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PubMed2006

Association among education level, occupation status, and consanguinity in Tunisia and Croatia.

AIM: To investigate the association between education level, occupation status (a proxy for socio-economic status), and consanguinity in 2 large data sets from Tunisia and Croatia countries with different attitudes toward consanguinity. METHODS: The sample of 1016 students, attending 5 university institutions in Monastir, Tunisia, were interviewed about the educational level and occupation status of their parents and the degree of parental relatedness. In Croatia, a sample of 1001 examinees from 9 isolated island populations was interviewed about their own educational level, occupation status, and consanguinity. RESULTS: Prevalence of consanguinity (offspring of second cousins or closer) among 1016 Tunisian students was 20.1%, and 9.3% among 1001 Croatian isolates. In Tunisia, the association between consanguinity and both parental degree of education and parental occupation status was highly significant in women (P<0.001), but not significant in men. In Croatia, no statistically significant associations were noted, although there was a consistent trend of increased prevalence of consanguinity with lower education level or occupation status in both genders, but more pronounced in women. CONCLUSION: Association between education level, socio-economic status, and consanguinity needs to be taken into account in inbreeding studies in human populations. The relationship may be specific for each studied population and highly dependent on the cultural context. It is generally more pronounced among women in most settings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

Reproductive wastage and developmental disorders in relation to consanguinity in south India.

The effect of consanguinity on fertility, reproductive loss and developmental disorders were studied in 156 consanguineous marriages in comparison with 221 non-consanguineous marriages. Although fertility was greater (P less than 0.05) in consanguineous than in non-consanguineous marriages, the number of living children were approximately equal in both groups, on account of increased child mortality in the former (P less than 0.05). The frequencies of abortion and stillbirth were (also) approximately equal in both groups. Developmental anomalies were significantly more frequent (P less than 0.001) among the offspring of consanguineous parents. These results indicate the continued presence of deleterious genes in this population, in spite of the practice of consanguinity over many generations.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMed1997

Evolution of consanguinity in the Archbishopric of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) during 1900-1979.

We present a study of the frequencies of the different types of consanguineous marriages, up to the level of second cousins, using as a source the ecclesiastical dispensations given from 1900 to 1979 in the Archbishopric of Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, Spain). We also report the rate of consanguinity, the average coefficient of inbreeding, and its evolution. From 1900 to 1979, 15,739 consanguineous marriages were registered, corresponding to 25 different categories of relationship. The rate of consanguinity of the total number of consanguineous marriages is 5.13% and the average coefficient of inbreeding is 1.94 x 10(-3), values that are within the wide range of variability found in other Spanish populations. Spain is characterized, with regard to the rest of Western Europe, by a high level of inbreeding with a late and rapid decrease in this factor. The most relevant aspect of the structure of consanguinity lies in the high frequency of marriages between close relatives: 0.16% uncle-niece or aunt-nephew marriages and 1.62% marriages between first cousins, both values with respect to the total number of marriages. This phenomenon appears to be generalized throughout northern Spain. The evolution of the total consanguinity lends itself to a polynomial curve model. The fitted curve of the evolution of the average coefficient of inbreeding has an ascending branch and a descending branch, with the inflection point situated in the year 1918; the regression lines, for both the ascending and the descending branches, have regression coefficients significantly different from 0 (p < 0.001).

Catholicism↗

PubMed2002

Consanguinity and ocular genetic diseases in South India: analysis of a five-year study.

OBJECTIVE: Consanguineous marriage is a widely practised social custom in Asia and northern Africa. In south India, Dravidian Hindus have contracted consanguineous marriages for over 2,000 years. In the present study, the influence of consanguinity on the prevalence of visual disorders was examined in patients attending a specialist genetic eye clinic. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 2,335 patients attending Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India, were screened for genetic eye disorders over a five-year period. The patients were drawn from all parts of India and from neighbouring countries in south Asia. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Six hundred and seventy-three (28.8%) of the patients tested for ophthalmic genetic disorders reported a family history of consanguinity. The majority (n = 574) of these families were from south India. In the patient group as a whole, the most common form of consanguineous union was between first cousins (n = 367), followed by uncle/niece marriage (n = 177), equivalent to a mean coefficient of inbreeding alpha = 0.0202. Among the consanguineous families, 430 of 673 (63.9%) had retinitis pigmentosa, 167 of these cases were autosomal recessive and 199 were isolated cases. The public in regions such as south India should be made aware of the merits and demerits of consanguineous marriages.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

[An observation of repair of burn wound with consanguineous skin pretreated with Tripterygium wilfordii].

