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PubMed2026

Long-term consequences of childhood sexual abuse: An umbrella review of diagnostic meta-analyses.

BACKGROUND: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a public health issue with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 12.7%, potentially leading to a host of lifelong and significant mental, physical, and behavioral health. The aim of this study was to comprehensively map the long-term consequences of childhood sexual abuse on physical, psychiatric, and behavioral health outcomes. METHODS: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies, registered on PROSPERO, was conducted to examine the diverse repercussions of childhood sexual abuse on adult health. Three bibliographic databases (PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus) were searched from the inception of the respective databases to November 1st, 2022. Thirty-eight meta-analyses representing about 20 million individuals were analyzed, revealing a range of long-lasting consequences associated with CSA. RESULTS: Among physical pathologies, cervical cancer and functional neurological syndromes emerged as the most prominent, exhibiting significantly elevated odds ratios (ORs) of 4.18 IC95% and 3.30 IC95%, respectively. Sleep disorders and borderline personality disorders were the most prevalent mental health disorders associated with CSA, with respective ORs of 16.17 IC95% and 5.96 IC95%. Early sexual initiation (OR=3.59 IC95%, sexual assault (OR=3.36 IC95%, and prostitution (OR=3.24 IC95%) emerged as the most common behavioral consequences. Notably, no significant differences in the consequences of CSA were observed between men and women, except for reproductive health outcomes. DISCUSSION: When faced with certain pathologies, clinicians should consider and discuss sexual abuse with their patients. The consequences of abuse have a multifactorial origin, which is a weakness, as are the problems of defining abuse. The strength of our study is that it lists the consequences published in high-quality studies. CONCLUSION: This umbrella review provides compelling evidence of the profound and far-reaching impact of childhood sexual abuse on a broad spectrum of physical, mental, and behavioral health issues.

Humans↗

PubMed1979

A comparison of self-delivered consequences and desensitization in the treatment of fear of rats.

Exposed 52 rat phobic Ss to either group desensitization, self-delivered consequences imagined exposure, self-delivered consequences in-vivo exposure, or no treatment. Self-delivered consequences Ss conducted the treatment on their own and self-delivered preselected reinforcers contingent upon performance of the treatment exercises. All treatment groups improved significantly more than the no-treatment control group. The self-delivered consequences imagined exposure and the group desensitization treatments were equally effective. The self-delivered consequences in-vivo exposure treatment was significantly more effective than the self-delivered consequences imagined exposure and group desensitization treatments. The applicability of self-management techniques to the treatment of fear responses to specific stimuli and an extinction explanation of the effectiveness of systematic desensitization are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Recent drinking consequences, motivation to change, and changes in alcohol consumption over a three month period.

Little is known about what type of drinking related consequences may enhance motivation to change or may hinder behavior change over time. In order to examine this research question, 120 adult participants abusing alcohol were administered the Drinker Inventory of Consequences-Recent (DrInC-R), the Brief Readiness to Change Questionnaire (BRTC), and the Steady Pattern Chart (SP). Subscale scores from the DrInC-R and the BRTC; and alcohol consumption as assessed by the SP at baseline and three month follow-up were retained for data analyses. Greater intrapersonal DrInC-R consequences scores significantly predicted greater contemplation stage scores (R2=.37, p<.001), and lower precontemplation stage scores (R2=.32, p<.001), and DrInC-R impulse control and interpersonal consequences scores significantly predicted alcohol consumption at three month follow-up after controlling for baseline consumption (R2=.50, p<.001). Increased awareness of intrapersonal drinking related consequences may motivate change, whereas numbers of impulse control and interpersonal consequences may predict changes in drinking behavior over the short-term.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Immediate consequences of respiratory events in sleep disordered breathing.

BACKGROUND: In obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome, immediate physiological consequences of events have a dual role: censoring artifacts and gauging physiological significance. Newer airflow monitors may have changed the relative importance of these functions. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and hierarchy of occurrence of oxygen desaturation, EEG arousal and heart rate changes as immediate consequences of respiratory events. METHODS: Thirty-nine sleep apnea patients underwent polysomnography with airflow detection by nasal cannula. Eighty events/subject were randomly selected and evaluated for 4% oxygen desaturation, EEG arousal and heart rate increase. RESULTS: Of apneas, 78% caused desaturation, 63% arousal, and 73% heart rate increase. Of hypopneas, 54% caused desaturation, 47% arousal, and 55% heart rate increase. Of events with mildest amplitude reduction 25% caused desaturation, 42% arousal, and 42% heart rate increase. Consequences overlapped but did not occur hierarchically: each occurred alone and in all combinations. CONCLUSION: No single consequence occurred after every event; thus none can be used to corroborate airflow reduction as non-artifactual without missing events corroborated by other consequences. As different consequences validate non-hierarchical sets of respiratory events, we propose there is need to capture all changes in breathing in obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome before examining their role in clinical outcome.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

How crash severity in rear impacts influences short- and long-term consequences to the neck.

