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PubMed1965

PLOTTING AND ANALYZING CUMULATIVE RESPONSE CURVES IN OPERANT CONDITIONING STUDIES.

Because the response and time scales used in plotting cumulative response curves are often poorly selected, ineffective displays often result. The visual cue of a response rate change is the difference, [Formula: see text] between the angles, theta(1) and theta(2), representing the two rates, R(1) and R(2). These variables are related by: [Formula: see text] For a given rate change, the value of theta(1), namely, (M)theta(1), that yields the maximum value of [Formula: see text] namely, [Formula: see text] is given by (M)theta(1)=arc sin [Formula: see text] Ideally, the initial response rate should be represented by the (M)theta(1) appropriate for a given rate change. Because of practical considerations, however, some compromises with the ideal are allowable. Included in the discussion are (a) steps required to select appropriate response and time scales, with examples, and (b) guideposts for evaluating rate changes by means of angular changes.

Conditioning, Operant↗
PubMed1966

Operant conditioning in the newly hatched chicken.

Techniques are described for conditioning key-pecking reinforced with food and for recording cheeping in newly hatched chickens. A mirror in the test box is essential when conditioning isolated chickens up to five or more days old. Conditioning proceeds more rapidly when frequently pecked objects and materials that move when scratched are not present. Stimulus control over key-pecking is present in the three-day-old chicken and multiple fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedule control develops in succeeding days. In young chickens, pecking and cheeping are inversely related. The newly hatched chicken is useful for pharmacological studies and appears to offer other advantages for behavioral studies.

Animals↗