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PubMed1996

Gingival state and dental calculus in early-onset periodontitis.

This study was undertaken to 1) compare the prevalence of gingival inflammation and dental calculus in adolescents with early-onset periodontitis and their matched controls and 2) assess and compare the relationship between the presence of dental calculus and the extent of gingival bleeding and attachment loss in these subjects. The study group consisted of 1,285 13 to 20 year-old individuals, 651 males and 634 females, selected from a national survey of the oral health of U.S. adolescents in 1986/1987. It included 709 (55.2%) Blacks, 224 (17.4%) Hispanics, and 352 (27.4%) Whites. Eighty-nine subjects had localized or generalized juvenile periodontitis (JP), 218 had incidental attachment loss (IAL), and 978 were without clinical attachment loss (controls). The controls were matched to cases on gender, race, age, and geographic location. The subjects were examined clinically to assess the percentage of sites with gingival bleeding and supragingival calculus only and subgingival calculus with or without supragingival calculus. The IAL and JP groups had significantly more gingival bleeding and subgingival calculus than the controls. Also, the JP group had significantly higher prevalence of both conditions than the IAL group. The percentage of sites with supragingival calculus was not different between the groups, but varied by ethnicity. Hispanics with JP had the highest percentage of sites with gingival bleeding and subgingival calculus, and the lowest percentage of sites with only supragingival calculus. The results demonstrate that gingival inflammation and subgingival calculus are associated with early periodontal breakdown, and contradict earlier reports of early-onset periodontitis not being associated with these factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Immunoglobulins in human dental calculus demonstrated with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method.

IgG and IgA were demonstrated in both sub- and supragingival dental calculus. Their distribution followed mainly incremental lines in the calculus. Most likely they originated from saliva and gingival fluid. Immunoglobulins which are adsorbed to crystals in biologic tissues may slow down the growth rate of the crystals. It was thus suggested that the incremental lines may be caused by the accumulation of IgG and IgA on the surface of dental calculus with a subsequent arrest in growth.

Dental Calculus↗
PubMed1990

Effect of chewing rawhide and cereal biscuit on removal of dental calculus in dogs.

The effect of chewing rawhide and cereal biscuit on removal of dental calculus was studied in 67 dogs. Two methods were used to measure supragingival calculus and calculus removal as a function of time and acceptability. Trial 1 used a quantitative method based on actual measurement of the area of calculus on a tooth, and trial 2 used a quantitative method based on an arbitrary grading system to establish a supragingival calculus index. Analysis was performed, using 2-factor (trial 1) and a 3-factor (trial 2) analysis of variance. Results indicated that dogs removed calculus from their teeth by chewing rawhide; some teeth were cleaned better than others. The optimal amount or frequency of rawhide treatment was not necessarily determined. It was determined that regular consumption of up to 3 rawhide strips/d for 3 weeks was safe. Processed biscuits were sometimes effective in removing calculus from dog's teeth; however, biscuits were not as effective as the rawhide in removing supragingival calculus.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis studies of early dental calculus on resin plates exposed to human oral cavities.

Dental calculus formed after 10 days on resin plates, applied to the lingual sides of the mandibular gingival regions in eight human subjects, was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). The mineral deposits were mainly divided into three types: A, B, and C. The type A deposits showing an average Ca/P molar ratio of 1.42 were densely packed with fine needle-shaped crystals formed by the intra- and extra-cellular calcification. The type A deposits, probably composed of Ca-deficient apatites and the transitional forms between apatite and octacalcium phosphate (OCP), were observed in all subjects. The type B deposits showing an average Ca/P molar ratio of 0.96 were aggregated with polygonal column, triangular plate-shaped, and rhombohedral crystals. These crystals identified as brushite (CaHPO4-2H2O:dicalcium phosphate dihydrate: DCPD) were found in four subjects. Platelet-shaped crystals of the type C deposits were observed in three subjects. Their Ca/P molar ratio of 1.26 and the crystal shape were similar to those of OCP. Whitlockite crystals were not found although Mg-containing hexagonal disk-like crystals were observed in two subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Influence of granulation tissue, dental calculus and contaminated root cementum on periodontal wound healing. An experimental study in monkeys.

