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PubMed2006

Work-related stress and well-being: the roles of direct action coping and palliative coping.

The purpose of the present study is to analyze the roles of direct action coping and palliative coping in the relationship between work stressors and psychological well-being, as well as their possible interactions, in a sample of 464 bank employees. Hierarchical regression analyses showed main effects of direct action coping on well-being. Palliative coping predicts higher levels of psychological distress. Contrary to what was expected, the interactions between work stressors and direct action coping were not significant. Palliative coping interacted with work stressors when predicting psychosomatic complaints. The interaction between the two types of coping was significant on psychosomatic complaints and psychological distress, but not on job satisfaction. The paper discusses theoretical and practical implications of these results, in order to design intervention strategies to prevent and manage job stress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

You want to measure coping but your protocol's too long: consider the brief COPE.

Studies of coping in applied settings often confront the need to minimize time demands on participants. The problem of participant response burden is exacerbated further by the fact that these studies typically are designed to test multiple hypotheses with the same sample, a strategy that entails the use of many time-consuming measures. Such research would benefit from a brief measure of coping assessing several responses known to be relevant to effective and ineffective coping. This article presents such a brief form of a previously published measure called the COPE inventory (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989), which has proven to be useful in health-related research. The Brief COPE omits two scales of the full COPE, reduces others to two items per scale, and adds one scale. Psychometric properties of the Brief COPE are reported, derived from a sample of adults participating in a study of the process of recovery after Hurricane Andrew.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1996

[The Bern Coping Forms BEFO--an instrument for self- and observer rating of coping with illness].

Coping is an integral part of any illness behaviour, and has major implications inter alia for the doctor-patient relationship, hence, indirectly also for rehabilitation outcome. The Berne Coping Forms BEFO permit coping representation, for one, from the perspective of the observer (observer rating) and, for the other, from that of the patient (self-rating). The instrument is applicable for any diagnostic area or context, whether preventive programme, acute or chronic conditions, rehabilitation, or assessment of stressors in carers or relatives, and many more. The instrument is comprised of 30 categories of coping modes, oriented by three dimensions (action-,cognitive and emotion-related). Numerous studies have demonstrated adequacy of the instrument's psychometric properties. Associations between observer and self-rating are good, as is repeat reliability of the self-rating form, while the required reliability levels are reached in observer repeat ratings. Interrater agreement is good even with minimal previous training. The instrument has stood the test for differentiated assessment of coping modes in varying forms of illness-generated stress. It moreover permits characterization of coping style changes over time, i.e. in the different disease phases. Also, sociocultural differences and coping effectiveness can be substantiated. BEFO interpretation is determined by the research focus at hand, and presupposes differentiated evaluation of illness behaviour. Training and instruction are thoroughly dealt with in a manual, and comparative videos can be made available.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Beyond good and bad coping: a multidimensional examination of coping with pain in persons with rheumatoid arthritis.

This article examines the utility of using a multidimensional instrument to assess pain coping in two samples of persons with rheumatoid arthritis (total N = 378). The predictive validity of the newly developed Vanderbilt Multidimensional Pain Coping Inventory (VMPCI), which assesses eleven distinct coping strategies, was compared to that of the previously validated Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory (VPMI), which assesses the two broad dimensions of active and passive coping. In both samples, the VMPCI demonstrated reliable incremental validity over the VPMI in predicting both positive and negative psychological adjustment, and the predictive ability of the VPMI was highly redundant with that of the VMPCI. Moreover, using the VMPCI, both positive and negative adjustment were related to multiple coping strategies in ways that could not be revealed by the VPMI. These results offer considerable validation to the VMPCI and illustrate the value of assessing coping multidimensionally.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1991

Adolescent coping: the different ways in which boys and girls cope.

