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PubMed2002

Baccalaureate nursing students' communication process in the clinical setting.

The purpose of this study was to describe and generate theory about how baccalaureate nursing students communicate with patients in the clinical setting using the qualitative method of grounded theory. Third-year and fourth-year generic baccalaureate nursing students were the primary participants in this study. Data were gathered during two academic semesters from formal and informal interviews and observations in hospital and home care settings. Transcribed audiotapes and field memos constituted the data generated in the study and were subjected to generating categories through open coding of data, applying theoretical codes to the data, collapsing and expanding categories reflective of the data, and memoing and uncovering the core category of the data. The core category then became the grounded theory. Analysis of the data revealed that students encountered a basic social psychological problem of "saying the right things to patients" in the clinical setting, which was preceded by the antecedent problem of "fear of saying the wrong things to patients." Students solved the problem, in part, by employing communication strategies and patterns. Eight communication strategies and five communication patterns incorporating communication strategies were identified. In addition, students went through a four-stage basic social psychological process. The process of learning a personal communication repertoire was uncovered as the substantive grounded theory. The repertoire was learned by students in the dynamic environment of the clinical setting in which RNs served as role models and communicating with difficult patients was the crucial step in the process of communication development.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Testing for chlamydial and gonorrheal infections outside of clinic settings: a summary of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) provide new technology that makes it feasible to initiate testing for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) infection outside of clinic settings. METHODS: We summarized the English-language literature describing chlamydial or gonorrheal testing with self-collection of urine or vaginal specimens outside of clinic settings in developed countries published between January 1995 and August 2002. RESULTS: Testing for CT or GC infection has been initiated in school, community, and home settings. Purposes include screening of asymptomatic populations, improving quality of clinic-based health care, and research. Challenges include defining and reaching target populations, overcoming logistic issues, developing communication and counseling strategies, and determining whether alternative testing strategies are effectively reducing infection rates. CONCLUSIONS: The use of NAATs to detect CT and GC infection outside of clinic settings will undoubtedly continue. Future research should focus on how to best use this technology to reduce rates of infection.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗

PubMed2004

Spermatic cord anesthesia block for scrotal procedures in outpatient clinic setting.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the safety and effectiveness of spermatic cord anesthetic block (SCAB) as the only method of anesthesia for bilateral simple orchiectomy in an outpatient clinic setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 141 consecutive bilateral simple orchiectomy (BSO) procedures performed at Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center during a 33-month period. All procedures were performed in an outpatient clinic setting using SCAB as the only method of anesthesia. The anesthetic solution consisted of an equal mixture of 1% lidocaine with epinephrine at 1:100,000 and 0.25% bupivacaine. A 10-point visual analog pain scale was used to assess pain/discomfort at baseline, during SCAB instillation and during BSO. Postoperatively overall patient impression/satisfaction with SCAB as a method of anesthesia was determined. RESULTS: Nine of the 141 available cases (6.4%) were excluded from study. The remaining 132 cases were included in data analysis. Mean patient age was 75.4 years (range 44 to 86). A total of 76 patients (57.6%) were receiving luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist therapy at the time of the procedure. The mean time needed to perform SCAB and BSO was 3.9 (range 2 to 6) and 33.0 minutes (range 12 to 70), respectively. The average volume of anesthetic solution was 20.1 ml per case (range 10 to 32). The mean pain score was 0.36 (range 0 to 8), 1.96 (range 0 to 8) and 0.33 (range 0 to 5) at baseline, and during SCAB and BSO, respectively. Of the patients 102 (77.3%) underwent a painless procedure (pain score = 0), 29 (21.9%) experienced transient pain that was mild in nature (pain score 4 or less) and only 1 (0.7%) had a pain score of 5. Pain scores were similar in patients who were and were not receiving luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonists at baseline (p = 0.36), during SCAB instillation (p = 0.89) and during BSO (p = 0.36). The overall impression/satisfaction with SCAB as a method of anesthesia was rated as highly satisfactory by 91.7% of patients and satisfactory by 8.3%. There were no intraoperative adverse events related to SCAB. CONCLUSIONS: SCAB is a simple, safe and highly effective method of anesthesia for scrotal procedures. It allows such procedures to be performed in an outpatient clinic setting, offering convenience and the potential for cost savings.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Preventing diabetes in the clinical setting.