OBJECTIVE: To explore new source of skin for burn wound coverage. METHODS: Split-thickness consanguineous skin was harvested from New Zealand white rabbit and was soaked in 200 g/L of multi-peptides of Tripterygium wilfordii, 50 g/L of dexamethasonel, on 9 g/L of normal saline solution for 15 - 30 mins, respectively. The consanguineous skin was thereafter grafted onto the whole layer skin defects in filial generation of rabbits with non-consanguineous skin as the control. The survival time and rejection of the grafted skin was observed. RESULTS: The rejection appeared evidently less intense and survived significantly longer (43 +/- 3.5 days) when the consanguineous skin was pretreated by Tripterygium wilfordii. However the grafted consanguineous skin survived for 30 +/- 2.5 days when it was pretreated by dexamethasone. The grafted skin was quickly rejected and survived only for 11 +/- 1.6 days when the skin was pretreated by normal saline or the skin was non-consanguineous. CONCLUSION: Consanguineous skin possessed partial compatibility with the recipient due to similar antigen, which was beneficial to the its survival, especially after the skin was pretreated.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Consanguinity and congenital heart disease in Saudi Arabia.

First-cousin marriage may be a significant risk factor for specific types of congenital heart disease in a consanguineous population. Inbreeding studies suggest an autosomal recessive component in the cause of some congenital heart defects. We studied a large sample of patients with structural congenital heart defects (CHD) identified through the Congenital Heart Disease Registry at King Faisal Specialist Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. After exclusions of chromosome abnormalities and non-participation, data were collected on 891 consecutive patients who were registered between January and August, 1998. Data on first-cousin consanguinity and type of CHD diagnosis were collected. A z test of proportions was used to determine the association between consanguinity and subtypes of CHD. Data indicate that the proportion of first cousins in the CHD sample is higher than the proportion in the general population, supporting a hypothesis of autosomal recessive gene involvement in congenital heart disease. When subgroups of CHD were analyzed, first-cousin consanguinity was significantly associated with ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect (ASD), atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), pulmonary stenosis (PS), and pulmonary atresia (PA). There was no relationship between consanguinity and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), tricuspid atresia (TA), aortic stenosis (AS), co-arctation of the aorta (CoA), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Thus, in a population with a high degree of inbreeding, consanguinity may exacerbate underlying genetic risk factors, particularly in the offspring of first cousins. There may be a recessive component in the causation of some cardiac defects.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Inbreeding coefficients and degree of consanguineous marriages in Spain: a review.

The contribution of consanguineous marriages corresponding to uncle-niece or aunt-nephew (C12), first cousin (C22), first cousin once removed (C23), and second cousin (C33) to the inbreeding coefficient (alpha) was analyzed from a sample of Spanish areas and periods. Multiple regressions were performed taking as independent variables the different degrees of consanguinity previously selected (C12, C22, C23, and C33) and as dependent variable the inbreeding coefficient (alpha). According to the results obtained for any degree and period, rural frequencies always surpass urban. However, the pattern is similar in both areas. In the period where consanguinity was more elevated (1890-1929) the C22/C33 ratio increased. Its variation is not due to C22 and C33 changes in the same way. In rural areas, this ratio surpasses the expected value by a factor of 2-3, but in urban areas it was 7-10 times larger, in some cases due to migration. While in rural Spain the C33 frequency was approximately 1.5 times C22, in cities C22 was 1.5 times C33. The best fit among the various types of consanguineous matings and alpha involves a lineal relationship. Regardless of the number of variables contributing significantly to alpha, C22 matings are always present. Moreover, their standardized (beta) coefficients are the highest. The above indicates that this consanguineous relationship conditions the inbreeding coefficient the most. In the period of greater consanguinity, close relationships, uncle-niece C12, and first cousin once removed (C23) make a significant contribution to alpha. In rural Spain second cousins (C33) always significantly determined alpha; however, in cities the inbreeding variation was mainly due to C12 and C23.