The rôle of gingival granulation tissue, dental calculus and contaminated root cementum in marginal periodontal formation of new attachment was studied experimentally after chemical conditioning of the root surfaces of premolars and molars in 8 monkeys. Each treatment procedure was carried out in 4 monkeys. The other 4 monkeys served as controls. A morphometrical method was used to evaluate the results. It was concluded that a significant amount of new attachment including formation of new adhering cementum will result only on chemically-conditioned cementum surfaces. Small amounts of calculus or granulation tissue left in situ do not seem to influence healing, provided the cementum is left intact after chemical cleansing.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1983

Effects of EDITEMPA on dental calculus and caries formation in vivo.

N,N,N',N'-ethylene diamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid)--EDITEMPA--was highly effective in reducing dental calculus formation in beagle dogs when applied topically as a 1% solution or in a mouth rinse. A dose-response study in 40 beagles for 12 weeks with dentifrices containing 1, 2, 2.75, and 2.75% EDITEMPA + 0.1% NaF gave a significant (alpha = 0.05) reduction in calculus formation. Based on these results, it was also concluded that 0.1% NaF did not affect the anticalculus activity of 2.75% EDITEMPA. The effect of EDITEMPA dentifrice on dental caries in rats was also studied. A dentifrice containing 1.69% EDITEMPA significantly (alpha less than 0.01) reduced smooth and fissure caries in rats when applied topically. Collectively, the data suggested that EDITEMPA was an effective anticalculus agent and that it did not damage developing enamel in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Tobacco smoking and subgingival dental calculus.

OBJECTIVE: A radiographic investigation into the relationship between tobacco smoking and subgingival dental calculus was conducted in an adult population, including 48 current smokers, 57 former smokers, and 125 non-smokers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Assessment of subgingival calculus was based on a full set of radiographs. Mesial and distal root surfaces were assessed as to presence or absence of radiopaque deposits apical to the cemento-enamel junction. The severity of subgingival calculus deposition, labeled subgingival calculus load, was estimated from both the total number and the proportion of proximal sites affected. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of individuals exhibiting at least one subgingival calculus positive site was 43%, ranging from 15% in age stratum 20-34 years to 72% in age stratum 50-69 years. The prevalence among current smokers, former smokers, and non-smokers was 71%, 53%, and 28%, respectively. The differences between smoking groups were statistically significant (p<0.001). The mean subgingival calculus load of current smokers, former smokers, and non-smokers was 3.4, 1.2, and 0.6 affected sites per person, respectively, or expressed as mean proportions, 6.2%, 2.4%, and 1.1%, respectively. The association between smoking and subgingival calculus load was statistically significant (p<0.001). The subgingival calculus load increased with increasing smoking exposure, suggesting a dose-response relationship. CONCLUSION: The present observations in dentally aware adults indicate a strong and independent impact of tobacco smoking on subgingival calculus deposition.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The relationship of dental calculus to caries, gingivitis, and selected salivary factors in 11- to 13-year-old children in Chiang Mai, Thailand.

Thai children have been shown to accumulate large amounts of dental calculus. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of calculus to caries and gingivitis, and salivary conditions which may contribute to calculus accumulation. Four-hundred and thirty-nine (439) children from 18 schools in Chiang Mai were selected for this study. The children were given oral examinations to determine calculus index (CI); decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (DMFS); decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT); gingival index (GI); and plaque index (PI). Children with mean CI scores > or =1 (206) were assigned to the calculus group; the 233 children with mean CI scores of <1 to the noncalculus group. Saliva was collected from 60 randomly-selected children in each group. Unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva and stimulated parotid saliva were assessed for flow rate, pH, and buffer capacity using 2 methods. Results showed that calculus status was not significantly associated with caries, but that there was a high association between gingivitis and plaque status with calculus accumulation (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in saliva flow rate, pH, or buffer capacity between calculus and noncalculus groups. The lack of association between calculus status and caries indicated these 2 conditions have different etiologies and suggests the importance of plaque and calculus prevention programs, in addition to caries control efforts, to maintain oral health of Thai children.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Removal of dental calculus using ultrasound and its effect on gingival function].

Dental concrements were evacuated in 2 groups of 40 patients each using an ultrasonic device "Ultrastom" or a manual excavator. On the 3rd, 7th and 21st days the patients were reexamined. Parodontal and hygienic indices were evaluated and the gingival liquid production measured. A substantial rise in the antiinflammatory action of the procedure was characteristic of the use of the ultrasound as compared to manual operation.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Dental calculus].

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Dental Calculus↗