OBJECTIVE: Translating lessons from clinical trials on the prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes to populations in nonstudy settings remains a challenge. The purpose of this paper is to review, from the perspective of practicing clinicians, available evidence on lifestyle interventions or medication to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: A MEDLINE search identified 4 major diabetes prevention trials using lifestyle changes and 3 using prophylactic medications. We reviewed the study design, key components, and outcomes for each study, focusing on aspects of the interventions potentially adaptable to clinical settings. RESULTS: The lifestyle intervention studies set modest goals for weight loss and physical activity. Individualized counseling helped participants work toward their own goals; behavioral contracting and self-monitoring were key features, and family and social context were emphasized. Study staff made vigorous follow-up efforts for subjects having less success. Actual weight loss by participants was modest; yet, the reduction in diabetes incidence was quite significant. Prophylactic medication also reduced diabetes risk; however, lifestyle changes were more effective and are recommended as first-line strategy. Cost-effectiveness analyses have shown both lifestyle and medication interventions to be beneficial, especially as they might be implemented in practice. CONCLUSION: Strong evidence exists for the prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes through lifestyle changes. Components of these programs may be adaptable for use in clinical settings. This evidence supports broader implementation and increased reimbursement for provider services related to nutrition and physical activity to forestall morbidity from type 2 diabetes.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Diagnosis of MS: a comparison of three different clinical settings.

In order to compare a newly established diagnostic clinic with two existing clinical settings in the management of the diagnostic phase of multiple sclerosis (MS), a retrospective audit was performed over a 12-month period comparing the length of time, adherence to recently published standards and price charged in diagnosing MS in three different clinical diagnostic settings operating within the same hospital: a specifically designed demyelinating disease diagnostic clinic (DDC), a general neurology clinic (GNC) and an inpatient investigation unit (IIU). An audit tool was created to measure the standards advocated by the UK MS Society on management of the diagnostic phase of MS. The costing tool was the price charged to health authorities. A randomized retrospective case note and referral letter review method was used. The entry criterion was a confirmed diagnosis of MS documented in the medical notes following investigation during the period April 1999-April 2001. The time between referral and first appointment favoured the DDC with a mean time of 5.9 weeks, compared to 7.7 weeks for the GNC and 10.0 weeks for the IIU. The mean times between the first appointment and receipt of results were 4.7 weeks (DDC), 18.8 weeks (GNC) and 21.2 weeks (IIU). Prices ranged from pounds sterling 395-pounds sterling 790 (DDC), pounds sterling 95-pounds sterling 380 (GNC) and pounds sterling 1940-pounds sterling 2700 (IIU). This study suggests that the UK MS Society standards are achievable in most areas without excessive additional costs and provides evidence that the DDC offers a better service than other existing models.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Estimation and comparison of CAD system performance in clinical settings.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Computer-aided detection (CAD) systems are frequently compared using free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) curves. While there are ample statistical methods for comparing FROC curves, when one is interested in comparing the outcomes of 2 CAD systems applied in a typical clinical setting, there is the additional matter of correctly determining the system operating point. This article shows how the effect of the sampling error on determining the correct CAD operating point can be captured. By incorporating this uncertainty, a method is presented that allows estimation of the probability with which a particular CAD system performs better than another on unseen data in a clinical setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The distribution of possible clinical outcomes from 2 artificial CAD systems with different FROC curves is examined. The sampling error is captured by the distribution of possible system thresholds of the classifying machine that yields a specified sensitivity. After introducing a measure of superiority, the probability of one system being superior to the other can be determined. RESULTS: It is shown that for 2 typical mammography CAD systems, each trained on independent representative datasets of 100 cases, the FROC curves must be separated by 0.20 false positives per image in order to conclude that there is a 90% probability that one is better than the other in a clinical setting. Also, there is no apparent gain in increasing the size of the training set beyond 100 cases. DISCUSSION: CAD systems for mammography are modeled for illustrative purposes, but the method presented is applicable to any computer-aided detection system evaluated with FROC curves. The presented method is designed to construct confidence intervals around possible clinical outcomes and to assess the importance of training set size and separation between FROC curves of systems trained on different datasets.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1995