In order to investigate the ways in which boys and girls cope with their concerns, 650 Year 11 and Year 12 students from seven post-primary schools in Melbourne, Australia were asked to describe how they cope with the main concerns in their lives. In addition to elicitation of spontaneous responses, a modified form of the Ways of Coping Checklist (Folkman and Lazarus, 1980; 1985b) was also administered to obtain an assessment of students coping strategies. Clear differences were found between the ways in which boys and girls cope. Girls seek more social support and generally are more likely than boys to focus on relationships. They also employ more strategies related to hoping for the best and wishful thinking. The question of how boys and girls can develop their coping repertoire so as to increase the adaptability of their responses in difficult situations is also addressed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

The measurement of coping responses: validity of the Billings and Moos Coping Checklist.

OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of the study was to investigate the factor structure and psychometric properties of the modified Coping Checklist. METHODS: Self-report questionnaires asking about coping responses and mental health were administered to 515 undergraduate university students and to 119 patients awaiting elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Confirmatory (CFA) and exploratory factor analyses (PCA) were used to summarize and describe coping responses. RESULTS: CFA indicated that the subscale structure originally proposed for the Coping Checklist did not adequately fit the data. Subsequent PCA resulted in four factors: (1) Positive reappraisal; (2) Seeking support; (3) Avoidance; and (4) Information seeking. Internal consistencies ranged between .41 and .62 and 12-week test-retest reliability ranged between .59 and .71. Evidence for the concurrent validity of the solution generated by PCA was demonstrated by low to moderate correlations between the four factors identified and demographic and psychosocial measures. CONCLUSION: Even with modifications to the Coping Checklist, it is recommended that researchers investigate alternative methods of assessing coping responses in health psychology settings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Maastricht Assessment of Coping Strategies (MACS-I): a brief instrument to assess coping with psychotic symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the reliability of a brief instrument to assess coping with symptoms by patients with psychotic illness. METHOD: A semi-structured interview (MACS) was developed to assess the amounts of distress, control and coping in relation to psychotic symptoms. Two raters interviewed 23 symptomatic but stable patients with a diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia on two separate occasions. Case managers were also interviewed. RESULTS: Both the number of coping strategies used for different groups of symptoms, and the amount of coping used in different domains of coping strategies could be assessed reliably between interviewers (intraclass correlation coefficients range: 0.90-0.97) and between interview sessions (ICCs range: 0.75-0.80). Reliability with case managers, however, was low. CONCLUSION: The MACS may be a reliable and useful instrument to assess coping in relation to subjective experience of distress by and control over psychotic symptoms.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1992

Coping with gastrointestinal endoscopy: self-efficacy enhancement and coping style.

Forty-eight men scheduled for endoscopy were assessed for preferred coping style and assigned to one of four preparation conditions: (a) relaxation plus coping self-efficacy (SE) enhancement, (b) relaxation only, (c) procedural information, and (d) no preparation. It was hypothesized that increases in SE would be associated with better behavioral and self-report assessments of coping with endoscopy, and that coping style would moderate effects of SE enhancement. Hypotheses were largely confirmed. Ss in SE enhancement preparation experienced greater increases in coping SE and greater decreases in distress before and during endoscopy than did other Ss. Changes in coping SE were negatively correlated with changes in anticipatory anxiety, and SE ratings were significantly related to distress during endoscopy. Ss classed as monitors fared most poorly with no-preparation, whereas blunters did most poorly with procedural information.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Follow-up of coping skills training in adults with sickle cell disease: analysis of daily pain and coping practice diaries.