Consanguinity↗

PubMed2003

Parental consanguinity and congenital heart malformations in a developing country.

The association between isolated congenital heart defects and consanguinity was examined in 759 Lebanese patients with different types of congenital heart malformations. The subjects were patients of the Children's Cardiac Registry Center (CCRC) at the American University of Beirut Medical Center. The proportion of first-cousin marriages among cardiac subjects was compared to that of the National Collaborative Perinatal Neonatal Network (NCPNN), after adjusting for the subjects' geographic distribution, and to the highest proportion reported by NCPNN. In general, the proportion of overall parental consanguinity and first-cousin matings among CCRC subjects (34.7 and 20.2%, respectively) were significantly higher than the highest proportion of first-cousin marriages reported by NCPNN (Bekaa subjects; 13.2%) (P < 0.0001). Comparison with the NCPNN-adjusted first-cousin mating proportion revealed a significantly increased rate of consanguinity in all categories of cardiac malformations except great vessel and coronary artery lesions (P < 0.05). The following lesions were significantly associated with increased parental consanguinity: aortic anomalies (aortic insufficiency, aortic stenosis, bicuspid aortic valve), atrial septal defect, double-outlet right ventricle, pulmonary atresia, patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonic stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot, and ventricular septal defect (P < 0.05). Higher maternal education was the only variable that was negatively correlated with parental consanguinity (P = 0.037). Our study emphasizes the role of homozygous recessive genes in the causation of different types of isolated congenital heart malformations, known to follow a multifactorial pattern of inheritance. There is an urgent need for educating the public on the deleterious effects of inbreeding, especially in developing countries with high overall consanguinity rates and limited financial resources.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

High incidence of central nervous system malformations associated with marked parental consanguinity in an Israeli Arab community.

It is common among Israeli Arabs who live in villages to prefer consanguineous marriages, particularly among first cousins. In addition, such villages are populated by a few (< 20) original families, and inter-family/inter-village marriages are infrequent. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of congenital malformation of the central nervous system associated with such "consanguinity" in Taibe, a large Arab village, 30 km from Tel Aviv. Six hundred and ten families were prospectively ascertained through infants who were routinely seen in the local "Well Baby Clinics". A significant increase in the incidence of major malformations was noted in relation to the closeness of the parental relationship. For the index cases group, the prevalence of individuals with major malformations was 5.8% in the product of inter-village marriages, 8.3% in the intra-village non-related matings, 15.1% in the distant consanguineous group, and up to 15.8% in the progeny of first-cousin marriages (P < 0.001). Malformations of the central nervous system consisted of 1/3 to 1/2 of the total malformations in the consanguineous group versus less than 1/5 in the non-consanguineous groups. The study demonstrates a marked high rate of consanguineous marriages, the effect of which leads to a marked increase in major malformations and especially those of the central nervous system. This requires a unique genetic counseling approach.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Epilepsy and consanguinity in Shiraz, Iran.

BACKGROUND: The importance of consanguinity and its association with epilepsy has been suggested in some studies, but in one study the risk contributed to consanguinity for childhood epilepsy was not significanta. In the present study, there was an attempt to determine if consanguinity has any important association with epilepsy. METHODS: All the epileptic children and adolescents up to the age of 18 years, who had been referred to Motahary Clinic in Shiraz, Iran, during a six-month period, were included in this cross-sectional study. The percentage of consanguinity in parents of the epileptic patients was compared to a sample of the general population in the same geographical area. RESULTS: In total, 181 unrelated epileptic children were included in this study. The mean age of these children was 7+/-4.6 years. The male/female ratio in these patients was 1.29. Overall, 61(33.7%) of the parents were first cousins (OR=2.264, 95%-CI: 1.618-3.169 in comparison to the general population), 37 (20.4%) were second cousins (OR=3.557, 95%-CI: 2.389-5.296), and 83 (45.9%) were not related. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of consanguinity in parents of the epileptic patients was significantly higher in comparison to a sample of the general population (OR=2.612, 95%-CI: 1.929-3.536, P<0.0001) which signifies the importance of consanguinity as a potential risk factor for epilepsy. In this regard, more education and awareness of young individuals about the increased risk of epilepsy after familial marriages (at least by 2.2 folds), as well as pre-marriage counseling for couples who have a family history of epilepsy are necessary as an effective preventive program.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Is there any association between consanguinity and hearing loss.