Older patients' willingness to trade off urologic adverse outcomes for a better chance at five-year survival in the clinical setting of prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether patients report a willingness to trade-off urologic adverse outcomes--urinary incontinence and total impotence--for a better chance of 5-year survival in the clinical setting of prostate cancer; and, if so, whether patients' current levels of symptoms of urinary incontinence, impotence, and frequency of sexual activity influence their decisions. DESIGN: Structured interviews with a convenience sample of male patients. SETTING: A university-based Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PATIENTS: One hundred sixty-three patients seen consecutively in General Medical Clinic at the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Portland, Oregon, were enrolled in the study. Mean age of the patients was 65.2 years (SD = 10.6, range - 35-84); mean level of formal education completed was 13 years (SD = 2.7, range = 5-19). MEASUREMENTS: In a hypothetical clinical setting of prostate cancer, patients were offered a choice of two procedures--Treatment A (surgery: worse short-term, better long-term survival) and Treatment B (radiation therapy: better short-term, worse long-term survival)--with varying benefit/risk trade-offs in time. Patients were presented with pairs of treatment curves that were developed from research data on survival for surgery versus radiation therapy for stage II prostate cancer confined to the prostate gland. Treatments were not identified to control for labeling effects. Patients were asked their willingness to accept a chance of immediate mortality for better 5-year survival in one of four treatment curve comparisons. Of those who accepted the net beneficial procedure, we then inquired as to whether urologic complications--urinary incontinence and wearing an appliance to collect urine or total impotence--altered the acceptability of that treatment. RESULTS: Ninety-four percent (153/163) of patients were willing to choose Treatment A (worse short-term, better long-term survival) on one of the four scenarios; the remainder (10/163) were unwilling to take Treatment A (worse short-term, better long-term survival) on any of the four scenarios. Sixty-two percent (95/153) of patients were willing to accept a 100% chance of urinary incontinence; 83% (127/153) were willing to accept a 100% chance of impotence (chi-square = 16.8 with 1 df, P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results in an older male veteran population suggest than many patients are more concerned with long-term survival in the clinical setting of prostate cancer than with short-term treatment risks. In addition, patients are more willing to accept an impotence outcome than a urinary incontinence outcome, but this result was not related to patients' reported frequency of sexual activity.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

QT interval effects of cisapride in the clinical setting.

PURPOSE: The clinical effect of cisapride on QT intervals was prospectively studied. SUBJECTS: Consecutive adult patients were recruited in whom cisapride was indicated for gastroesophogeal reflux, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, diabetic gastroparesis or chronic constipation refractory to laxatives. Exclusion criteria included disorders and medications affecting cardiac conduction, electrolyte homeostasis, drug clearance and membrane stability. METHODS: Seventy-five patients were included and followed at 1 to 2 week intervals. Patients took cisapride 5 mg thrice daily for 1 to 4 weeks (lower dose stage), followed by 10 mg thrice daily for another 1 to 4 weeks (higher dose stage). Twelve-lead ECGs were performed before commencing cisapride (group B), at completion of the lower dose stage (group L) and at completion of the higher dose stage (group H). RESULTS: No patients experienced presyncope or syncope. Seventeen patients failing to comply, and 7 complaining of abdominal discomfort or diarrhea were excluded, leaving 51 participants. Group H's corrected QT interval (QTc) was longer than group B's by 13+/-15 ms (P<0.001), and longer than group L's by 7+/-11 ms (P<0.001). Group L's QTc was longer than group B's by 7+/-21 ms (P<0.05). QT dispersion did not differ significantly among groups. Neither torsade de pointe nor ventricular tachycardia were noted in Holter monitoring of 33 patients during the higher dose stage. CONCLUSION: cisapride dose-dependently prolongs the QT interval. Further study is needed to examine the arrhythmogenicity of cisapride in higher doses and for longer durations.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Assessing digital and quantitative EEG in clinical settings.

