PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Cognition Disorders”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Levodopa and cognitive disorders in Parkinson's disease].

AIMS: Most of the patients with Parkinson's disease evaluated in formal neuropsychological studies are found to have cognitive disorders similar to those of patients with lesions in the prefrontal cortex. A large number of anatomical, physiological, pharmacological and clinical data indicate that dopamine transmission plays an important role in frontal cortical functions. We review the main types of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease and their response to treatment with levodopa. DEVELOPMENT: In studies involving the acute administration of levodopa, the results obtained with regard to the cognitive functions have been heterogeneous, since improvements, exacerbations and the absence of any changes have all been observed. This heterogeneity is affected by methodological problems deriving from the disease itself, the treatment administered and the way evaluation is carried out. Longitudinal studies show a pattern of initial improvement, followed by stability, or maintenance, over a period of 2 or 3 years and then renewed exacerbation with no response to levodopa. On occasions, patients may only respond after a certain period of continued treatment. Generally speaking, the more severe the cognitive impairment is, the poorer the response to levodopa will be. CONCLUSIONS: Therapy with levodopa modifies, in one sense or another, the cognitive disorders in Parkinson's disease, which indicates that the dopaminergic deficit unquestionably plays a role in these disorders. The absence of response in some patients or in some cognitive functions or the fact that it 'wears off' in most patients suggests that the dopaminergic deficit is only one of the factors in the aetiopathogenesis of the cognitive dysfunction found in Parkinson's disease.

Antiparkinson Agents↗
PubMed1999

[The influence of shunt surgery on the improvement of cognitive disorders in hydrocephalic patients].

We present 43 cases with cognitive disorders due to communicating hydrocephalus assessed by means of neuropshychological tests before and 4-8 months after shunt treatment. The patients were the part of the 95 hydrocephalic cases (45.3%) operated on in the period of 1993-98 at the Department of Neurosurgery in Kraków. Cognitive functions improvement was detected in 81.4% cases, no changes in 7%, and deterioration in 11.6%. Most often the improvement of lingual function, short memory and attention was noted. The worst prognosis for the prediction of improvement of the cognitive functions had the patients with significant cerebral atrophy, and those with symptoms lasting over 1 years.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Transient cognitive disorder from sub clinical paroxysmal EEG activity].

INTRODUCTION: Transient cognitive disorder (TCD) defines the existence of a decrease in reaction time that coincides with an epileptiform EEG discharge, without any simultaneous manifestation of a classical epileptic seizure. Aims. To analyse the relation between episodes of TCD and the neurolopsychological manifestations in infancy that condition a high percentage of neuropaediatric visits to the surgery. At the same time we analyse the relation between the interictal paroxysmal disorders of patients with childhood benign partial idiopathic epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BIE CS) and the neurolopsychological manifestations that are frequently detected in such patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two groups of patients were studied. Group A: 23 children who sought medical attention because of different neurolopsychological disorders (language retardation, hyperactivity, lack of attention, retarded academic achievement, behavioural disorders, bad social interaction); gender: 16 males and 7 females; age interval: from 2 years and 10 months to 11 years and 1 month (average age: 6 years and 8 months). Group B: 10 patients who were BIE CS carriers, two of which evolved toward atypical BIE; gender: 5 males and 5 females; age interval: from 3 years and 3 months to 9 years and 9 months (average age: 7 years and 4 months). Both groups were submitted to a clinical examination protocol involving neurological, EEG, child psychiatric and psychological aspects. RESULTS: In group A, sub clinical paroxysmal EEG discharges were seen in three cases, two of which corresponded to a lack of attention disorder with hyperactivity, and the third had a generalised growth disorder. In group B we detected a high percentage of perceptive and psychomotor disorders, without the existence of differences between those who displayed an irritative focus in the right or in the left hemisphere, although the alteration in the level of language was greater in the latter. Likewise, in a large percentage of cases (80%) the evaluation of the level of personality revealed obvious anxiety traits, which were related with suffering from seizures. CONCLUSIONS: Sufficient evidence has been found to demonstrate the existence of the possible relation between different neuropsychological disorders and epileptic EEG discharges, although revealing it in daily clinical practice requires a thorough diagnostic protocol and an accurate neuropsychological examination under video EEG monitoring, the positive results of which are considered to be decisive in evaluating the possibility of pharmacological treatment.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The action of memantine on the cognitive disorders of patients with dementia: reflections following two years' experience in Spain].