The main public-health problem concerning WAD are injuries leading to long-term consequences. Yet epidemiological studies mostly concentrate on data based on the injury outcome occurring shortly after the crash. The purpose of this article is to study the influence of crash severity in rear impacts leading to short and long-term consequences to the neck (WAD 1-3), lasting less than or more than 1 year. The influence of change of velocity as well as the car acceleration were investigated by using data from crash pulse recorders (CPR) installed in vehicles, involved in rear impacts. The influence of the car acceleration were also investigated by studying the frequency of occurrence of a tow-bar (hinge) on the struck car. Apart from real-life data, full-scale car-to-car crashes were performed to evaluate the influence of a tow-bar on the struck car. The crash tests showed that a tow-bar may significantly affect the acceleration of the car as well as that of the occupant. According to real-life crashes, a tow-bar on the struck car increased the risk of long-term consequences by 22% but did not affect the risk of short-term consequences. Out of the 28 crash recorder-equipped struck cars involving 38 occupants, 15 sustained no injury where the peak acceleration was 6g or less, 20 sustained short-term consequences where the peak acceleration was 10g or less. Three occupants from two different crashes sustained long-term consequences. The two crashes which resulted in long-term disabling neck injuries had the highest peak acceleration (15 and 13 x g), but not the highest change of velocity.

Acceleration↗

PubMed2004

Individual differences in sensitivity to health communications: consideration of future consequences.

There are reliable individual differences in the extent to which people consider the long- and short-term consequences of their behaviors. Such differences, assessed by the Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) Scale (A. Strathman, F. Gleicher, D. S. Boninger, & C. S. Edwards, 1994), are hypothesized to influence the impact of a persuasive communication. In an experimental study, the time frame of occurrence of positive and negative consequences of engaging in a new colorectal cancer-screening program was manipulated in a sample of two hundred twenty 50-69-year-old men and women. CFC moderated (a) the processing of short- versus long-term consequences and (b) the persuasive impact of the different communications on behavioral intentions. Low CFC individuals produced more positive thoughts and were more persuaded when positive consequences were short term and negative consequences were long term. The opposite was true for high CFC individuals.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Patterns of alcohol consumption and social consequences. Results from an 8-year follow-up study in Switzerland.

AIMS: (1) To estimate the impact of drinking patterns on negative social (behaviour) consequences. (2) To test for the additional impact of overall volume of alcohol consumed on these social consequences. (3) To explore whether the impact on social consequences of drinking patterns is comparable for measures that do and do not explicitly mention alcohol consumption. DESIGN AND SETTING: An 8-year follow-up to a 1987 study of the Swiss general population carried out through face-to-face interviews; the follow-up data presented in this article was collected in 1995 through a mailed questionnaire. PARTICIPANTS: Nine hundred and fifty-three respondents from the 1987 survey who also completed the mailed questionnaire in 1995. MEASUREMENTS: Variables used were as follows: volume of drinking, eight drinking patterns differentiated by volume and frequency, four social consequences without mention of alcohol and six with mention of alcohol. All multivariate analyses control for sex, age and linguistic region. FINDINGS: High volumes of drinking per occasion predicted negative social consequences independently of overall drinking volume. This finding was independent of explicit mention of alcohol in item formulation. For unemployment and accidents, if assessed independently of alcohol consumption, no significant relationship with either overall volume of drinking or drinking pattern was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Patterns of alcohol consumption are an important determinant of social problems. Future research with better design is necessary to establish their exact risk relations with different social consequences.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Psychosocial consequences of falling: the perspective of older Hong Kong Chinese who had experienced recent falls.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The study's aim was to explore the psychosocial consequences of falling with a group of older Chinese who had recently fallen. BACKGROUND: Older people fall more frequently. Thus, the consequences of these falls and their influence on health outcomes need to be determined. One important outcome, namely the psychosocial consequence of falling, has not been extensively studied. As a result, this study explored the psychosocial consequences of falling with a group of older Chinese who had recently experienced a fall. RESEARCH APPROACH: An explorative qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews was used in this study. SAMPLE: Twenty informants, with recent fall experiences either in the community or hospital setting, were interviewed in two elder care wards in an acute care hospital. FINDINGS: Three major categories of psychosocial consequences of falling emerged from the interview data: powerlessness, fear and seeking care. Powerlessness was also exemplified in three subcategories: lack of control, self-comforting and lack of emotion. Informants perceived falls as unpredictable and not preventable, expressing fears that falling could result in dependence on others and becoming a care burden. The interview data also showed that there is a need by older Chinese to seek care and advice from relatives and health care professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study have provided insights into the psychosocial consequences of falling for older Chinese. These insights suggest nursing interventions should promote a sense of mastery in prevention of falls, facilitate supportive social interactions with relatives and give empathetic responses to those who have fallen.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed1997