Assessment of clinical utility involves a series of steps based primarily on published peer-reviewed medical literature. Relevant publications usually use the scientific method, appropriate control groups, blinded reading, prospective design, and other study elements. Assessments are more credible when conducted by those who do not have a conflict of interest in the technique. A detailed assessment of digital and quantitative EEG was conducted recently by the American Academy of Neurology. The American Clinical Neurophysiology Society was a joint sponsor. This assessment concluded that digital EEG is an excellent substitute for paper EEG. It also found quantitative techniques helpful in epilepsy monitoring, seizure detections, and in operating room/intensive care unit trend monitors. Several other applications were considered promising, whereas some applications were considered not ready for clinical use. Substantial problems still plague the field, predisposing to false-positive results.

Brain↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of ready-to-use and multi-dose influenza vaccine formats in large clinic settings.

Large immunization clinics are commonly held to deliver influenza vaccine to seniors and others. Vaccine is typically dispensed from multi-dose vials but pre-filled syringes are now available, offering time savings for vaccinators. To determine if the higher purchase price of such syringes is offset by savings in time and injection supplies, we did a controlled comparison of syringe and vial formats in two large, concurrent, community-based influenza vaccination clinics. Vaccine preparation and immunization times were carefully documented along with costs for vaccine purchase, storage and injection supplies. Servicing 1,000 clients required 27 nurse hours using syringes and 36 hours using vials but the savings for personnel ($234) and supplies ($1,190) using syringes were exceeded by higher vaccine cost ($2,090 premium) and extra storage costs ($260) for bulkier packaging. Depending upon product and packaging style, programs using vials are cheaper by $709-$926 per 100 doses delivered compared to using pre-filled syringes.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗

PubMed2004

Operationalizing the concept of the optimal healing environment in clinical settings: the importance of "readiness".

Creation of an optimal healing environment (OHE) in a clinical setting is a multifaceted undertaking and subject to a wide variety of developmental influences. While comprehensive definitions for OHE might provide sufficient guidance for communicating philosophy and values and developing patient-practitioner processes, direction for creating a supportive administrative structure or establishing an evaluation/research strategy is less defined. Operationalizing the concept of OHE by breaking it down into components such as values, structure, process, and measurement of outcomes, proved to be a useful framework for analyzing the evolution of our integrated care program. Future OHE initiatives may benefit from using this type of framework to assess readiness among cocreators prior to development and implementation, as a guide for ongoing evaluation of an OHE postimplementation and as a basis for comparing OHEs across a variety of clinical settings.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1989

Acceptability of visual analogue scales in the clinical setting: a comparison with verbal rating scales in postoperative pain.