AIMS: To review the literature on the effectiveness of memantine in cognitive disorders, and to discuss data from our own personal experience. DEVELOPMENT: In moderately advanced or advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), use of memantine for cognitive disorders and functional independence is significantly effective, regardless of whether anticholinesterases are taken or not. Effectiveness lasts at least 1 year (open trial). The NNT (number needed to treat) of 7 means it has a value that is similar to that of anticholinesterases for the treatment of the early or moderate phases and the magnitude effect of 0.47 can be graded as intermediate. In incipient or moderate AD its effectiveness on the cognitive functions is lower. In early or moderate vascular dementia, memantine has favourable effects with regard to cognition, especially in dementia due to 'small-vessel' disease, although this is not reflected in functional independence, probably because it is also affected by other neurological and systemic factors. A retrospective analysis of 43 of our own cases (AD at GDS 6-7) showed a percentage of 'not worse' between successive visits (mean interval of 6 months) of 40-70%, the best result being obtained by those who take anticholinesterase. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of memantine on cognitive impairment is significant in moderately advanced and advanced stages of AD, although we need to know physicians' impressions in order to determine the extent to which the first expectations from clinical trials are confirmed. This effect is less pronounced in the early and intermediate stages and in vascular dementia.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Subjective cognitive disorders in schizophrenia].

The current status of the subjective cognitive disorders (SCD) in schizophrenia is examined Hypothetically, SCD are ascribed to impairments of information processing, however studies on the relationship between SCD and information processing are scarce and contradictory. The psychometric properties of most SCD' scales are not enough studied, but they seem to have a high interrater reliability, internal consistency and concurrent validity. The number of SCD is related to female sex, and inversely to educative level and the lack of insight into illness. In the acute stage of illness, the SCD are associated to positive symptoms and they can then reflect the process activity of the schizophrenia. In the remission stage of illness, the SCD are related to negative symptoms and they are the subjective experience of the psychological deficit. A theory of the SCD in the framework of the vulnerability/stress model of schizophrenia is proposed.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed1993

Parallels between neuroleptic effects and lethargic encephalitis: the production of dyskinesias and cognitive disorders.

A retrospective examination of lethargic encephalitis finds many parallels with neuroleptic effects. The encephalitis, like the neuroleptics, produced an acute continuum of cognitive disorders from emotional indifference through apathy and onto a rousable stupor. It also produced similar acute dyskinesias, including akinesia, akathisia, dystonia, oculogyric crises, and tremors. The encephalitis also caused similar chronic effects, including dementia and psychosis, and somewhat different persistent dyskinesias. The chronic motor and cognitive disorders, like those associated with the neuroleptics, were often delayed in onset. An acute, severe episode of lethargic encephalitis also finds a parallel in the neuroleptic malignant syndrome. These parallels are probably due to a common site of action in the basal ganglia. They provide a model for understanding many neuroleptic effects and alert us to the probability of persistent cognitive deficits, including dementia, from neuroleptic treatment.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed2004

Enhancing antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus cognitive disorders.

The benefits of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV cognitive disorders vary substantially between individuals. This study evaluated whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drug penetration and CSF virological suppression influence the extent of neuropsychological (NP) improvement during ART. Overall performance on a battery of NP tests administered at baseline and follow-up (median 15 weeks) was computed by using the global deficit score (GDS) methods in 31 cognitively impaired, HIV-infected individuals who began new ART regimens. Virological suppression (attaining undetectable viral load by RT-PCR at follow-up) was assessed separately for plasma and CSF. Subjects on regimens containing greater numbers of CSF-penetrating drugs showed significantly greater reduction in CSF viral load. Subjects attaining CSF virological suppression demonstrated greater GDS improvement than those who did not (median GDS change, 0.62 vs 0.23; p = 0.01). A similar trend for plasma did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.053). NP improvement was greater in ART-naive versus treatment-experienced subjects. In a multivariate model (overall p = 0.0008), significant, independent predictors of GDS reduction were CSF HIV RNA suppression, baseline antiretroviral history, and their interaction. Including CSF-penetrating drugs in the ART regimen and monitoring CSF viral load may be indicated for individuals with HIV-associated cognitive impairment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Relation of C-reactive protein to stroke, cognitive disorders, and depression in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Evidence suggests that a high concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) is a cardiovascular risk factor and an important correlate of cognitive disorders and depression. Recently, population-based studies examining the association between CRP and stroke, cognitive impairment, or depression have been done but have not yet been systematically reviewed. Here we present a systematic review of the associations between CRP and stroke, cognitive impairment, and depression. Hospital or clinic-based studies were excluded because the inferences might not be easily applicable to the general population. 19 eligible studies of CRP were selected: seven for stroke, six for cognitive disorders, and six for depression. Raised CRP concentrations were associated with history of stroke and increased risk of incident stroke. Meta-analysis of studies with long follow-up (>8 years) showed that the risk for stroke in healthy individuals with the highest quartile of CRP concentrations increased nearly 70% compared to those with the lowest quartile. High concentrations of CRP were predictive of cognitive decline and dementia. The relations of CRP to depression were all cross-sectional and were not consistent. We conclude that high concentrations of CRP are associated with increased risk of stroke and cognitive impairment. The association between CRP and depression should be studied prospectively.