Consequences of error production in a perceptual-motor task.

In 2 experiments, U.S. college students engaged in a computerized version of a tracing task in which a cursor on a monitor screen could be guided through 16 segments of an 8-pointed, star-shaped track into targets at the vertices of the track by moving a joystick handle. The presence or absence of consequences for errors was manipulated. With restricted consequences, the cursor was confined to the track, freezing in position if the joystick handle was moved to an unsuitable position. With unrestricted consequences, the cursor always moved corresponding to the position of the joystick handle, even through and beyond the borders of the track. Time to reach each of the 16 successive targets was recorded on each of 4 training trials, as well as on 2 transfer trials in which consequences were unrestricted, but only the cursor and next target were visible (the contextual cue of the star-shaped track was absent). Times were longer on diagonal segments and when consequences were unrestricted, but there was no consistent carryover to the test trials. The results suggest that feedback, to serve an effective "guidance" function in skill learning, requires production of unrestricted feedback about errors. True guidance, however, prevents response errors, so consequences and feedback about errors are precluded.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2004

Relationships between exercise regulations and motivational consequences in university students.

The aim of this study was to examine propositions stemming from Self-Determination Theory (SDT) that contend motivational consequences vary as a function of different regulations in the exercise domain. Participants (N = 276; n = 98 men; n = 178 women) completed inventories assessing exercise regulations, current exercise behavior, and behavioral intentions to continue exercising for the next 4 months and the effort and importance associated with exercise participation. Bivariate analyses indicated autonomous exercise regulations (identified and intrinsic) were the strongest correlates of each motivational consequence across both sexes, and introjected regulation was positively associated with exercise consequences in women. Simultaneous multiple regression analyses indicated that exercise regulations accounted for a sizeable portion of the variance across each motivational consequence in both sexes (R2adj values ranged from .20 to .53). Both regression and structure coefficients revealed that introjected regulation was a stronger motivational force in women than men, and identified regulation was the most important predictor of all three motivational consequences in both sexes. Collectively, these findings suggest that exercise regulations differentially predict motivational consequences across sexes, and future research using this theoretical framework for examining motivational issues pertinent to the exercise domain appears warranted.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Club drugs: reasons for and consequences of use.

This preliminary descriptive study was designed to assess the reasons, primary contexts, and consequences (physical, psychological, lifestyle) of club drug use in a sample of young adults in a mid-size U.S. city. Fifty young adults (18 to 30 years old) reported on their use of club drugs (Ecstasy, GHB, ketamine, Rohypnol, methamphetamine, LSD) in face-to-face interviews that included quantitative and qualitative measures. Ecstasy was the most frequently used club drug followed by ketamine, LSD and methamphetamine. All of the participants reported using club drugs to "experiment" and most reported using these drugs to feel good and enhance social activities. Club drugs were frequently used at raves, in bars or clubs, and at home with friends. An average of 16 negative physical, psychological, and lifestyle consequences were reported for club drug use. Despite substantial negative consequences, participants perceived several positive consequences of regular recreational club drug use. These findings corroborate descriptions of club drug use in other countries (e.g., Australia, United Kingdom) and provide additional information on perceived positive consequences that users experience with club drug use. Further exploration of the reasons and positive consequences that are associated with use of each of the club drugs may provide important information on the growing trend in use of these drugs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Circumstances and consequences of falls in independent community-dwelling older adults.

