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PubMed1996

Speaking Fo and cepstral periodicity analysis of conversational speech in a 105-year-old woman: variability of aging effects.

We investigated speaking fundamental frequency and periodicity of voicing during conversational speech in a 105-year-old woman. Analyses revealed higher mean speaking fundamental frequency compared to previously published data obtained from elderly women. In the absence of normative data, the results of cepstrum analyses performed on vowels produced during connected speech revealed less periodicity for the 105-year-old woman's voice than for a 35-year-old woman's voice. The main finding of this study indicates that previously reported group trends regarding aging effects on mean speaking fundamental frequency of the female voice cannot simply be attributed to all elderly individuals. These results stress the importance, for clinical and research purposes, of recognizing the existence of considerable intra- as well as intersubject variability in the effects of aging on the voice.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Improved methods of measurement and analysis of conversion electron and beta-particle spectra

A general statistical test of the stability of measurement conditions was demonstrated on the beta-spectra of 241Pu cumulated during four years. The alpha- and gamma-ray spectroscopy indicated stability of the 241Pu source. Monte Carlo modelling of individual collision events clarified the role of electron scattering and energy losses within a radioactive source down to energies of several hundreds of eV. The impact ionization by beta-particles of carbon and oxygen atoms in a surface contamination layer on the 241Pu and 63Ni sources was observed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Another look at retroactive and proactive interference: a quantitative analysis of conversion processes.

Traditionally, the causes of interference phenomena were sought in "real" or "hard" memory processes such as unlearning, response competition, or inhibition, which serve to reduce the accessibility of target items. I propose an alternative approach which does not deny the influence of such processes but highlights a second, equally important, source of interference-the conversion (Tulving, 1983) of accessible memory information into memory performance. Conversion is conceived as a problem-solving-like activity in which the rememberer tries to find solutions to a memory task. Conversion-based interference effects are traced to different conversion processes in the experimental and control conditions of interference designs. I present a simple theoretical model that quantitatively predicts the resulting amount of interference. In two paired-associate learning experiments using two different types of memory tests, these predictions were corroborated. Relations of the present approach to traditional accounts of interference phenomena and implications for eyewitness testimony are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Two traditions of interaction research.

The paper compares Bales' Interaction Process Analysis (IPA) with Sacks' Conversation Analysis (CA), arguing that CA has answered several questions that originally motivated the development of IPA, and while doing so, it has re-specified the phenomena of interaction research. These two research traditions are in many ways diametrically opposed: the former is quantitative, theory-oriented and aims at global characterizations of interactional situations, while the latter is qualitative, inductive and aims at characterizing specific layers of organization (such as turn taking or sequence organization) that give structure to interactional situations. Their primary objects of study are different. For the Balesian tradition, it is the functioning and the structure of a small group, whereas in the Sacksian tradition, it is the structures and practices of human social interaction per se. It is argued, however, that CA has radically expanded understanding of the questions IPA was originally developed to address. These questions include allocation of resources, control and solidarity. Bales' research deals with them in terms of the differentiation of participants of a group, whereas CA has re-specified them as emergent aspects of the very rules and structures that constitute and regulate interaction sequences. The uniqueness of the CA perspective on social interaction is demonstrated by exploring the display of emotion as an interactional phenomenon. It is argued that the display of emotion is intrinsically embedded in the sequential organization of action. Sensitive 'coding and counting' approaches can detect emotion displays, but the contribution of CA is to show the specific ways in which they are part of the business of interaction.

Emotions↗
PubMed1992

Insect lipophorin conversions. Compositional analysis of high- and low-density lipophorin of Acherontia atropos and Locusta migratoria.

The formation of low-density lipophorin (LDLp) in insect hemolymph, resulting from association of high-density lipophorin (HDLp) with both lipid and apolipophorin III, is considered to provide a reutilizable lipid shuttle for flight muscle energy supply. The changes in lipid and apolipoprotein composition of LDLp, isolated after flight activity, compared to that of HDLp in the hemolymph at rest, were studied in two evolutionary divergent insects, the hawkmoth Acherontia atropos and the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. Using FPLC on Superose 6 prep grade as a novel technique to separate the apolipophorins of HDLp and LDLp, the ratio of apolipoprotein I, II, and III in HDLp of both species was demonstrated to be 1:1:1, whereas flight activity resulted in a ratio of 1:1:10 in LDLp. Injection of adipokinetic hormone into resting moths showed that, depending on the dose, the number of apolipophorin III molecules in LDLp can exceed that recovered after the physiological condition of flight. Analysis of the lipophorin lipids demonstrated that in addition to the considerable increase in diacylglycerol in the LDLp particle, which is consistent with the role LDLp in energy supply, particularly the hydrocarbons were increased compared to HDLp, rendering the mechanism of LDLp formation from HDLp even more complex.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Methylprednisolone disposition in rabbits. Analysis, prodrug conversion, reversible metabolism, and comparison with man.