This study examined the 3-month follow-up effects of a pain coping skills intervention in African American adults with sickle cell disease. Sixty-seven participants were randomly assigned to either a coping skills condition or a disease-education control condition. Multivariate analyses applied to summary measures of coping, laboratory pain perception, and clinical measures indicated that participants in the coping intervention reported significantly lower laboratory pain and significantly higher coping attempts at 3-month follow-up in comparison with the control condition. Multilevel random effects models applied to prospective daily diaries of daily pain, health care contacts, and coping practice indicated that on pain days when participants practiced their strategies, they had less major health care contacts in comparison with days when they did not use strategies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Condition-related coping strategies in persons with spinal cord lesion: a cross-national validation of the Spinal Cord Lesion-related Coping Strategies Questionnaire in four community samples.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional, questionnaire. OBJECTIVES: Coping strategies employed to manage the consequences of a spinal cord lesion (SCL) have been found to be distinctly related to emotional well-being. However, research and clinical implications have been hampered by the lack of cross-validated measures that are directly related to the lesion and its consequences. This study investigates the psychometric performance of the SCL-related Coping Strategies Questionnaire in four different countries. SETTING: Austria, Germany, Switzerland and UK. METHODS: The study sample comprised 355 community residing persons with SCL. Multi-trait/multi-item analysis methods and non-parametric and parametric tests were used. RESULTS: The Acceptance coping scale showed satisfactory psychometric qualities, whereas there were some problems in the Fighting spirit scale and greater problems in the Social reliance scale. Compared with the Swedish developmental sample, Acceptance was used more in the four study countries. Consistent with the original sample, Acceptance and Fighting spirit coping correlated with fewer signs of emotional distress, persons lesioned > or = 5 years tended to report more Acceptance than the newly lesioned and coping strategies were mainly unrelated to neurological status. CONCLUSION: The English and German language versions of the Acceptance coping scale were valid and reliable, whereas some translated items in the Fighting spirit scale need to be revised. Translations of the Social reliance scale need to be thoroughly revised and retested. The results add further evidence to the literature on the stability of the link between adapting life priorities (ie Acceptance) and emotional well-being.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

An instrument for assessing coping with temptation: psychometric properties of the alcohol abuse coping response inventory.

In the current study, we examined psychometric properties of The Alcohol Abuse Coping Response Inventory (AACRI), a modification of the Coping with Temptation Inventory for recovering alcoholics. It demonstrated good internal reliability. Three internally consistent factors were identified, one behavioral factor, and two cognitive factors. The measure did not demonstrate adequate concurrent validity. As expected, cognitive coping responses were more predictive of later relapse than behavioral coping responses, and a combination of the two was most predictive of later relapse. In the incremental validity analysis, situational confidence was found to be most predictive of relapse outcome, while the AACRI cognitive coping subscale demonstrated adequate incremental validity. The AACRI was found to have incremental validity over the Coping Behaviours Inventory.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Development of a Swedish version of the Adolescent Coping Orientation for Problem Experiences (A-Cope).

The objective was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Adolescent Coping Orientation for Problem Experiences (A-Cope) among Swedish adolescent girls. A sample of 590 13- and 15-year old girls participated. The original version of the A-Cope failed to demonstrate an adequate factor structure. A revised version was developed (A-Cope-S), consisting of 28 items forming 6 subscales with moderate to acceptable homogeneity. The findings suggest that the A-Cope-S is suitable for the study of coping among Swedish adolescent girls.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Coping in context: the role of stress, social support, and personality in coping.

Personality and social relationships play an important role in almost every aspect of stress and coping. Daily process methods are particularly useful in elucidating how these factors might influence both responses to and outcomes of stress. Our work has linked both dimensions of personality, particularly the Big Five, and aspects of social relationships, particularly social support, to the likelihood of engaging in certain coping strategies and the effectiveness or outcomes of these coping strategies. In addition, we have found the effect of personality on coping and stress outcomes to vary by the situational context in which stress occurs. We review findings from our recent daily process studies of stress, coping, and social support. Further, we discuss the costs and benefits of the daily process methodology for addressing these questions, highlighting the clinical utility of findings gleaned with the use of this approach. Finally, we discuss future directions and applications of daily process methods to the study of stress and coping.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Coping with hallucinations: exploring stress and coping framework.