BACKGROUND: Hearing loss (HL) and its complications appear to be increasingly common in developing countries. Previous studies have supported the association between hearing loss and consanguinity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of hearing loss and its association with consanguinity among Qatari population. In addition, correlation between hearing loss and Rhesus (Rh) blood groups has been investigated. DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study. SETTING: The study conducted at the Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation. SUBJECTS: Total sample of 2800 infants screened and 2277 subjects were eligible to be included in the study. METHODS: The neonatal screening for hearing loss was conducted from January 2003 to November 2003 among all the 2800 infants born during that period. Some of them were admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The hearing loss was screened using otoacoustic emission (Garson Stadler Incorporation, GSI-70), auditory brain stem responses (ABR) and tympanogram. RESULTS: Out of 2277 infant screened, the prevalence of hearing loss was (119/2277) 5.2%. The prevalence of HL was more common in boys (2.7%) than in girls (2.5%). We did not find any statistical significance differences between genders with the respect of HL. Parental consanguinity was more common among HL cases compared with non-HL 60.5% versus 25.3% (p < 0.0001). Family history of hearing loss did not show any differences between the two groups. 4.2% versus 4.3%. Risk factors like caesarean section, prenatal smoking and prenatal high blood pressure did not show any significant differences between the two groups. However, admission to NICU is associated with increase prevalence of HL 8.4% versus 4.4% (p = 0.043). The present study revealed that strong correlation between hearing loss, consanguineous (r = 0.217, p < 0.01), father education level illiterate (r = 0.293, p < 0.01), mothers consanguineous (r = 0.206, p < 0.01), mothers educational level illiterate (r = 0.228, p < 0.01), mother blood group positive (r = 0.476, p < 0.01), family history of HL among first or second degree of relatives (r = 0.620, p < 0.01) and father hypertension (r = 0.570, p < 0.01). Furthermore, a significant correlation between hearing loss and Rh blood groups has been discovered. CONCLUSION: The present study was directed at determining the prevalence and risk factors of HL in the infant population of Qatar. The data revealed that parental consanguinity was more common among hearing loss cases. There is a strong correlation between hearing loss and baby's age.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed2005

The frequency and effecting factors of consanguineous marriage in a group of soldiers in Ankara.

This cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the frequency of consanguineous marriage in a group of army conscripts in Ankara and the factors affecting this. Of 4153 soldiers, 387 were married. The rate of marriage between first cousins was found to be 19.1%, and the overall rate of consanguineous marriage was 24.1%. Consanguineous marriage was found to be significantly prevalent among soldiers who were born in and still living in the Eastern region; among those who lived in villages; among those whose parents as well as themselves had low educational levels; and among those whose marriages were arranged by their families. Neither the payment of bride-price nor the presence of consanguinity between parents was a significant factor for consanguineous marriage. In addition, the age of the soldier and the age at marriage were significantly lower among soldiers married to first cousins than among soldiers whose marriages were not consanguineous.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Consanguineous marriage in a newly developed country: the Qatari population.

This study examines the frequency of consanguineous marriage and coefficient of inbreeding in the State of Qatar. The study was conducted in semi-urban areas of Doha between January and May 2004. A sample of 1515 married Qatari females aged 15 years and over participated. The degree of consanguinity between each female and her spouse, and degree of consanguinity between their parents were recorded. The rate of consanguinity in the present generation was high (54.0%) with a coefficient of inbreeding of 0.02706. The commonest type of consanguineous marriage was between first cousins (34.8%). Double first cousin marriages were common (3.1%) compared with other populations. The consanguinity rate in the State of Qatar has increased from 41.8% to 54.5% in one generation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

The prevalence and demographic characteristics of consanguineous marriages in Pakistan.

