, Uganda.

Haemophilus influenzae type b was isolated from 4.5% of outpatient children living in various parts of Kampala city and its surroundings. In contrast, this serotype was carried by up to 53% (average 29%) of 14 to 18 children living as a group in an orphanage. This finding indicates that the high carriage rate for this serotype demonstrated by Turk (1963) in a group of orphanage infants in Jamaica was not an isolated finding, and that it may be expected where large groups of children live together.H. influenzae type b did not appear to be a readily transmitted organism even in that group of children with a high carriage rate. This suggests that in ordinary open communities the transmission of this serotype from one household to another may be an extremely rare event.

Carrier State↗
PubMed1976

The prevalence of early childhood autism: comparison of administrative and epidemiological studies.

The results of surveys and inquiries to identify autistic children, carried out in England and Wales, the U.S.A. and Denmark, are compared. Three studies, in each of which either a total population of children or a wide range of handicapped children was screened, using case-note inspection and interviews, all estimated the prevalence of the autistic syndrome to be between four and five children per 10,000 aged under 15 years. Inquiries that counted diagnosed cases only or that relied upon local authority records produced much lower prevalence rates for the autistic syndrome. The reasons for this are examined, and the implications for prevalence studies of handicapping conditions are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Can inattention/overactivity be an institutional deprivation syndrome?

Elevated rates of attention deficit and overactivity have been noted previously in samples of institution-reared children. This study examined the hypothesis that inattention/overactivity(I/O) might constitute a specific deprivation syndrome. One hundred and sixty five children adopted at varying ages (e.g., 0-42 months of age) into the UK following severe early deprivation were compared with 52 within-UK adoptees who did not suffer deprivation. The children were rated by teachers and parents on levels of I/O, conduct difficulties, and emotional difficulties using the Revised Rutter Scales. Data were collected at age 6 for the entire sample and at age 4 for the UK adoptees and for the subsample of Romanian children who entered the UK before the age of 2 years. Mean level analyses suggested a significant effect of duration of deprivation on I/O, but not on conduct or emotional difficulties. The effects of duration of deprivation were specific to I/O and were not accounted for by low birth weight, malnutrition, or cognitive impairment. Levels of I/O correlated with attachment disturbances. Furthermore, the effects of duration of deprivation on I/O did not attenuate over time. We conclude that I/O may well constitute an institutional deprivation syndrome, but that the type of attention deficit and overactivity exhibited by these children may present a different clinical picture from that of "ordinary" varieties of attention deficit disorder or hyperkinetic syndrome.

Adoption↗
PubMed2004

Are there biological programming effects for psychological development? Findings from a study of Romanian adoptees.

Associations between experiences and outcomes could be due to (a) continuation of adversity or (b) organismic changes, including experience-expectant and experience-adaptive developmental programming. The adoption into British families of children who had been reared in profoundly depriving institutions in Romania presented an opportunity to test mechanisms. Romanian children reared from infancy in very depriving institutions for periods up to 42 months were compared with 52 nondeprived UK-born children placed into adoptive families before the age of 6 months. The results at 6 years of age showed substantial normal cognitive and social functioning after the provision of family rearing but also major persistent deficits in a substantial minority. The pattern of findings suggests some form of early biological programming or neural damage stemming from institutional deprivation, but the heterogeneity in outcome indicates that the effects are not deterministic.

Adoption↗
PubMed1989

Parasitological observations on three Bolivian localities including rural communities, cities and institutions.

Three hundred of 381 subjects examined from the Camiri, Boyuibe and Gutierrez areas (Santa Cruz Department) harboured one to six species of intestinal helminths and/or protozoa. High infection rates were found in Camiri in the orphanage (43 of 44 persons) and in the Military Hospital (10 of 10 persons), as well as in Itanambicua (97.4%), a rural community close to the city (38 of 39 persons). No significant differences were noted between the overall parasitic prevalences observed in rural and urban environments, but the frequency of species was different. Indiscriminate defaecation, the habit of living in close association with animals, overcrowding, and especially lack of health education, are some of the factors responsible for the parasitic situation observed.

Adolescent↗