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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

PubMed1987

Disposable diapers and infant skin.

In an experiment on skin rash caused by diapers, adult skin was used to compare the effects of disposable diapers (A; Pampers), conventional disposable diapers (B), and cotton diapers. Pieces of each type of diaper measuring 2 X 2 cm and containing 0.2 ml saline solution were pasted on forearm skin for 5 h. Water content of the corneum was measured with an impedance meter 1 h after the pieces were removed. Results were excellent for diapers A and B: there were no significant differences observed in water content of the corneum when A and B were compared with conventional cotton diapers. The advantages of disposable diapers were confirmed in infants.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Fecal contamination in child day care centers: cloth vs paper diapers.

OBJECTIVES: Cloth diapers with front closure and all-in-one design were compared with paper diapers containing absorbent gel material for their influence on fecal contamination of the environment in licensed child day care centers. METHODS: One infant room and two toddler rooms in each of four day care centers were monitored for the presence of fecal bacteria. Microbial samples were taken from the play/sleep area, the diaper-changing area, and the hands of the caregivers and the children. Sampling was done twice weekly for two 4-week periods. Each center used either cloth or paper diapers during the first period, changing to the other diaper type during the second period. RESULTS: A total of 1722 samples were cultured, 881 during the first 4 weeks and 841 during the second 4 weeks. The frequency of isolation of fecal organisms ranged from a low of 12% of the total bacteria isolates at a center using cloth diapers, to highs of 46% and 45%, respectively, at a center using first paper and then cloth diapers. Sink faucets and the hands of the caregivers and the children were often contaminated. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the results of comparisons between cloth and paper diapers showed no significant difference in the frequency (F = .380, P < .535) or the intensity of fecal contamination in child day care centers.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1992

Evaporation from reusable cloth diapers exposed to radiant heat.

This study determined the rate of evaporation from four sets of diapers: disposable diapers with and without a heat shield, and cloth diapers with and without a heat shield. The evaporation was greatest from the cloth diaper without the heat shield (51% after 1 hour, 81% after 2 hours) and the least from the disposable diaper covered by a heat shield (15% after 1 hour, 30% after 2 hours). We recommend that if cloth diapers are used to monitor urine output from sick neonates that (1) the diaper should be weighed promptly after urination with accurate and precise scales, and (2) a heat shield should cover the diaper.

Hot Temperature↗

PubMed2004

[How I explore ... diaper dermatitis].

Diaper dermatitis is a frequent condition. Several clinical types are distinguished. The most frequent type results from increased fragility of the newborn buttock skin when covered by diapers. According to the mechanisms involved and the severity of the dermatitis, one can distinguish the intertrigo of the chubby baby, and the so-called "W", "Y" and "red panties" types of diaper dermatitis. When the effects of occlusion are not controlled by adequate absorption by the diapers, hyperhydration of the stratum corneum occurs and progresses to maceration. As a result, the value of the coefficient of friction of the skin increases with epidermal weakening to rubbing. In addition, fecal enzymes (urease, proteases and lipases) alter urines and skin. Judicious hygiene measures and the correct choice of diapers are mandatory. Cutaneous colonization by microorganisms, the most important of which being Candida albicans, is the main complication. Adequate preventive and curative measures can combat diaper dermatitis with confidence. A miconazole paste allows to improve the tribological properties of the interface between diapers and the skin. It also abates the impact of Candida albicans in the pathogenesis of the skin disorder.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed2004

Disposable diaper to collect urine samples from young children for pyrethroid pesticide studies.