Consanguineous marriages are strongly preferred in much of West and South Asia. This paper examines the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of consanguineous unions in Pakistan using local and national data. Information from 1011 ever-married women living in four multi-ethnic and multi-lingual squatter settlements of Karachi, the main commercial centre of the country, are compared with data from the national 1990/91 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS), based on information provided by 6611 women. Both sets of results indicate that approximately 60% of marriages were consanguineous, over 80% of which were between first cousins. The mean coefficients of inbreeding (F) in the present generation were 0.0316 and 0.0331 for the Karachi and PDHS data respectively. In both surveys the prevalence of consanguineous unions appeared to be unchanged over the past three to four decades. Consanguineous unions were more common among women who were illiterate or had only primary level education, were first or second generation migrants from rural areas of Pakistan or, in the PDHS, lived in rural areas, and whose parents were also consanguineously married.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Consanguineous marriages in a Saudi population and the effect of inbreeding on prenatal and postnatal mortality.

Consanguineous marriages are strongly favoured in the Saudi population. A population-based study of consanguineous marriages was conducted in the Riyadh area. The prevalence rate of consanguineous marriages was 51.3% with an average inbreeding coefficient of 0.02265, which is high compared with many other countries. The most important variables affecting inbreeding were the regional background of the family (p < 0.001) and the level of education, which was inversely associated with consanguineous marriage (p < 0.001). Perinatal and postnatal mortalities were not significantly different between consanguineous and non-consanguineous families.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A study of consanguinity in the Sultanate of Oman.

Omani society has a long tradition of consanguinity, which goes back to pre-Islamic times. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of consanguineous marriage and the mean coefficient of inbreeding in Oman. Consanguinity rates among 60,635 couples (20.8% of the national population of childbearing age) were determined on the basis of a questionnaire in major delivery units. In this large survey, which included all sections of the community, 24.1% of marriages were reported between first cousins and 11.8% of marriages were between second cousins. In addition, a further 20.4% of marriages were contracted within specific tribal groupings. Because of the strictly endogamous nature of the tribal groups in Oman, all marriages would be expected to be consanguineous to some degree, albeit at a level beyond that of second cousins (F < or = 0.0156). To obtain a more detailed picture of the patterns of consanguinity, and to assess the validity of the questionnaire-based study, 500 pedigrees were investigated in detail. The mean coefficient of inbreeding (alpha) in these pedigrees was 0.0204, compared with 0.0198 in the larger survey, suggesting that the data were broadly comparable and confirming the high degree of consanguinity in the population of Oman.

Consanguinity↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Consanguineous marriage in PR China: a study in rural Man (Manchu) communities.

Although there is a long history of consanguineous marriage in China, information on its prevalence is very limited. The Man (Qing) dynasty ruled China for over 250 years, but no consanguinity studies have been reported on this important population. The objective of the present investigation was to determine the present-day level of consanguineous marriage in the Man community, and to compare the data with existing consanguinity information on other Chinese populations. The study was conducted in a group of 11 rural Man communities in the north-eastern Chinese province of Liaoning. Household-based interviews were conducted by local staff on 513 couples, 418 of whom were Man with another 95 Man-Han inter-ethnic marriages. Basic pedigrees were constructed to determine the biological relationship between each set of spouses. Thirty of the 418 couples were in a consanguineous union, with a mean coefficient of inbreeding alpha = 0.0012. The small population sizes of the study may have contributed to the spatial variation in the patterns of inbreeding. Across generations there was a reduction in consanguineous marriages and an increase in inter-ethnic unions, which paralleled changes in civil marriage regulations.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Consanguinity, spousal age at marriage and fertility in seven Pakistani Punjab cities.

A retrospective study was conducted on spousal age at marriage, time to first birth and total pregnancies in the populations of seven cities in the Pakistani province of Punjab. Consanguineous marriages were strongly favoured with coefficients of inbreeding (F) for the present generation ranging from 0.0236 to 0.0286. Male and female ages at marriage were younger in consanguineous unions and spousal age differences smaller than in their non-consanguineous counterparts. Time elapsed from marriage to first birth tended to be longer in consanguineous unions but, in general, they had more pregnancies. As consanguinity has been shown to be associated with increased ante- and postnatal mortality in these communities, reproductive compensation provides a credible explanation for the apparent enhanced fertility with inbreeding. However, the data equally could be interpreted in terms of greater reproductive span and/or biosocial compatibility of the consanguineous unions.

Adult↗