Multiplication: the use of 8 mm. film in community development.
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Audiovisual Aids↗
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Results for “Community Development”
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Measuring the impacts of community development initiatives: a new application of the adjusted interrupted time-series method.
The authors contribute to the development of empirical methods for measuring the impacts of place-based local development strategies by introducing the adjusted interrupted time-series (AITS) approach. It estimates a more precise counterfactual scenario, thus offering a stronger basis for drawing causal inferences about impacts. The authors applied the AITS approach to three community development initiatives using single-family home prices as the outcome indicator and found that it could measure impacts on both the base level of prices and the rate of price appreciation. The authors also found a situation in which the method appears unreliable, however. The AITS approach benefits from more recurrent data on outcomes during the pre-and post-intervention periods, with an intertemporal pattern that avoids great volatility. The AITS approach to measuring effects of community development initiatives holds strong promise, with caveats.
Housing↗
Microbiology of acute epididymitis in a developing community.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the aetiology of acute epididymitis in a developing community with a view of determining appropriate antimicrobial therapy. SETTING: City Health Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic, King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa. PARTICIPANTS: 144 adult men with clinically diagnosed acute epididymitis. METHOD: Endourethral swab and midstream urine (MSU) specimens were processed to detect sexually transmitted pathogens and urinary tract infections. RESULTS: The majority of patients (93%) were less than 35 years of age. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and/or Chlamydia trachomatis were detected in 78% of patients: N gonorrhoeae in 57%, C trachomatis in 34% and both in 13%. Escherichia coli was cultured more frequently from MSU specimens of older patients, 30% versus 3%. In 53% of patients urethritis was diagnosed by the presence of inflammatory cells in endourethral smears in the absence of a visible urethral discharge. CONCLUSION: In our setting of a busy clinic with limited facilities, we recommend the performance of a Gram stain on endourethral specimens from patients with acute epididymitis. If inflammatory cells and Gram negative diplococci are detected, treatment with antimicrobial agents to cover both penicillinase-producing N gonorrhoeae strains and C trachomatis is recommended. If Gram negative diplococci are not detected in the presence of microscopic evidence of urethritis, treatment for chlamydial infection alone is recommended.
Acute Disease↗
Prison life and the blood pressure of the inmates of a developing community prison.
The blood pressure (BP) of the inmates of a developing community prison was assessed. The inmates of the all-male prison were interviewed as regards medical and diet history, alcohol and smoking habit, use of hard drugs, salt intake and duration of prison confinement and had their BP measured. Sixty-two low social class males were similarly assessed as controls. Eighty-one of the 84 inmates consented. Systolic BP (SBP) ranged from 80-150 mm Hg (mean 115.1 +/- 1.7) for prisoners and 80 to 140 mm Hg (mean 107.5 +/- 1.6) for controls (P < 0.05); diastolic BP (DBP) from 50-110 mm Hg (mean 74.1 +/- 1.3) and 45-90 mm Hg (mean 68.8 +/- 1.6) respectively (P < 0.05). Twelve (14.8%) of the prisoners had DBP > or = 85 mm Hg compared to three (4.8%) of controls (P = 0.05). The prisoners have been in confinement for 1 to 790 days. Both SBP and DBP increased with duration of confinement (r = 0.26 P = 0.02 and 0.22 P = 0.057 respectively). The prevalence of "hard' drug abuse, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption was quite high among prisoners (34.6%, 66.7% and 77.8% respectively). The study suggests that both SBP and DBP are higher in the prisoners compared to controls and appear to increase with duration of prison confinement. This might in part be related to certain stressful factors associated with prison life and possibly substance abuse.
Adolescent↗
A study of obstetric results in an under-developed community. IV. The causes and prevention of maternal and obstetric deaths in an under-developed urban African community.
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Death↗
Drug prescribing in paediatrics at a teaching hospital serving a developing community.
Drug prescribing for paediatric inpatients at a teaching hospital serving a developing community was investigated. A list of 695 patient record numbers was randomly generated from the 7637 children admitted over the period examined (9.1%). Prescribed drugs were computer-categorized and counted. Antibacterials (30.0%), vitamins, iron preparations and dietary supplements (20.0%), electrolytes (18.8%), analgesics (12.2%) and respiratory drugs (7.1%) comprised the most frequently-prescribed groups. The main (admitting) diagnoses of the sample were also classified. Infective diseases (42.0%), respiratory conditions (18.2%), perinatal disorders (14.9%) and nutritional deficiencies (9.9%) predominated. Data for individual drugs in the four dominant drug groups are presented. The margins between the top one or two drugs and the others in each therapeutic category are notable. Few drugs are extensively used. They include ampicillin, paracetamol, multivitamin syrup and Darrow's preparations. The implications of this picture in therapeutics are discussed.
Africa, Southern↗
The Child Development-Community Policing Program: a partnership to address the impact of violence.
