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PubMed1987

Anaphylaxis to cutaneous exposure to milk protein in a diaper rash ointment.

A 12-month-old boy, with a strong history of cow's milk allergy, developed two episodes of anaphylaxis following cutaneous application of a casein containing ointment to an inflamed diaper area. RAST testing showed a significant elevation in specific IgE antibodies to milk and milk proteins. This experience suggests that children who are highly sensitive to milk may have severe allergic reactions on cutaneous exposure to milk or milk products.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1988

Tell-tale diaper rash in Kawasaki syndrome.

We have presented three patients in whom a striking desquamating perineal rash developed within the first five days of a febrile illness. Such a rash should raise the suspicion for Kawasaki syndrome even when all criteria are not present.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1977

[Study of the role of Candida albicans infection in different infant conditions including a diaper rash (64 cases)].

The pathogenic role of Candida albicans has been determined by performing: skin scrapings, mouth swabs, faecal specimens and serology from 64 infants and very young children affected with different conditions including a napkin dermatitis, divided into 4 groups. 1) 7 patients affected with true or presumed candidiasis, 2) 53 patients with different manifestations of diaper dermatitis, 3) 3 patients with papulo-erosive dermatitis of the diaper area, 4) 1 congenital ichthosiform erythrodermia. Candida albicans is the only responsible agent of the granulomatous candidiasis, it is constant but appeared lately in acropathia enteropathica. It is one of the major agents of the trichophytoid dermatitis (2 cases out of 4 cases). Candida albicans has been recovered from the skin of 33 infants out of 53 patients affected with all types of napkin eruption (62 p. 100) and from faecal specimens of 43 patients (81 p. 100). Though Candida albicans has often been considered as an opportunistic organism, even in infants, this percentage is greatly higher than that of the normal infant that is about 4p. 100, and consequently has a real pathogenic value. Species of yeasts different from Candida albicans have been recovered from faecal specimens of 3 infants affected with papulo-erosive dermatitis of the napkin area: parapsilosis, macedoniensis, deformans which are not generally considered as pathogenic agents. Serology is positive only in 3 infants or young children affected with a real chronical candidosis: 1 granulomatous candidosis, 1 acropathia enteropathia, 1 erythrodermia, the faecal specimen of whom contained a great nomber of Candida albicans.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed1984

Corn starch, Candida albicans, and diaper rash.

The growth of Candida albicans experimentally inoculated onto the skin of human volunteers was not enhanced by the addition of either cornstarch powder or talcum powder. Sufficient nutrients for growth of C. albicans exist on human skin, provided sufficient moisture is present. Cornstarch and talc powders were shown to minimize frictional injury experimentally induced in human volunteers. These studies indicate that cornstarch and talc powders do not enhance the growth of yeasts on human skin and do provide protection against frictional injury.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed1987

Clinical and microbial effects of cloth, cellulose core, and cellulose core/absorbent gel diapers in atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inherited cutaneous inflammatory condition which may affect 10% of infants. Persons with this diathesis are more susceptible to irritants and to superficial infections. Little is known about diaper rash and diapering materials in AD. In this study we set firm criteria to identify a large group of infants with AD for comparison with a nonatopic, normal control group in terms of severity of diaper dermatitis; relationship of diaper dermatitis to diaper materials; and influence of modifying factors (bacterial and candidal colonization/infection, diarrhea, antibiotics, other illnesses, food allergy or intolerance). Babies with eczema were recruited and, from a group of 2,443 respondents, 87 satisfied carefully defined criteria for atopic dermatitis. A similarly sized (90) control group matched for age, sex, and weight was selected for absence of features of atopy or familial atopic history. Infants were assigned into balanced subgroups wearing cloth diapers, conventional cellulose diapers, or diapers containing cellulose and absorbent gelling material (AGM). Assessment of grading for atopic parameters showed statistically significant differences between the AD and normal groups at every visit. Mean diaper rash grades, as assessed by the same physicians at each visit, were significantly higher in the AD group wearing cloth diapers compared with those in AGM subgroups at five of eight visits. There was significant correlation between AD severity and diaper rash scores overall and in the AD cloth group, but not in other subgroups. Quantitative total bacterial plate counts were significantly lower in AGM than cloth diaper areas on three of eight sampling periods in the AD group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cellulose↗
PubMed2003

Skin breakdown and blisters from senna-containing laxatives in young children.