BACKGROUND: knowledge of the circumstances and consequences of falls in older adults is important for understanding the aetiology of falls as well as for effective clinical assessment and design of fall prevention strategies. Such data, however, are relatively scarce, especially in community-dwelling elders. METHOD: accidental falls (including their circumstances and consequences) occurring in 96 male and female participants between 60 and 88 years of age were monitored prospectively for 1 year. After the monitoring period, participants were divided into three groups based on fall status: non-fallers (n = 46), one-time fallers (n = 27) and recurrent fallers (n = 23). Frequency distributions were created for selected circumstances and consequences of falls and the prevalence of these consequences were examined. RESULTS: 50 participants (52%) fell during the 1 year period, amassing 91 falls. Trips and slips were the most prevalent causes of falls, accounting for 59% of falls. Falls most often occurred during the afternoon and while subjects walked on level or uneven surfaces. Fallers most commonly attributed falls to hurrying too much. Fractures resulted from five of the 91 falls and eight other falls resulted in soft tissue injuries that required treatment by a physician. There were no differences between one-time and recurrent fallers in the circumstances and consequences of falls. However, several notable differences were found between men (n = 20) and women (n = 30) who fell. Falls by men most often resulted from slips whereas falls by women most often resulted from trips. Moreover, women and men differed in the time of the year in which falls occurred, with men falling most often during winter and women during summer. CONCLUSIONS: the results of this study provide insight into the circumstances and consequences of falls among independent community-dwelling older adults and suggest some possible ways of preventing falls. Preventive services, however, should not solely target recurrent fallers, nor should the type of services necessarily differ for one-time and recurrent fallers.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed2004

A school-based survey of recurrent non-specific low-back pain prevalence and consequences in children.

The aim of this investigation was to provide evidence of the prevalence and consequences of recurrent low-back pain in children from Northwest England. A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving a standardized questionnaire with established reliability and validity. A cross-sectional sample of 500 boys (n = 249) and girls (n = 251) aged between 10 and 16 years participated in the study. Average lifetime prevalence of low-back pain was 40.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 38.7-41.6]. Most cases of low-back pain were acute episodes that did not lead to disabling consequences. In contrast, 13.1% (95% CI = 12.5-13.7) experienced recurrent low-back pain that led to disabling consequences; 23.1% visited a medical practitioner, 30.8% experienced loss of physical activity/sports and 26.2% had been absent from school because of low-back pain. Recurrent low-back pain was particularly evident during late adolescence where one in five children were cases. The health education implications of low-back pain in children are discussed. It was concluded that low-back pain is a common complaint during childhood, although most cases are acute episodes that represent little health consequence. In contrast, some children experience recurrent low-back pain that can lead to disabling consequences. Future research should focus on recurrent low-back pain cases since they often led to disabling consequences.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

CO(2)-concentrating: consequences in crassulacean acid metabolism.

The consequences of CO(2)-concentrating in leaf air-spaces of CAM plants during daytime organic acid decarboxylation in Phase III of CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) are explored. There are mechanistic consequences of internal CO(2) partial pressures, p(i)(CO(2)). These are (i) effects on stomata, i.e. high p(i)(CO(2)) eliciting stomatal closure in Phase III, (ii) regulation of malic acid remobilization from the vacuole, malate decarboxylation and refixation of CO(2) via Rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), and (iii) internal signalling functions during the transitions between Phases II and III and III and IV, respectively, in the natural day/night cycle and in synchronizing the circadian clocks of individual leaf cells or leaf patches in the free-running endogenous rhythmicity of CAM. There are ecophysiological consequences. Obvious beneficial ecophysiological consequences are (i) CO(2)-acquisition, (ii) increased water-use- efficiency, (iii) suppressed photorespiration, and (iv) reduced oxidative stress by over-energization of the photosynthetic apparatus. However, the general potency of these beneficial effects may be questioned. There are also adverse ecophysiological consequences. These are (i) energetics, (ii) pH effects and (iii) Phase III oxidative stress. A major consequence of CO(2)-concentrating in Phase III is O(2)-concentrating, increased p(i)(CO(2)) is accompanied by increased p(i)(O(2)). Do reversible shifts of C(3)/CAM-intermediate plants between the C(3)-CAM-C(3) modes of photosynthesis indicate that C(3)-photosynthesis provides better protection from irradiance stress? There are many open questions and CAM remains a curiosity.

Carbon Dioxide↗

PubMed1991

Elevations of plasma glucose do not support taste-to-postingestive consequence learning.