Methodology was evolved for comparison of methylprednisolone disposition in man and rabbit. Methylprednisolone, methylprednisone, and methylprednisolone hemisuccinate ester concentrations in plasma were measured by HPLC methodology after iv administration of each compound to rabbits. Methylprednisolone hemisuccinate is rapidly and completely hydrolyzed to methylprednisolone with a half-life of 10 min. Dosing with the free alcohol or ester produces identical disposition curves for methylprednisolone. Methylprednisolone was found to undergo rapid and reversible metabolism with methylprednisone, a phenomenon also seen in man. Plasma concentrations of methylprednisolone are appreciably greater than the metabolite regardless of the form of steroid given. Administration of the metabolite yields 67% availability of methylprednisolone. The occurrence of reversible metabolism produces an apparent clearance which is about 71% of the value of the "real" elimination clearance for both steroids. Man and rabbit show identical plasma protein binding of methylprednisolone (77%). Small differences in apparent clearance (man, 5.74 ml/min/kg; rabbit, 7.93 ml/min/kg) can be accounted for by the animal scale-up principle (body weight0.89). The rabbit is thus a useful animal model for further assessing mechanisms of drug- or disease-steroid interactions which occur in man.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Inherited differences in crossing over and gene conversion frequencies between wild strains of Sordaria fimicola from "Evolution Canyon".

Recombination generates new combinations of existing genetic variation and therefore may be important in adaptation and evolution. We investigated whether there was natural genetic variation for recombination frequencies and whether any such variation was environment related and possibly adaptive. Crossing over and gene conversion frequencies often differed significantly in a consistent direction between wild strains of the fungus Sordaria fimicola isolated from a harsher or a milder microscale environment in "Evolution Canyon," Israel. First- and second-generation descendants from selfing the original strains from the harsher, more variable, south-facing slope had higher frequencies of crossing over in locus-centromere intervals and of gene conversion than those from the lusher north-facing slopes. There were some significant differences between strains within slopes, but these were less marked than between slopes. Such inherited variation could provide a basis for natural selection for optimum recombination frequencies in each environment. There were no significant differences in meiotic hybrid DNA correction frequencies between strains from the different slopes. The conversion analysis was made using only conversions to wild type, because estimations of conversion to mutant were affected by a high frequency of spontaneous mutation. There was no polarized segregation of chromosomes at meiosis I or of chromatids at meiosis II.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2003

Combination therapy with irinotecan and protein kinase C inhibitors in malignant glioma.

The topoisomerase-I inhibitor irinotecan (CPT-11) is currently used in Phase I/II trials for the treatment of patients with recurrent malignant gliomas. Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors such as high-dose tamoxifen and hypericin also have been used in the treatment of malignant gliomas. The current study examined the role of PKC inhibitors as chemosensitizers for CPT-11 and their proposed mechanism of action. Two glioma cell lines (A-172 and U-87) and one primary glioma cell culture (LA-567) were used. Proliferation ((3)H-thymidine) and cytotoxicity (methylthiotetrazole) studies were performed using CPT-11 (0-100 microM) alone, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy camptothecin (SN-38) (0-1000 nM) alone or in the presence of a PKC inhibitor, tamoxifen (10 microM), hypericin (10 microM), calphositin C (400 nM), or staurosporine (10 nM). The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling(TUNEL) assay was used to determine apoptosis as the mechanism of cytotoxicity; alterations in bcl-2 and bax expression were determined using Western blot analysis. Conversion of CPT-11 to SN-38 by glioma cells was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Increasing CPT-11 and SN-38 concentrations induced cytotoxic morphologic changes, decreased proliferation, and increased cytotoxicity on all glioma cell lines tested. These changes were increased in the presence of a PKC inhibitor. The mechanism of the cytotoxicity was determined to be apoptosis by the TUNEL assay. The combination of a PKC inhibitor with CPT-11 or SN-38 led to decreased expression of the antiapoptotic protein bcl-2, and increased expression of the proapoptotic protein bax. HPLC analysis demonstrated conversion of CPT-11 to SN-38 by glioma cells. A combination of CPT-11 or SN-38 with a PKC inhibitor was found to lead to a decrease in proliferation and an increase in apoptosis in malignant glioma cells. The induction of apoptosis was secondary to a decrease in bcl-2 and an increase in bax expression. Glioma cells are capable of converting CPT-11 to SN-38 by intrinsic tumor carboxylesterases.