This study explored application of the theoretical framework of Lazarus & Folkman (1984) to coping with hallucinations in schizophrenia. Eighty-one patients were interviewed with a structured schedule. Unprompted reports of coping indicated wide use of both 'hallucination-specific' and 'general' strategies. Factor analysis of a coping checklist produced three factors which were utilized in regression analyses. The active acceptance factor may relate to control of hallucinations, the passive coping factor predicted distress reduction but, surprisingly, the resistance coping factor, which contained hallucination-specific coping strategies, predicted poor distress reduction. Clinical and research implications are noted.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Coping with the stress of parental depression II: adolescent and parent reports of coping and adjustment.

This study examined associations between adolescents' self-reports and parents' reports of adolescents' exposure to family stress, coping, and symptoms of anxiety/depression and aggression in a sample of 78 adolescent offspring of depressed parents. Significant cross-informant correlations were found between adolescents' reports of family stress, their stress responses, and their coping and parents' reports of adolescents' symptoms of anxiety/depression and aggression, but not between parents' reports of adolescents' stress and coping and adolescents' self-reported symptoms. Adolescents' reports of secondary control engagement coping and involuntary engagement stress responses mediated the relation between adolescents' reports of parental stress and parents' reports of adolescents' anxiety/depression symptoms. Moderate levels of correspondence were found in the correlations between parent and adolescent reports of adolescents' exposure to stress, coping, stress responses, and symptoms even after controlling for parents' current depressive symptoms. However, depressed parents reported higher levels of symptoms of anxiety/depression and aggression and more family stress than did their adolescent offspring. Implications for future research on coping and adjustment in offspring of depressed parents are highlighted.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Coping strategies and styles assessed by the Jalowiec Coping Scale in a random sample of the Swedish population.

A random sample of the Swedish general population (n = 1,200), age range 18-80 years, was studied with regard to coping strategies and styles used for handling stressful situations. The total response rate was 65% (n = 519), and coping was assessed by the Jalowiec Coping Scale (JCS). The three most frequently used coping styles were the confrontative, the optimistic and the self-reliant. The three least used styles were the emotive, the supportant and the palliative. There were few differences between the age groups for the total material or for each gender separately. Young (18-29 years) and middle-aged (30-59 years) groups used confrontative and emotive styles significantly more than did the elderly (60-80 years) group. Young and middle-aged women used significantly more optimistic, evasive, emotive and supportant coping than did elderly women. All subscales except the self-reliant showed significant gender differences, with women reporting more frequent use than men. Ethnicity is a major determinant of the use of the emotionally-oriented coping styles. Those of Swedish origin used less of these styles than did those of non-Swedish origin. The results illustrate the importance of using different norm values for the JCS for groups differering in these demographic variables.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Coping with bone marrow transplantation. A contribution to adaptive vs. maladaptive coping].

The coping strategies of 36 adult leukemia patients admitted for bone marrow transplantation have been investigated systematically by trained raters using audio-taped material from semi-structured interviews. So-called long term survivors with a median survival time of 978 days after BMT displayed significantly lower passive-stoic acceptance and resignation than non-survivors who died within a median time of 229 days after BMT. These copings were of high prognostic value prior to all treatment regimes in strong correlation with a negative hematological prognosis and age. Non-survivors showed significantly higher passive-stoic acceptance and resignation coping. Form of leukemia and other sociodemographic variables or stress had neither a significant impact on coping intensity nor on coping quality. Consequences for further coping research and possible treatment interventions prior to or immediately after BMT are being discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Helping mothers cope with a critically ill child: a pilot test of the COPE intervention.

The purpose of this study was to pilot test the effects of a theoretically driven intervention program (COPE = Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment) on the coping outcomes of critically ill children and their mothers. Thirty mothers of 1- to 6-year-old children in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) were randomly assigned to receive COPE or a comparison program. Mothers who received the COPE program: (a) provided more support to their children during intrusive procedures; (b) provided more emotional support to their children; (c) reported less negative mood state and less parental stress related to their children's emotions and behaviors; and (d) reported fewer post-traumatic stress symptoms and less parental role change four weeks following hospitalization. Results indicate the need to educate parents regarding their children's responses as they recover from critical illness and how they can assist their children in coping with the stressful experience.

Adaptation, Psychological↗