We examined whether elevations in plasma glucose are a sufficient postingestive consequence to support taste-to-postingestive consequence learning. Because real, but not sham, feeding supports taste-to-postingestive consequence learning, we recorded changes in plasma glucose during sham and real feeding. For the 1st 15 min of the meal, both sham and real feeding produced similar elevations in plasma glucose. Thereafter, real feeding produced sustained elevations in plasma glucose, whereas sham feeding did not. However, mimicking the plasma glucose profile of real feeding in the sham feeding rat by infusing glucose intravenously did not produce taste-to-postingestive consequence learning. Using radiolabeled sucrose, we determined that the rise in plasma glucose during sham feeding results from absorption of nutrient. We conclude that elevations in plasma glucose in isolation are not a sufficient consequence to support taste-to-postingestive consequence learning.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Evaluating rehabilitation using cost-consequences analysis: an example in Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE: To use cost-consequences analysis to evaluate rehabilitation, and to discuss some practical limitations. DESIGN: Case study of a cost-consequences analysis. SETTING: Day hospital. SUBJECTS: People with Parkinson's disease without major cognitive loss, and their carers. INTERVENTION: A programme of multidisciplinary rehabilitation, delivered for one day per week over six weeks, and including 2 h of individual therapy (physical, occupational, speech and language, specialist nurse) and group activities on each occasion. MAIN MEASURES COSTS: direct and overhead costs of treatment; participant travel. CONSEQUENCES: patient outcomes (mobility, speech and language, disability, psychological well-being, health-related quality of life); carer outcomes (psychological well-being, health-related quality of life, strain); social service utilization; satisfaction. RESULTS: In this example the main costs were facility's overheads and hospital-provided transport. The consequences of the intervention were improved immediate outcomes for patients that diminished over four months, discovery of unmet social services need, high satisfaction. No benefits for carers were observed. CONCLUSION: A cost-consequences analysis provides a clear descriptive summary for decision-makers that is easier to interpret than cost-effectiveness, cost-utility and cost-benefit analysis. It is a useful technique in rehabilitation research where multiple outcomes and several perspectives (health service, patient, carer) are relevant. However limitations remain: it is difficult to capture all consequences because of data deficiencies and long-term effects; evaluations of individual interventions are partial and do not guarantee economic rationality; local studies may not be generalizable; fixed protocols impede the evaluation of alternative service configurations.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Psychosocial consequences of weight loss following gastric banding for morbid obesity.

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to determine what consequences surgery for morbid obesity has on weight loss, problems in eating behavior, quality of life, physical appearance and mental state. METHOD: After a minimum follow-up of > 8 months (median follow-up 21 months, range 8-48 months), a questionnaire concerning extent of, satisfaction with and consequences of weight loss was mailed to 250 morbidly obese patients after laparoscopic Swedish adjustable gastric banding (SAGB). In addition, the partner's opinion regarding the operation was evaluated as well as the consequences of weight loss for partnership and sexual relationship. RESULTS: 160 patients (64%) completed and returned the questionnaire. Most patients (87%) were happy with the extent of weight loss. Weight loss, however, was connected with negative consequences for the body such as flabby skin (53%), abdominal skin overhang (47%) and pendulous breasts (42%). Patients who were satisfied with their postoperative physical appearance showed significantly less weight loss than did patients who were unhappy with their appearance (38 vs 54 kg). Most of the partners (91%) believed that the decision for SAGB was right. An improvement in partnership was reported by more than half of the partners (59%), and an improved sexual relationship by 45%. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic SAGB is an effective surgical treatment for morbid obesity. However, the consequences of excess and rapid weight loss for physical appearance are negative in many cases. Well-directed information about the consequences of excess weight loss before SAGB and the possibilities and limits of plastic surgery must be given preoperatively to offset high and often unrealistic expectations.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Surveying the damage: a review of research on consequences of alcohol misuse in college populations.

This article provides a review and synthesis of professional research literature on the types, extent and patterns of negative consequences produced by students' misuse of alcohol in college populations based on survey research conducted during the last two decades. Considerable evidence is available documenting a wide range of damage by some students' drinking done to themselves as well as to other individuals, although some types of consequences remain speculative. Damage and costs to institutions are likely to be substantial, but this claim remains largely an inference based on current studies. Drinking by males compared with that of females produces more consequences for self and others that involve public deviance, whereas females' drinking contributes equally with males to consequences that are personal and relatively private. Research on racial/ethnic background, time trends and developmental stages reveals patterns in student data on consequences of drinking, but these data are very limited in the literature. Evidence suggests there is only a modest correlation between students' self-perception of having a drinking problem and the many negative consequences of drinking that are reported.

Alcoholism↗