Pain is the clinical symptom most difficult to evaluate. Although clinical trials methodology have permitted assessment of pain objectively through rating scales, these strategies have not been used in clinical setting. The present study was undertaken to determine if visual analogue scales could be useful in the measurement of postoperative pain in usual medical practice. The study comprised 212 patients with abdominal, orthopedic or gynecological surgical procedures within the previous 24 h. Patients evaluated their pain using a verbal rating scale (VRS) of five points or a visual analogue scale (VAS) of 10 cm. The investigators also evaluated patient pain through a VAS. The results obtained showed that a high correlation between VRS and VAS could be established in all patients (p less than 0.001). The VAS of patients and researchers were also found to be highly correlated (p less than 0.001). When values of each group were compared by pain intensity a total agreement of VAS scores at low pain level could be established, but differences were found at high pain intensity levels, suggesting that physicians scored lower than patients when pain was severe to unbearable. It is concluded that VAS could be a reliable method to assess pain in clinical setting.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Effectiveness of tobacco cessation interventions delivered in clinical settings in South Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Despite the burden of tobacco use, access to cessation support in South Asia remains scarce. OBJECTIVE: This review evaluates the effectiveness of tobacco cessation interventions delivered in clinical settings in South Asia. METHODS: Five relevant databases were searched from inception to February 2025. Eligibility criteria included randomized and non-randomized studies evaluating behavioral, pharmacotherapy, and multicomponent interventions delivered in clinical settings in South Asia. Data on study setting and design, participant information, intervention, comparator, and outcomes were extracted. Meta-analyses using random-effect models were conducted where possible. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE. RESULTS: Thirty-seven studies were included (22 randomized and 15 non-randomized). Interventions involved pharmacotherapy (n = 6; 16.2%), nicotine replacement therapy (n = 7; 18.9%), behavioral counseling (n = 12; 32.4%), or combined/multicomponent interventions (n = 12; 32.4%). Most studies were conducted in India (n = 26; 70.3%), followed by Pakistan (n = 6; 16.2%), Nepal (n = 3; 8.1%), and two studies (5.4%) were multi-country in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Pooled analyses demonstrated higher quit rates among intervention versus control for continuous abstinence at 0-3 months (RR: 1.21, 95%CI: 1.06 to 1.37) and >3 months (RR: 1.68, 95%CI: 1.1.4 to 2.47), and for point abstinence at >3 months post-intervention (RR: 2.03, 95%CI:1.35 to 3.08). Heterogeneity was high for all analyses (I2 range: 94% to 97%). Combined behavioral and pharmacotherapy interventions were most effective (RR: 1.70, 95%CI: 0.98 to 2.92), although not statistically significant (p = 0.06). CONCLUSION: Tobacco cessation interventions delivered in clinical settings in South Asia are effective, particularly when combining behavioral support with pharmacotherapy. However, evidence is limited by methodological weaknesses.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

Evaluation of pretest clinical score (4 T's) for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in two clinical settings.

BACKGROUND: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a prothrombotic adverse drug reaction caused by heparin. As thrombocytopenia is common in hospitalized patients receiving heparin, it would be useful to have a clinical scoring system that could differentiate patients with HIT from those with other reasons for thrombocytopenia. AIM: To compare prospectively the diagnostic utility of a clinical score for HIT in two different clinical settings. METHODS: The pretest clinical scoring system, the '4 T's', was used to classify 100 consecutive patients referred for possible HIT in one hospital (Hamilton General Hospital, HGH) into high, intermediate, and low probability groups. This system was also used to classify likewise 236 patients by clinicians in Germany referring blood for diagnostic testing for HIT in Greifswald (GW). The clinical scores were correlated with the results of laboratory testing for HIT antibodies using the serologic criteria for HIT with high diagnostic specificity. RESULTS: In both centers, patients with low scores were unlikely to test positive for HIT antibodies [HGH: 1/64 (1.6%), GW: 0/55 (0%)]. Patients with intermediate [HGH: 8/28 (28.6%), GW: 11/139 (7.9%)] or high scores [HGH: 8/8 (100%), GW: 9/42 (21.4%)] were more likely to test positive for clinically significant HIT antibodies. The positive predictive value of an intermediate or high clinical score for clinically significant HIT antibodies was higher at one center (HGH). CONCLUSIONS: A low pretest clinical score for HIT seems to be suitable for ruling out HIT in most situations (high-negative predictive value). The implications of an intermediate or high score vary in different clinical settings.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

'Going public' and 'watching sick people'--the clinic setting as a factor in the experiences of gay men participating in AIDS clinical trials.

