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PubMed2005

Sexual attitudes and behaviors among medical students in Dokuz Eylul university, Turkey.

Gaining a healthy sexual attitude and behavior and being able to show appropriate approaches to patients in terms of sexual issues are important acquisitions for medical students. The aim of the present study was to determine, compare, and evaluate the sexual attitudes and behaviors of Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine students. An anonymous questionnaire was filled in by first- and sixth-year students in order to determine their sexual attitudes and behaviors. While information sources in the adolescence period for both genders were friends in the first place, these sources were mostly mothers, books, newspapers--magazines for females, and newspapers--magazines and television for males. The opinion of males about having sexual intercourse before marriage for males was positive, and females were more tolerant about males having this experience before marriage as compared to females having sexual experience before marriage. Rates of expression of having sexual intercourse and masturbation were found to be higher for male students. The first sexual experience with a sex worker or sentimentally insignificant partner was high among males. In general, the rate of condom use was lower, and the rate of coitus interruptus was found to be higher than in foreign studies. All the students declared 'my own will and values' as the most frequent factor affecting their sexual attitudes and behaviors, and high rates for 'social factors', 'religious requirements', 'the expectations of families', and 'protection from sexually transmitted diseases' were observed. The findings lead to the conclusions that gender differences exist in the sexual attitudes and behaviors of medical students; the enhancing effect of the traditional structure on gender discrimination is still continuing; students are not provided with sufficient scientific approach or training prior to the university education; and beyond biomedical training, they should receive more support in those fields during their medical education.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Prevalence of sexual activity and family-planning use among undergraduates in Southwest Nigeria.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of sexual activity and family-planning use among undergraduates in a private tertiary institution in Nigeria. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 283 undergraduate students. RESULTS: Out of 283 students, 245 (86.6%) are sexually active in the last month. Out of these 245, 219 (89%) are currently using a family-planning method. In the study population, the percentages of awareness, ever use, and current users are 89%, 77%, and 75%, respectively. The most commonly known, ever used, and currently used contraceptive is condom followed in descending order by calendar method, oral pills, coitus interruptus, injectable contraception, emergency contraception, intrauterine contraceptive device, and diaphragm. Unmarried students and male gender show statistical significance with condom use. The reasons for preferring the current contraceptive method, among 219 current users, include safety, cost, ready availability, and partner's preference, among others. Most of the nonusers gave no reason for a failure to use a contraceptive, but others felt that contraceptives are dangerous, while a minority were ignorant of any method. Though many use a condom, this use is inconsistent. CONCLUSION: There is a high level of sexual activity among these undergraduates. Many are aware of family planning, and the condom is the most commonly known and used method, though not consistently. Reproductive-health education should be promoted among youths in Nigeria.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Contraceptive use and attitudes in Italy 1993.

Surveys conducted between 1979 and 1991 indicated that contraceptive practice in Italy underwent rapid changes over that period. In order to assess current contraceptive use and attitudes, a survey was conducted among a random sample of 2000 Italian women aged 15-45 years. Replies were received from 1542 women (77.1%). Of the self-defined non-sterile, sexually active women who wished to avoid pregnancy, 30.3% were using oral contraceptives, 8.1% an intrauterine device, and 1.1% sterilization, while 29.6% were using traditional methods, principally coitus interruptus. In reply to questions about the relative advantages and disadvantages of various contraceptive methods, women expressed worries with respect to the safety of oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices and sterilization. Relatively high percentages of women answered 'do not know' with respect to the various aspects of intrauterine devices, periodic abstinence and sterilization that were investigated. In view of the findings of previous studies, the current data obtained suggested that traditional methods are being gradually displaced by modern methods in Italy. Nevertheless, the use of traditional contraceptive is widespread, the same probably being true of inconsistent use of condoms. Furthermore, lack of information on the contraceptive options available seems to be a central issue in Italy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[Hormonal contraception for males--an option for adolescents?].