Anthracenes↗
PubMed2004

Opportunistic approaches for delivering preventive care in illness visits.

OBJECTIVE: To describe how clinicians create opportunities to deliver preventive care in illness visits and assess the impact this has on preventive service delivery. METHOD: Detailed and descriptive fieldnotes were collected from 18 purposefully selected family practices, including direct observations of 53 primary care clinicians and 1620 patient encounters. Conversation analysis was used to examine the conversational techniques employed to deliver four preventive services (smoking counseling, immunization delivery, mammography, and cervical cancer screening) in illness visits. Qualitative data was coded and analyzed to assess impact on preventive service delivery rates. RESULTS: Two methods for opportunistic preventive service delivery were observed. In the first, clinicians used the close of the medical encounter to make arrangement for follow-up preventive care. In the second approach, clinicians use a stepwise conversational device to exit talk about the patient's presenting problem and enter into relevant health habit advice. Quantitative analyses show that opportunistic methods are rarely used to deliver preventive services in illness visits. The stepwise technique was the most frequently used method. Patients treated by clinicians who used opportunistic techniques to deliver preventive care in illness visits were more likely to be up-to-date on smoking counseling and cervical cancer screening than those patients who were treated by clinicians who did not use opportunistic approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Opportunistic preventive service delivery in illness visits can be an efficient and effective way to deliver preventive care. Although infrequently used, quantitative data suggest that the use of opportunistic approaches to deliver preventive services during illness visits can enhance preventive care rates. Interventions aimed at helping clinicians develop effective strategies for offering preventive care during illness visits may be an important complement to existing mechanical interventions that might, by themselves, be insufficient to improve preventive care.

Family Practice↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Partnership in conversation: a study of word search strategies.

Conversation analysis was used to investigate a conversational partner's strategies when assisting with the word searches of an aphasic person. The purpose was to identify and detail how such strategies were accomplished and to examine the implications of these strategies from a social and participatory perspective. Review of a large, authentic database resulted in identification of 38 videotaped conversation sequences characterized by the initiation of a word search by an aphasic speaker and the joining of this search by the conversation partner. Sequences were analyzed on a turn-by-turn basis to identify patterns of sequential organization based on similarities in contextual and functional features and to infer social implications. Results were that four conversation strategies were systematically used: guess, alternative guess, completion, and closing strategies. Each was accomplished collaboratively with specific interactional resources and techniques and were used differentially for social purposes. Implications for clinical practices involving training of conversation partners are discussed.

Aphasia↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of nurse conversation: methodology of the process recording.

Analysis of nurse conversation: methodology of the process recording The study explored elements of effective nurse-client interaction between a nurse and a nursing home resident on the third day of the client's recovery from surgery. The interaction was recorded from memory in the form of a process recording then divided into unique conversation segments. Two nurses independently used seven typologies to classify segments of the conversation. Cohen's coefficient kappa for inter-rater reliability of the classifications was 0.98. Findings from the study revealed that two-thirds of the nurse's conversation was effective and consistent with the orientation phase of the nurse-client relationship. The nurse communicated her role through the provision of leadership, resources and help, and technical expertise. Her approaches were rather evenly divided between making requests, giving information, and affirming the client's experience. One-third of the conversation was oriented toward assessment and diagnosis, one half toward treatment of the client's experiences, and the rest toward planning and evaluation. Themes identified in the client's conversation included issues of dependency, disorientation to time, unresolved grief, separation anxiety, and the client's need for validation. These findings are valuable for illuminating the contribution that nurse conversation makes to evidence-based clinical practices. They also have implications for further refinements in the use of the process record and multiple coding schemes for the study of the nurse-client relationship.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Tertiary structural constraints on protein evolutionary diversity: templates, key residues and structure prediction.

The pattern of residue substitution in divergently evolving families of globular proteins is highly variable. At each position in a fold there are constraints on the identities of amino acids from both the three-dimensional structure and the function of the protein. To characterize and quantify the structural constraints, we have made a comparative analysis of families of homologous globular proteins. Residues are classified according to amino acid type, secondary structure, accessibility of the sidechain, and existence of hydrogen bonds from sidechain to other sidechains or peptide carbonyl or amide functions. There are distinct patterns of substitution especially where residues are both solvent inaccessible and hydrogen bonded through their sidechains. The patterns of residue substitution can be used to construct templates or to identify 'key' residues if one or more structures are known. Conversely, analysis of conversation and substitution across a large family of aligned sequences in terms of substitution profiles can allow prediction of tertiary environment or indicate a functional role. Similar analyses can be used to test the validity of putative structures if several homologous sequences are available.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prosody as an interactional resource: turn-projection and overlap.