This article describes the development, evolution and current status of the New Haven Child Development-Community Policing (CDCP) Program, a partnership between child mental health professionals at the Yale Child Study Center and the New Haven Department of Police Service. The central mission of the program is to intervene early in an attempt to ameliorate the effects of children's exposure to violence. Recent programmatic expansion of the CDCP program into areas of juvenile offenders, specialized protocols for children affected by domestic violence, and school based groups are also explained. There are five core elements of the CDCP program: (1) Seminars in applied child development for police officers; (2) Fellowships for advanced police officers; (3) Fellowships for clinicians who are trained both in seminars and experientially in police practice and procedure; (4) A weekly program conference; and (5) A clinical consultation service in which clinicians are available 24 hours per day, 7 days a week are explicated.
Child↗
Capacity building for sustainability: towards community development in coastal Scotland.
Capacity building is widely recognised as a central feature of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). Yet, although increased community capacity can potentially empower local communities with the ability to tackle the impacts of socio-economic change, an evaluation of ICZM performance reveals a limited interest in advancing community development initiatives. This weakness is particularly apparent in Scotland. Whilst coastal communities in Scotland have been found to suffer from a range of significant socio-economic problems, Scottish approaches to ICZM have failed to improve local development trajectories. In response, this paper considers the degree to which community based partnerships can assist in the delivery of sustainable development benefits.
Conservation of Natural Resources↗
Assessing and developing community participation in primary health care in Aotearoa New Zealand: a national study.
AIMS: This study aimed to develop and test a framework and tool for assessing and developing community participation in Primary Health Organisations (PHOs) in New Zealand. METHODS: A qualitative study completed in three phases: semi-structured interviews with 42 key stakeholders in the primary care sector; development of and consultation on a draft toolkit, which included a PHO review process; and piloting the toolkit in four different types of PHOs. RESULTS: A toolkit entitled Community Participation: A Resource Kit and Self-Assessment Tool for PHOs (CP Toolkit for PHOs) was developed, which contains a set of resources for organisational self-review and a framework for community participation under the six headings: Organisational Structure, Maori Responsiveness, Governance and Management Processes, Use of Resources, Links to the Wider Community, and Consultation and Decision-Making. The pilot PHO sites found the CP Toolkit, and the review process contained within it, to be very relevant to the implementation of the Primary Health Care Strategy at a PHO level. CONCLUSIONS: The Community Participation Toolkit for PHOs complements existing quality tools available for clinical general practice and nursing, and supports the further development of primary health care in New Zealand.
Community Participation↗
Gender, mosquitos and malaria: implications for community development programs in Laputta, Myanmar.
This paper examines the gender roles linked to division of labor and potential exposure to mosquitos and malaria prevention activities. A "Human Development Initiative" (HDI) Project has been launched in Laputta, a mangrove delta region of Myanmar assisted by United Nations Development Program since 1994. The project aims to improve rural community access to primary health care and provide micro-credit programs, income generation schemes, and educational opportunities as a basis for community empowerment. Women and children of low-income households are the target beneficiaries. Prior to self-care training program and distribution of self-care manuals, altogether 20 focus group discussions (separately assigned to men and women) were conducted in eight study villages between January to February 2000. The primary vector for malaria in study area is Anopheles sundaicus. Rural women were prone to malaria due to exposure to mosquitos within the peak biting period at night because of their gender assigned roles. Both men and women perceived that mosquitos commonly bite before midnight, more at dusk. Lack of awareness of correlation between mosquitos and malaria together with lack of affordability enhance either non-use or shared use of bed-nets at home. Rural women did not consider destruction of breeding places of mosquitos as their major concern. Thus, it is essential for program planners to motivate local women for more active participation in vector control measures within and beyond their households in the context of community development programs.
Animals↗
The community development in health project.
This paper describes the purpose and process of a 15 month project established to develop resources to assist people who are seeking to use a community development approach in addressing health issues.
Attitude to Health↗
Aerobic biological treatment of a pharmaceutical wastewater: effect of temperature on cod removal and bacterial community development.
The effect of temperature was studied on the efficiency of soluble COD removal and bacterial community development during the aerobic biological treatment of a pharmaceutical wastewater. Using wastewater and bacterial inoculum obtained from the full-scale facility treating this wastewater, batch laboratory cultures were operated at 5 degrees C intervals from 30 degrees C to 70 C. Following four culture transfers to allow for bacterial acclimation, residual soluble COD levels were measured and bacterial community fingerprints were obtained by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments. Soluble COD removal efficiency declined as temperature increased from 30 degrees C (62%) to 60 degrees C (38%). Biological treatment of this wastewater failed to occur at temperatures higher than 60 C. Gradual shifts in bacterial community structure were detected as temperature increased, including a concomitant reduction in the number of different bacterial populations. The impact of temperature on a two-stage biological treatment process was also compared. Better soluble COD removal was achieved when both reactors were operated at 30 degrees C compared to a system where the two stages were consecutively operated at 55 degrees C and 30 degrees C. These results indicate that operation of aerobic biological wastewater treatment reactors at elevated temperatures can have adverse effects on process performance.
DNA, Bacterial↗
Measuring changes in water-related health and hygiene practices by developing-community households.