Although effective contraceptive methods are available, the incidence of teenage pregnancies and consecutive pregnancy interruptions remains high in industrial nations, including Germany. There are several reasons for this high incidence. Apart from earlier sexual maturation, the absence of contraceptive use or the use of inefficient methods contributes mainly towards this increase. Existing contraceptive methods for men either show unsatisfying efficacy (coitus interruptus, use of condoms) or problems of reversibility (vasectomy), which limits their broader use. Of the different experimental approaches towards male contraception, the hormonal approach is closest to practical implementation. Androgens are an essential part of all experimental approaches to hormonal contraception in males; they cause suppression of spermatogenesis through gonadotropin suppression. Previous clinical trials have validated the concept of hormonal contraception in men. However, the application modalities and the ineffectiveness of all self-administered androgen preparations have been unacceptable for practical use. Therefore recent developments focus either on androgen implants or on injectable, long-acting testosterone esters in combination with progestins, which also suppress gonadotropin secretion. Over the last decades various combinations of androgen preparations with different progestins or GnRH antagonists have been tested in clinical trials. Of these, testosterone with either depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, norethisterone, desogestrel or etonogestrel have shown promising efficacy in phase II clinical trials. However, whether hormonal contraception might be given to adolescent males remains to be elucidated. This will have to be assessed once a hormonal contraceptive for men has reached the market. Special attention will need to be given to bone maturation as androgens at the prescribed doses might induce premature closure of the epiphyseal joints.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed1990

[Adolescence and contraception: 1. A study knowledge and use among women hospitalized for childbirth or abortion].

A study of the knowledge and utilization of contraceptive methods by adolescent is presented. An analysis was carried out based on data collected from interviews with and recorded case histories of 78 puerperal adolescents (childbirth or abortion), assisted by an obstetric service in the county of Cotia, SP, Brazil, between May 1 and July 31, 1986. Of all the adolescents studied, 61.5% had some knowledge of contraceptive methods; the findings showed that such knowledge was influenced by factors such as: age, school background, parity and marital status. The main sources of information on contraception were: friends, relatives and partners, in this order; those least sought for in this regard were health professionals. Only one in each ten adolescents made use of some contraceptive measure, the most prevalent methods being the contraceptive pill, the Ogino-Knauss method, condoms and coitus interruptus. In all of the cases of the utilization of these methods the same had been "recommended" by persons belonging to the adolescents' social group, and had been acquired in shops, without any health control.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Trends in male contraception.

Methods that are available for male contraception, namely coitus interruptus, condoms, and vasectomy, have been used since the 19th century. With the exceptions of a few improvements of these methods, no major progress has been made with respect to introducing new male contraceptives since then. It is extremely urgent to develop new, safe, effective, and reversible male contraceptive methods. Among all male contraceptive methods that are being investigated, the hormonal approach is the closest to clinical application. Hormonal contraception provides pregnancy protection by means of spermatogenic suppression. Androgen-progestin regimens currently represent the best available hormonal combination for induction of a profound suppression of spermatogenesis. Further development of new steroids is mandatory for increasing the choices of available contraceptive formulations and to optimize long-term safety of these regimens.

Androgens↗

PubMed1996

Contraceptive practice and attitudes in Sweden 1994.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate current contraceptive practice in Sweden and Swedish women's attitudes towards various contraceptive methods. METHODS: In 1994, a random sample of Swedish women (n = 2330), aged 15-45 years (stratified according to age and geographic distribution), were invited by telephone to participate in the study. Women (n = 1788) who accepted the invitation to participate were sent a postal questionnaire. RESULTS: Completed questionnaires were returned by 1422 women (overall response rate: 61.0%). The sample was somewhat skewed towards higher educational level, but in other demographic respects no great deviations from the parent population were observed. The distribution of contraceptive methods in fertile, sexually active women who wished to avoid pregnancy was as follows: oral contraceptives (OCs) 33%, OC plus barrier method 5%, intrauterine device 21%, barrier methods 23%, sterilization 5% (female 3%; male 2%) and injectable steroids 2%. The overall pattern of contraceptive use in women aged 15-45 years had changed very little compared to results of a similar survey performed in 1987. However, the use of less effective methods (periodic abstinence, coitus interruptus and no method grouped together) was considerably lower among teenagers in 1994 (3%) than in 1987 (18%). The use of these traditional methods was still high in women aged over 35 years (15-17%). A large number of women considered medical methods of contraception to be reliable and easy to use but many were concerned about the safety for health of medical methods. CONCLUSIONS: Contraceptive practice changed towards more frequent use of medical, effective methods among young Swedish women, but not in the total female population. The latter was among others related to the relatively high use rates of less effective methods among women aged over 35. Women were concerned about the health safety of medical methods and relatively low percentages of women reported having received advice from health care professionals to use effective methods.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