C-Reactive Protein↗
PubMed1992

A polydiagnostic approach to self-perceived cognitive disorders in schizophrenia.

The relationship between the self-perceived cognitive disorders (SPCD) assessed using the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire (FCQ) and 21 definitions of schizophrenia was studied in a sample of 118 consecutively admitted patients. The FCQ total score was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the presence of Schneider's, Yusin's and Present State Examination criteria of schizophrenia. A significant association, in this case negative, was also found between the FCQ total score and the presence of the DSM-III-R criteria of schizophrenia. The results suggest that the SPCDs are more associated with Schneider-related criteria than with chronic or deficit models of schizophrenia. It was also found that the female sex as well as the presence of insight were significantly associated with a greater number of SPCDs.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A continuum approach to modelling cognitive disorders.

At the present time, the dominant conceptual framework in neuroscience views neurons as discrete information processing units. While this framework has undoubtedly been successful in explaining phenomena at the single-cell level, it has had less success in explaining large-scale neural phenomena such as cognitive disorders. An alternative conceptualization of brain function is in terms of an energy continuum, where energy is an abstract variable modelling the flow of electrochemical activity between neurons. Using this energy (E) model, large-scale phenomena may be incorporated within a single conceptual framework. This framework can in turn be related to the underlying biochemistry. The E model also generates testable predictions, and should prove quantifiable using differential equations. These claims are illustrated with simple examples from the spectrum of cognitive disorders.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed1995

Cognitive disorders in the positive, negative, and disorganization syndromes of schizophrenia.

Recent factor-analytic studies have derived several trisyndromic models for schizophrenia, all based on the positive, negative, and disorganization syndromes. The goal of this study was to examine cognitive disorders in these three schizophrenic syndromes. The study group was composed of 40 schizophrenic patients consecutively admitted to the hospital due to a recrudescence of their symptomatology. They were selected on the basis of a semistructured interview, diagnosed with DSM-III-R criteria, and evaluated with scales for positive and negative symptoms. Their cognitive disorders were assessed with a battery of neuropsychological tests. The schizophrenic syndromes were weakly associated with cognitive performance through direct correlations and after correction for confounding variables. The disorganization and negative syndromes were more strongly associated with cognitive disturbances than was the positive syndrome, and both were associated with disturbances of visual-motor processes. Moreover, the disorganization syndrome was associated with disturbances in language and verbal memory and in time-controlled performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Theories of cognitive disorder in schizophrenia based on psychological experiments (author's transl)].

Over the last few years, psychological experiments have provided a major contribution to research in schizophrenia. Historical, practical and theoretical grounds led to investigations mainly in the field of cognitive disorder. Independent psychological theories of schizophrenia emerged from the body of experimental results, at first restricted to mental performance of the patients but later generalized to center on the total problem of schizophrenia. In accordance with psychiatric thinking, psychologists favoured cognitive deficit as the essential schizophrenic characteristic which would possibly generate the basic symptomatology. Apart from methodological considerations, the main question arising is if this feature is truly typical of schizophrenia. The problem of the different concepts of schizophrenia has to be considered in this connection. A survey of theories of schizophrenia which are sufficiently consolidated by psychological experiments reveals that two lines of theoretical reasoning exist: one based on specific cognitive disorder, and the other where this is not the case. Encompassed by the first classification are the considerations of Bannister, Rodnick and Germezy, Shakow, McReynolds, Silvermann, L.J. Chapman, Payne, Mednick, and Epstein, as well as the interference theories (with the exception of Callaway's version)..

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed2006

[Clinical, vegetative and cognitive disorders in hypertensive postmenopausal women in relation to menopause causes].