One aim of current research into talk-in-interaction is to identify the resources that enable recipients to monitor the course of a turn in progress in order to project its upcoming completion. This issue is addressed through analysis of instances of overlapping talk, focusing on their design--that is, their particular prosodic and other linguistic characteristics; their placement--in other words, where precisely they occur in relation to the turn being overlapped; and the subsequent behavior of the coparticipants. Phonetic analysis is combined with interactional techniques developed within Conversation Analysis, to warrant the relevance of categories by reference to the behavior of the participants themselves. As French and Local (1983) found, for an incoming to be treated as turn-competitive, it has to be designed with relatively high pitch and loud volume. These turn-competitive incomings are positioned within the turn in progress, and before the final major accent. By contrast, overlapping incomings positioned after the major accent are not designed as or treated as turn-competitive. On the basis of this analysis, we can define transition relevance place (TRP) as the space between the TRP-projecting accent of the current turn and the onset of the next turn. TRP-projecting accents are identifiable on independent grounds, being phonetically distinct from non-TRP-projecting accents. They thus provide a robust resource for participants to monitor the upcoming completion of the turn.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Possibilities of standardized qualitative content analysis].

This paper aims to develop further content analysis with reference to recent models of communication (pragmalinguistics, conversational analysis, and theory of texts). The central thesis is that any content analysis of linguistic symbols must include the conditions of their realization in the spoken discourse. Accordingly, the concepts for analyzing discourse are introduced which serve as the basis for the critique of traditional content analysis in psychotherapeutic research and indicate future perspectives. The first part presents concepts for analyzing spoken language: a model of the formal organization of speech, speech act theory, and a model for analyzing macrostructures in texts. In the second part the discoveries and problems of content analysis are discussed and evaluated with reference to these concepts.

Communication↗
PubMed2005

Conversational strategies with parents of newly diagnosed leukaemic children: an analysis of 4880 conversational turns.

GOALS OF WORK: Communication with parents of children newly diagnosed with cancer poses a number of problems, mostly due to the psychological effects of parental trauma. This study was designed to answer the following questions: How can we sustain the flow of communication with parents of children newly diagnosed with leukaemia so that it may become easier and more effective? What should we say to gather more reliable information from parents? How can we help empower their coping strategies? PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed 4880 conversational turns in individual conversations carried out between psychologists and 21 parents of children with leukaemia. The conversations were aimed at gathering information of the families' daily routines. Dialogues were audiotaped and fully transcribed. The type and frequency of speech acts present in each turn were coded along 18 categories by two independent judges (inter-rater agreement, Cohen Kappa =0.73). MAIN RESULTS: The parental speech acts expressing emotion in various ways go up to 58% of the total number of their speech acts. The lag-sequential analysis showed that such expressions are not associated with any of the interviewer's speech act. The same analysis showed that, by contrast, the interviewer's style has an effect upon the cognitive aspects of parents' conversation. Support of hope favoured parental ability to identify their coping strategies. Explicit requests, confirmations such as "sure" and key words summarizing parents' viewpoints are followed by parental factual and objective narratives. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, a few practical recommendations for health care professionals are given in order to better communicate with parents of children newly diagnosed with cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Validation of the three-dimensional acquisition mode in positron emission tomography for the quantitation of [18F]fluoro-DOPA uptake in the human striata.

Three-dimensional (3D) positron emission tomography (PET) is attractive for [18F]fluoro-DOPA studies, since the sensitivity improvement is maximal for radioactive sources located in central planes, which is usually the case for the human striata. However, the image quantitation in that mode must be assessed because of the nearly threefold increase in scattered coincidences. We report the results of [18F]fluoro-DOPA studies performed on six normal volunteers. Each one was scanned in the 3D and two-dimensional (2D) modes on the same tomograph. The quantitation in the 3D and 2D modes was compared for a Patlak graphical analysis with the occipital counts as the input function (Ki) and a striatooccipital ratio analysis. We find that, in 3D PET, a scatter correction is required to preserve the same quantitation as in 2D PET. When the 3D data sets are corrected for scatter, the quantitation of the [18F]fluoro-DOPA uptake, using the Patlak analysis, is similar in the 2D and 3D acquisition modes. Conversely, analysis of the striatooccipital ratio leads to higher values in 3D PET because of a better in-plane resolution. Finally, using the 3D mode, the dose injected to the subjects can be reduced by a factor greater than 1.5 without any loss in accuracy compared to the 2D mode.

Adult↗