[Contraception: gypsy versus non-gypsy women].

OBJECTIVE: To find the contraceptive methods used or known by women of fertile age, and find differences between gypsy and non-gypsy women. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: Primary care centre in El Prat de Llobregat (Barcelona). PARTICIPANTS: Women of fertile age, who were sexually active and did not wish to become pregnant, and who attended the centre for any reason. MEASUREMENTS: From March to August 1997, a survey was conducted in which personal data, number of sexual contacts, parity, use and knowledge of contraceptive methods, if and where their method is monitored, and satisfaction with their method were asked. RESULTS: 186 non-gypsy and 126 gypsy women answered the survey. The gypsy women knew less about barrier contraception (diaphragm p < 0.0001); IUD p = 0.0003; spermicides p = 0.001), periodic abstention (p = 0.002) and definitive methods (vasectomy p < 0.0001; tubal occlusion p = 0.0004). The commonest method used by the gypsy women was coitus interruptus (p = 0.0002). Gypsy women asked for less contraceptive advice and had less monitoring of their method (p = 0.001). They had more pregnancies which led to a greater number of live children (p < 0.0001) and induced abortions (p = 0.01). They lived more often with their sexual partner (p = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: Gypsy women know about safe methods but do not use them. They ask less for contraceptive advice and have more induced abortions. There should be family planning programmes aimed at this group, whose cultural and family features are distinct.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed1999

[Not using contraception among women requesting abortion].

The aim of this survey was to examine the number of abortion applicants not using contraception at the time of conception, to shed light on the reasons for this, and to acquire information about the knowledge of postcoital anticonception in this patient group. The registered data is collected from precoded medical records at the University Hospital of Trondheim comprising 2,074 women applying for abortion in the period 1.1. 1995-15.7. 1997. The 291 applying for abortion 15.1-15.7. 1997, and who had not used contraception were given a questionnaire. 160 (55%) answered the questionnaire. During the period of 2.5 years 57.4% had not used contraception at the time of conception. The tendency of non-use has increased significantly during the last 2.5 years. Concern about sideeffects was the most common reason for not using contraceptives (36%). One third trusted the rhythm method and coitus interruptus. The postcoital pill was known by 93%; of the 61 women who had considered using it, 67% thought of it too late. To prevent unwanted pregnancies, it is important to focus on the positive health effects of oral contraception. Information efforts should especially be aimed at young and single women, who represent the majority of the non-users. The cost is no great impediment to the use of contraception. Availability of emergency contraception should be improved.

Abortion Applicants↗

PubMed2001

[Birth control and mild therapies in Medieval Islam].

Birth control in Medieval Islam is usually permitted by tradition (hadîth), by the ijmâ c and by theologists' opinion. In fact, there is no possibility of restraining God's will. The most common means of contraception is coitus interruptus, but it can not be used without the consent of free women. Birth control is not allowed under particular conditions. The paper deals with the acquisition and reject of Islamic medicine in Western Latin texts from 12th century.

Arab World↗

PubMed2002

The comparison of reproductive health data in a rural district in Turkey (1981-2001).