A population sample from a community in a developing urban area (Botshabelo), which obtains its treated water supply from a communal standpipe system, was subjected to a short Health and Hygiene Awareness and Education (HHA&E) programme to improve its practices on storing water in, and handling water from, storage containers at home. The problem was that the community's practices lead to the deterioration of the microbiological quality of the water in domestic storage containers. Measuring changes in the practices, as well as the microbiological quality of water in the containers, were the instruments used to determine whether the programme had a positive educational effect. This paper reports on selected elements of the practices measurement. Structured interviews, observations and statistical analyses assessed three variables--container hygiene, container storage and hand hygiene. Results indicated insignificant improvements in practices. This was supported by insignificant improvements in the microbiological water quality, that was still above health-safety limits. This implied that short-term "quick fix" HHA&E programmes would tend to be ineffective. Results also suggested that some negative water-hygiene habits may readily change (container hygiene and storage), while behaviour of a more personal nature, such as hand-washing, was not easily changed.
Developing Countries↗
Veterinary wildlife research and its role in community development.
Veterinarians, biologists and administrators attended a workshop 'Veterinary science and wildlife utilisation for the benefit of community development' which was held during March 1995 as part of the Veterinary Science Research Programme of the Foundation for Research Development. The workshop was the first step in the establishment of a veterinary wildlife research forum which aims to integrate veterinary research with that of other disciplines in addressing issues that have an impact on wildlife. Initially, discussions covered a broad perspective of worldwide approaches towards the conservation of the environment and the upliftment of rural communities. Thereafter the dialogue focused upon the objectives of the workshop which were: (1) to identify areas in wildlife and nature conservation where veterinary research is needed; (2) to identify specific projects within these areas. Seven areas were identified in which veterinary research was needed: the promotion of the free flow of products and animals; extensive husbandry; intensive husbandry; pharmacology and toxicology; public health; ethical issues; forensic and diagnostic techniques. A steering committee was elected to coordinate veterinary wildlife research; establish relevant data bases; to facilitate cooperation between researchers; and to organise regular contact through annual workshops.
Animals↗
A soil-based microbial biofilm exposed to 2,4-D: bacterial community development and establishment of conjugative plasmid pJP4.
A soil suspension was used as a source to initiate the development of microbial communities in flow cells irrigated with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (25 microg ml(-1)). Culturable bacterial members of the community were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and found to be members of the genera Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Collimonas and Rhodococcus. A 2,4-D degrading donor strain, Pseudomonas putida SM1443 (pJP4::gfp), was inoculated into flow cell chambers containing 2-day old biofilm communities. Transfer of pJP4::gfp from the donor to the bacterial community was detectable as GFP fluorescing cells and images were captured using confocal scanning laser microscopy (GFP fluorescence was repressed in the donor due to the presence of a chromosomally located lacI(q) repressor gene). Approximately 5-10 transconjugant microcolonies, 20-40 microm in diameter, could be seen to develop in each chamber. A 2,4-D degrading transconjugant strain was isolated from the flow cell system belonging to the genus Burkholderia.
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
"I love ballet": arts incentives for adolescent health and community development.
Art can be a transformative process that not only offers youth opportunities for self-expression, but enables them to connect to their communities as part of the healing process. Having a public role offers those who are often without power to have a voice and a presence. This chapter provides information on the Arts Incentives Program at the United South End Settlements, a therapeutic, arts-based youth and community development program working with high-risk girls ages eleven to eighteen. Young people engage in community building within the program and become agents of positive community change. In revitalizing their communities, they rebuild a sense of self as essential, valued, and creative, bringing together the resources of participants, agencies, and the community.
Adolescent↗
The challenge of developing community profiles for use in community health assessment: lessons from Michigan's experience.
In Michigan, a number of steps have been undertaken to revitalize a key public health function--community health assessment. This article reports on the activities of these initiatives, focusing on the beginning stage of the community health assessment process--the development of community health profiles. The findings and lessons learned from Michigan's experience, although state specific, appear to have broad applicability to the entire local public health community. It is hoped their publication will stimulate replication of this process among this community in other states.
Community Health Planning↗
Application of primary health care standards to a developing community health group: a rural case history.
The development of community health groups in rural settings involving private general practitioners and other health care workers has been relatively rare. This case history examines the activities of such a group and the views of its participants over a 12-month period. It considers whether the principles of primary care and the relevant Community Health Accreditation and Standards Program criteria can be applied in such a setting. The centre was able to meet most of the primary care criteria; however, some other important elements that could be helpful to further developments emerged in the research process. These included the sensitivity of a rural community to an individual case or patient focus in a case conference setting and the high level of acceptance of population or healthy-community goals. Other key issues included the strength (in terms of advocacy for health service provision) of an intersectoral group in a rural setting. Positive benefits were perceived to accrue from the increased professional and intersectoral communication. The role of the private general practitioner was focal, but the participants did not believe this necessarily had to be a leadership role. The initiation of such a conference and its leadership could be undertaken by any interested and appropriately skilled member. Organisation, administration, continuity and cost are important practical issues which need to be examined in early stages of development and taken into account in evaluation.
Accreditation↗