BACKGROUND: At the direction of the Food and Drug Administration, phenolphthalein was removed from all over-the-counter laxatives in 1999. Phenolphthalein was then replaced in most laxative products with the natural product senna from Cassia acutifolia Delile, which contains various anthraquinones. No data are available on the safety of senna use in children <6 years of age. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical outcomes of exposure to unintentional ingestion of senna-containing laxatives in young children. METHODS: All ingestion exposures of senna-containing laxatives in children <5 years of age from 6 poison centers over a 9-month period were evaluated. Inclusion criteria required 24-hour follow-up and the presence of diarrhea to confirm ingestion. Parents were told routinely that severe diaper rash was possible and to protect the perianal area with frequent cleansing and a barrier ointment if the child was wearing diapers. RESULTS: During the study period, 111 cases were reported: 19 children experienced no diarrhea, 4 were lost to follow-up, and 88 exposures were evaluated. Fifty-two children (59%) were </=2 years old. Fifty children remained in diapers, 28 children were fully toilet trained, and 10 wore diapers (pull-up pants) overnight. Twenty-nine children (33%) experienced severe diaper rash. The mean +/- SD time to recognition of the diaper rash was 15.6 +/- 8.6 hours. Ten children (11%) had blisters and skin sloughing. There was a significant increase in severe diaper rash (p < 0.05) and onset of blisters and skin breakdown (p < 0.05) in children wearing diapers versus those who were fully toilet trained. The mean time to onset of blisters was 14.5 +/- 6.8 hours. Skin burns and loss were seen primarily on the buttocks and perineum, loosely following the diaper area. CONCLUSIONS: Unintentional ingestion of senna-containing laxatives in young children may potentially cause severe diaper rash, blisters, and skin sloughing.

Blister↗
PubMed1999

Treatment of diaper dermatitis.

Diaper rash therapy can be as simple as A, B, C, D, and E if you are able to identify generic diaper rash and exclude other causes. Components of diaper rash treatment include airing, barrier and other tropical product application, cleansing of the diaper area, diaper selection, and education of caregivers. Diaper rash therapy can be letter-perfect.

Diaper Rash↗
PubMed1980

[Cefmetazole in the treatment of bacterial infections in the newborn (author's transl)].

Clinical evaluation of cefmetazole were made in the treatment of bacterial infections in the newborn infants and the following results were obtained. 1) Five infants, 7 approximately 58 days of age, received a single intravenous one-shot injection of 22.2 approximately 24.5 mg/kg dose of cefmetazole, and blood concentrations were determined. The average level was 62.6 micrograms/ml (30 minutes), 46.3 micrograms/ml (1 hour), 26.8 micrograms/ml (2 hours), 8.7 micrograms/ml (4 hours) and 2.4 micrograms/ml (6 hours), and T 1/2 was 87.7 minutes. Almost similar values were obtained when the drug was given by a 30-minute drip infusion and sufficiently exceeded the MIC to the bacteria to which cefmetazole was indicated. 2) In two patients, who had been operated for choledochal cyst and received an intravenous drip infusion of the drug, the persistence of the blood concentration was remarkably long, T 1/2 being 192 and 222 minutes, respectively. This problem still remains to be elucidated. 3) The following 22 patients were treated with an intravenous one-shot or drip infusion of cefmetazole, i.e., 45.6 to 107.1 mg/kg divided in 2 approximately 3 doses; 14 patients aged 1 to 21 days, 2 aged 1 to less than 2 months, 3 aged 2 to less than 3 months and 3 aged older than 3 months. However, in purulent meningitis, larger dose was given intravenously 6 times daily. Diseases included sepsis (4 cases), purulent meningitis (3), peritonitis (1) SSS syndrome (3), subcutaneous abscess (2), urinary tract infection (8) and Salmonella enteritis (1), and their causative organisms were E. coli (13 strains), K. pneumoniae (1), S. typhimurium (1), S. aureus (6) and group B Streptococcus (1). Overall efficacy rate in 22 cases was 90.9%. i.e., excellent in 11, good in 9 and failure in 2. Two cases of failure were a patient with peritonitis and visceral eventration due to umbilical hernia and a patient with a chromosomal aberration and urinary tract infection caused by E. coli. Reasons for such a treatment failure appeared to reside in host factors. 4) Adverse reactions included each one case of skin rash and diaper rash, 3 cases of eosinophilia and 5 cases of elevation of transaminase levels, all of which were mild and transient. 5) Based on the above results, cefmetazole is considered to be a potent new antibiotic which should be indicated as the first choice drug in the treatment of neonatal bacterial infections. The recommended dosage is as follows: 50 mg/kg given intravenously 6 times daily for bacterial meningitis and 20 approximately 25 mg/kg intravenously or by a drip infusion 2 to 3 times daily for other infections.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Clinical effects of diaper types on the skin of normal infants and infants with atopic dermatitis.

Cloth diapers, cellulose core diapers (conventional disposable diapers), and cellulose core diapers containing absorbent gelling material were examined for their effects on diaper rash and skin microbiology of normal infants and infants with atopic dermatitis in a 26-week double-blind clinical trial. Infants with atopic dermatitis wearing the diapers containing absorbent gelling material had significantly lower diaper rash grades than infants with atopic dermatitis wearing cloth diapers at five of eight grading visits. Infants with atopic dermatitis wearing conventional cellulose core diapers had statistically less rash at one of eight visits. There was no statistically significant difference between diaper types at three of the eight visits. At no time did the cloth group have less diaper rash than the conventional cellulose or absorbent gelling material disposable diaper group. A statistical correlation between the severity of general atopic dermatitis outside the diaper area and the diaper rash condition under the diaper occurred only in the atopic dermatitis group wearing cloth diapers. Isolation of microorganisms from the intact, uninvolved skin surface both inside and outside the diaper showed no biologically significant changes in the presence or numbers of selected skin organisms. Repeated isolation, at multiple grading visits of Staphylococcus aureus from uncompromised skin inside the diaper area was infrequent but correlated with the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis when observed.

Acrylic Resins↗