OBJECTIVES: The main objective was to compare new reproductive and family planning data with data from the 1981 survey. METHODS: All 15-49-year-old married women living in seven villages of Gemlik were interviewed and the data were compared with the 1981 data of the same villages. RESULTS: In 1981, 66.8% used a family planning method, 6.8% used an intrauterine device, 10.2% used oral contraceptives and 10.0% used condoms. In 2001, these values were 93.0%, 36.5%, 6.0% and 14.8%, respectively. In 1981, 51.5% and in 2001 35.5% used coitus interruptus. CONCLUSION: In 20 years, users of both current family planning methods and modem methods have increased; users of traditional methods have decreased.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

[Family planning: a need in primary care].

The reformation of Primary Care (PC) permits a more satisfactory and coordinated approach to family planning (FP). We evaluated the profile of the potential users of FP by means of a survey of 182 females made in a Primary Care center (CAP). The most commonly used contraceptive methods were oral contraceptives (20.3%), coitus interruptus (Cl) (18%), condom (17%) and female sterilization (12.6%). 66.6% of failures were attributed to Cl. 32.25% of the intrauterine device users and 24.4% of those taking oral contraceptives reported problems. 24.7% of females were controlled in the CAP II, 19.7% by their private gynecologist, 16.5% in the municipal CP and 6% in the CAP. 30.2% of the users did not follow and type of control.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

The role of human genetics in society: implications for legal involvement.

The tools and techniques of human genetics are very much part of medicine in the 1990s and beyond. Man's motivation for self improvement has been an integral part of his make-up since time immemorial. The human desire for preserving the fittest and weeding out the worst remains the same since stone-age man practised castration, coitus interruptus, mechanical contraception, urethral surgery, abortion, infanticide, infant cannibalism, delayed lactation and geronticide. During the intervening centuries there have been scores of attempts to develop dream states; at forced mass migration, or to protect social order by casting out the unwanted under various guises. For the first time we are catching a glimpse of the possibility of significantly altering our genetic constitution, supplying us with the tools to realize very deep seated instincts, but without adequate knowledge of all the dangers. It is foreseen that the law has an important contribution in maintaining the balance between seemingly conflicting interests of the individual, the community, the state and genetic research scientists. There is a need for pro-active involvement in the author's opinion.

Eugenics↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of pregnant women, labor, and the newborn at the Skopje Clinic from 1978 to 1979].

An analysis was made of the first computer data received from the IFRP (International Fertility Research Program) within the framework of the International Study "Maternity Record" -- "Maternity Monitoring Care'. The main findings are the following: The women who were confined at the Skopje University Hospital during 1978--1979 were young, in their twenties. Women over thirty were confined very rarely. Most of the women surveyed had about 12 years of education. Pregnant women had artificial abortions very rarely (1:5.7 in favor of terminating pregnancy). Preventive work on contraception should include women at the time of delivery. Pregnant women in Skopje come to the Consulting Centers for a check-up mostly five times. The higher the parity, the less frequent the visits. More than half of pregnant women during the antenatal period had no complaints. Younger pregnant women had fewer difficulties and complications. The values of haemoglobin under 10 g% were very often in primiparas and over 12 g% in multiparas. The birthweight of women smoker's babies proved lower than that of women non-smokers' babies. In two thirds of women the delivery was induced by drugs and amniotomy. The delivery mostly lasted between 7--12 h, regardless of parity. Prolonged deliveries were the more frequent the younger the women. Primiparas gave birth to babies with a lower birthweight than multiparas. Almost all women (92.4%) were previously using no contraceptive devices. The main method of protection was coitus interruptus.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

[What type of contraceptive method can the physician recommend?].