This paper reports findings from a study which was concerned to investigate the experiences of gay men living with HIV disease on anti-HIV clinical drug trials in Australia. Participation observation of a Phase 1 clinical trial and in-depth interviews with both trial participants on a range of clinical trials and trial nurses provided data which point to the centrality of the clinic setting in structuring the experiences of trial participants. The importance of the clinic site is particularly evident in respect of issues of information control and, particularly for asymptomatic trial participants, confrontation with future ill selves. A further key issue which emerged relates to the epidemiological profile of the HIV epidemic in Australia in which gay men are disproportionately represented; the HIV trial site is a sexualized space, presence there is commonly assumed to mean that the individual is gay, given the cultural co-categorization of homosexuality and HIV. These findings have implications for accrual to anti-HIV clinical trials, for compliance rates and for health care intervention programmes, in particular those which are concerned to monitor and support those participating in AIDS clinical trials. The findings are also of broad relevance to the wider issue of quality of life of gay men with HIV disease taking experimental anti-HIV therapies.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2003

Perceptions and experiences of nurses in Turkey about verbal abuse in clinical settings.

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency and sources of verbal abuse against nurses working in clinical settings in different hospitals in the last 12 months, to identify nurses' perceptions about verbal abuse, and to determine types of emotions experienced by nurses who had encountered verbal abuse. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: This descriptive study was conducted in May 2001 in Turkey. Data were collected from 467 nurses working in various clinical settings in three hospitals. METHOD: The instrument was a 23-item questionnaire on verbal abuse. Data were evaluated using frequency and descriptive statistics. FINDINGS: The findings revealed that the majority of nurses had experienced verbal abuse in the last 12 months (86.7%, n = 405). Most nurses (92%) reported that verbal abuse negatively affected their morale. The most common sources of verbal abuse were patients' relatives and patients themselves. CONCLUSIONS: Workplace verbal abuse events cannot always be anticipated. Contingency plans to handle potential situations should be developed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Strategic planning in medical education: enhancing the learning environment for students in clinical settings.

BACKGROUND: The 1999 Cambridge Conference was held in Northern Queensland, Australia, on the theme of clinical teaching and learning. It provided an opportunity for groups of academic medical educators to consider some of the challenges posed by recent changes to health care delivery and medical education across a number of countries. PURPOSE: This paper describes the issues raised by the practical challenges posed by the current environment and how they might be addressed in ways that could promote more effective learning in clinical settings. METHOD: A SWOT analysis is a tool that can help in forward planning by identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats presented by any situation. Our SWOT analysis was used to generate a list of items, from which we chose those most feasible and most likely to promote positive change. RESULTS: Twenty different issues were identified, with four of them chosen by consensus for further elaboration. The discussion gave rise to four main recommended strategies: ensuring that clinical teachers thoroughly understand the purpose and process of learning in clinical settings; equipping learners with 'survival skills'; making the best use of learning resources within different clinical environments and making judicious use of information technology to enhance learning efficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The four strategies were selected not only because of their inherent importance, but also because of their feasibility. Modest changes can motivate students to feel part of a clinical team and a 'community of practice' and enhance their capacity for self-regulated practice.

Clinical Clerkship↗

PubMed2006

Cellular cardiomyoplasty by catheter-based infusion of stem cells in clinical settings.

Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of congestive heart failure and death in the industrialized world. However, the intrinsic repair mechanism of the heart is inadequate. Current therapy is limited in preventing ventricular remodeling, but can not regenerate the lost cardiomyocytes. Recent interests have been focused on cellular cardiomyoplasty which is an outside intervention to support the reparative process in the heart through transplantation of stem/progenitor cells or cardiac cells. Cellular cardiomyoplasty with stem cells is a possible option to reverse the adverse hemodynamic and neurohormonal imbalance after myocardial infarction. Experimental studies and clinical trials suggest that cellular cardiomyoplasty may benefit tissue perfusion and contractile performance of the injured heart. Although the mechanisms are still intensively debated, cellular cardiomyoplasty with stem cells has already been introduced into the clinical settings. However, it is an important challenge how stem cells are delivered to targeted area. In early studies on animals, intramyocardial injection of stem cells after thoracotomy is the predominant transplantation route which is not suitable for most patients in clinical settings. Then the catheter-based infusion of stem cells is clinically introduced and rapidly developed in patients because of the safety, convenience and mini-invasion. We mainly review the progress in catheter-based transplantation with stem cells in order to fully understand the application of various intervention-based approaches to stem cells transplantation in clinical settings.

Animals↗