AIM: To specify clinical, vegetative and cognitive disorders in hypertensive women depending on the type of menopause. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 195 hypertensive women were divided into three groups: group 1 (n = 50, age 45.6 +/- 4.5 years) consisted of premenopausal women, group 2 (n = 100, age 57.4 +/- 4.7 years) - of women with natural menopause, group 3 (n = 45, age 55.1 +/- 5.9 years)--with early and/or surgical menopause. Severity of the menopausal syndrome, anxiety, depression, alexitimia, mental performance, vegetative regulation of heart rhythm were examined. RESULTS: The premenopausal women were characterized by cardial and cerebral disorders, unaffected psychovegetative function and initial symptoms of lowering mental performance. Hypertensive women with natural menopause showed combination of cardial and cerebral symptoms with moderate anxio-depressive disorders, alexitimia, subnormal parasympathetic activity of the autonomic nervous system in high centralization of heart rhythm regulation and attention disturbances. Patients with surgical and/or early menopause had marked cardial and cerebral symptoms, moderate anxiodepressive disorders, alexitimia, inhibition of mental performance, vegetative dysfunction, overcentralization of heart rhythm control. CONCLUSION: With development of postmenopausal metabolic symptom complex, severity of hypertension grows with emergence of anxiodepressive disorders which combine with vegetative regulation disorders and attenuation of mental performance.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2003

Magnitude of effect and special approach to Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in cognitive disorders.

In the early 70's, improvements in methodical procedures of extraction and standardization of ginkgo preparation allowed the production of a highly concentrated and stable extract (EGb 761) (definition see editorial) by the company Dr. Willmar Schwabe, which could be systematically tested in scientific programs. Consequently, numerous studies have been undertaken and provided replicable outcomes to demonstrate its efficacy in human population. EGb 761 is currently registered as an ethical drug in more than 50 countries around the world, and is prescribed for a range of neurological and vascular disorders including dementia, arterial occlusive disease, retinal deficit, and tinnitus. The following chapter will focus on the relevant data that support EGb 761 efficacy in the treatment of cognitive disorders in general, and dementia in particular. Besides the published data, the author will provide original results unveiling different factors that could interfere with EGb 761 efficacy and may be the source of the variations observed among studies in the EGb 761 literature. In the author's opinion, such factors should be taken into consideration when implementing the design of future research and optimizing individual EGb 761 response in the clinical practice. Within the framework of this new approach, the author will not only answer the question as to whether EGb 761 works over placebo in cognitive disorders, but also attempt to estimate how well it works in particular conditions.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2003

A systematic review of the behavioral effects of levetiracetam in adults with epilepsy, cognitive disorders, or an anxiety disorder during clinical trials.

This report reviews behavioral adverse events occurring among adults receiving levetiracetam (LEV) or placebo who participated in short-term, placebo-controlled studies in epilepsy (1023), cognitive disorders (719), or anxiety disorders (1510) and epilepsy patients (1393) observed in long-term trials. Behavioral events (affective, psychotic, and suicidal symptoms) were significantly more common among epilepsy patients than cognition or anxiety patients treated with LEV for similar durations (P=0.022). Affective symptoms occurring at 1% or more often in epilepsy placebo-controlled trials included depression (3.8% LEV-2.1% placebo), nervousness (3.8%-1.8%), hostility (2.3%-0.9%), anxiety (1.8%-1.1%), and emotional lability (1.7%-0.2%). Patients with cognitive and anxiety disorders had lower incidences of these symptoms. The incidence of behavioral events in LEV-treated epilepsy patients was lower than rates reported for some other antiepileptic drugs. These data support the hypothesis that some feature related to epilepsy is the cause of many behavioral events rather than the addition of a specific antiepileptic drug.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anxiety, depressive, or cognitive disorders in rehabilitation patients: effect on length of stay.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that anxiety, depressive, or cognitive disorders are associated with an increase in length of stay of physical rehabilitation inpatients. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a 1-yr prospective data recording. Three treatment and rehabilitation centers in the Canton of Vaud (Switzerland). Ninety-five percent of inpatients admitted from November 15, 1990, to November 14, 1991, agreed to participate. Apart from length of stay, data consisted of demographic and medical data results from the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Mini-Mental State Score, and Functional Autonomy Measurement System. Multivariate linear regression was used in the analysis. RESULTS: The presence of anxiety or depression altered length of stay in a bivariate analysis, although all effects disappeared in a multivariate approach. Factors that had an independent association with length of stay were gender, length of stay in an acute care hospital before hospitalization, treatment and rehabilitative centers, Functional Autonomy Measurement System mobility score, and Functional Autonomy Measurement System Activities of Daily Living score. Results concerning the association between cognition abilities and length were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Our results recognize that an influence of psychiatric disorders acted on length of stay through a relationship between the psychiatric status and the control variables. If mental state influences physical state, then early intervention studies are desirable. If somatic state induces mental alterations, then interventions directed toward the psychiatric sphere will bring mostly qualitative benefits (amelioration of well-being without remarkable effects on length of stay).

Aged↗