Contraceptives should be reliable, innocuous and compatible. With reference to their reliability (Pearl-index) they can be devided into four groups. Only the oral contraceptives can be classified as "reliable". The risk of women over 40 for myocardial infarction is only barely raised by the pill according to new data. "Relatively reliable" are intrauterine devices, the mini-pill, the temperature method and the foam ovula containing 4 p-Nonyphenoxypolyethylenglycol. Failures are ten times as frequent as with the oral contraceptives. Adnexitis caused by intrauterine devices ist seven times more frequent in nulliparae than in the average female population. Among oral contraceptives, the mini-pill is the only one without appreciable side-effects, risks, or contraindications. Grade three preventives ("medium reliability") should be used for child spacing. The fourth group of unreliable methods comprises the Knaus-Ogino method, coitus interruptus and the long-established chemical preventives.

Contraception↗

PubMed1994

[School children's knowledge of, need for and use of contraception before and after the AIDS campaigns. Sexual activity and contraception habits].

The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate changes in contraceptional habits or sexual activity among adolescents as a consequence of the AIDS-campaigns. In 1986 and 1993 all pupils in their ninth school year in the municipality of Viborg answered an identical questionnaire concerning the mentioned subjects. Both in 1986 and 1993 one third had had sexual intercourse, and one seventh had had their sexual debut before the age of 15. There were significantly more condom users at the first coitus in 1993 and fewer pill users. The proportion of unprotected intercourse did not differ. More pupils had had experience using condoms in 1993, but, as in 1986, nearly half of the girls had used coitus interruptus or safe periods. The proportion of girls who had had intercourse within a week of answering the questionnaire increased from 26% to 42%, indicating a more sexually active population of girls. It is concluded that the increased sexual activity, the fewer pill users and the persisting large proportion of un- or low-protected intercourse may result in more unintended pregnancies. The coincident use of pill and condom should be encouraged.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1994

[Reproductive activities as a risk factor of endometriosis].

A case-control study, involving 203 cases of pelvic endometriosis and 406 randomly selected and age-matched community controls, was conducted. The results were as following: 1) A decreased risk for endometriosis was found to be related to pregnancy. The relative risk was 0.34 for para 1 and 0.08 for para 2 or more. A similar tendency was also showed in the analysis of gravidity, but this protective effect totally disappeared after adjustment for parity. Therefore, it may be revealed that it is the parity but not the gravidity which protects the women against the endometriosis. 2) There was an increased risk of 15.35 for endometriosis in women with infertility. 3) No relation emerged with age at first pregnancy to the occurrence of endometriosis as indicated in the literature. 4) The frequency of induced abortion was 42.4% in the cases and that was 63.7% in the controls. The association with the risk of the disease adjusted for education, menstruation, parity and contraception was not significant by a attentive stratification the data. 5) Two groups were relatively similar with respect to recorded condom and oral contraceptive use. However, more cases than controls did not use any contraception or only used rhythm method and coitus interruptus, and more controls than cases used an intrauterine device. The results of multivariate analysis did not approve of opinion that IUD is a risk factor of endometriosis. The results did not negate the likelihood of diminished chance of developing endometriosis in women with using oral contraceptives.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Sexuality: sexual activity and contraception during adolescence.

Adolescent sexual activity is increasing. Premature sexual intercourse results in high figures of adolescent pregnancy and abortion, as well as in increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Lack of information on the prevention of STDs and poor hygiene in both boys and girls are also main reasons for increased morbidity because of STDs during adolescence. Contraceptive behaviour during adolescence varies between countries and communities. It seems, however, that the condom and oral contraceptives (OC) are popular contraceptive methods. Ineffective methods such as periodic abstinence, coitus interruptus, and withdrawal before ejaculation are in use. On the other hand, compliance of adolescents on contraception is poor. The above are additional causes for increasing rates of adolescent pregnancies. Countries providing sexual education programs in schools present lower rates of pregnancy and abortion. Adolescent pregnancy is safe if a careful follow up is accepted by the teenager. A significant number of homeless youth are homosexuals or lesbian adolescents. Most of them are at high risk for HIV infection, AIDS, and STDs. It is concluded that sexual education programs are absolutely necessary to offer adolescents the knowledge on the complications of premature sexual activity, as well as prevention of the undesired pregnancy and STDs.

Adolescent↗