Disposable diapers are widely used in the US and many other areas in the world; therefore, they are ideal media for urine collection for measurement of young children's exposure to pesticides. However, disposable diapers normally contain polyacrylate polymers that make the extraction and analysis of urine very difficult. The objectives of this paper were to evaluate whether disposable diapers that contain polyacrylate granules can be extracted using salt solutions, and whether they can be used for the collection and quantitative measurements of selected urinary pyrethroid pesticide metabolites and creatinine. The storage stability of the metabolites and creatinine in a wet diaper at body temperature and at refrigeration temperature was also evaluated. Salt solutions including calcium chloride dihydrate, magnesium sulfate, ammonium acetate, and sodium chloride solutions were tested for efficiency of polymer shrinkage. Pyrethroid metabolites 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid (DCCA), 3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2,dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid (DBCA) and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) were analyzed using LC/MS/MS and evaluated for recoveries in the urine released from the diapers. The study found calcium chloride dihydate to be satisfactory in releasing urine and metabolites from the polymers. The percent recoveries for the three tested pyrethroid metabolites were mostly in the range of 65-130. The percent recoveries for creatinine were in the range of 71-133. The detection limit for each of the three metabolites was 0.1 microg/l. The pyrethroid metabolites and creatinine were stable on the diaper for at least 72 h. We concluded from this study that calcium chloride dihydrate can successfully release urine and metabolites from polyacrylate-containing diapers, and the method is promising for studies of pyrethroid metabolites.

Body Temperature↗

PubMed2005

Diaper dye dermatitis.

Diaper dermatitis is a common problem in outpatient pediatric office settings. Although most diaper rashes represent a form of contact dermatitis in response to irritants in the diaper environment, other rashes may be the result of an allergen in the diaper. On the basis of clinical examination results for 5 patients and patch testing results for 2 patients, we suspect that the patients demonstrated allergic contact dermatitis in response to the various blue, pink, and green dyes in diapers. Although topically administered corticosteroids are useful in the treatment regimen, the preferred treatment for allergic contact dermatitis in the diaper area is the use of dye-free diapers for allergen avoidance. Patch testing may also be valuable in identifying the allergen, because allergen avoidance is the key to prevention of recurrent disease.

Allergens↗

PubMed2006

[How I treat...diaper dermatitis].

Diaper dermatitis is the most frequent skin disorder of the newborn. Several clinical types are distinguished. The most frequent type results from increased fragility of the newborn buttock skin when covered by diapers. According to the mechanisms involved and the severity of the dermatitis, one can distinguish the intertrigo of the chubby baby, and the so-called "W", "Y" and "red panties" types of diaper dermatitis. When the effects of occlusion are not controlled by adequate absorption by the diapers maceration of the stratum corneum occurs. As a result, degradation of the skin barrier function takes place. In addition, the value of the coefficient of friction of the skin increases with epidermal weakening to rubbing. In addition, fecal enzymes alter urines and skin. Judicious hygiene measures and a correct choice of care and diapers are mandatory. Cutaneous colonisation by microorganisms, in particular the yeasts Candida spp, is the main complication. Adequate preventive and curative measures can combat diaper dermatitis with confidence. A miconazole paste allows to improve the tribological properties of the interface between diapers and the skin. It also corrects the degradation of the skin barrier function, reduces inflammation and abates the impact of Candida spp. in the pathogenesis of the skin disorder.

Antifungal Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Scheduled urine collection using disposable diapers with an acoustic signal emitter].

Usually, urine is collected from infants by means of a urine bag. This procedure has some disadvantages, as it can cause discomfort and may even be painful for the child if repeated application of the bags is necessary. Correct placement is difficult for parents or other untrained people and bag displacement is common especially in older mobile children. Urine collection with disposable diapers followed by urine extraction for analysis might be a simple alternative procedure especially for field studies. Urine output is measured by weighing the diapers. A moisture sensor with a sound signal indicates the moment of urination. Stool contaminated diapers must not be excluded from urine collection, if the stool is quickly removed after defecation using diaper liners. Wet diapers are sealed in plastic bags and may be stored at -20 degrees C until extraction. With a hydraulic press urine is extracted from the diapers for measuring concentrations of urinary constituents. After extracting urine after 1 hour and 10 hours contact time only the pH falls significantly. Concentrations of the other constituents tested (creatinine, urea, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride) and total osmolality are not effected. After freezing the wet diapers for storage osmolality and the concentration of creatinine tend to be slightly lower. For clinical practice these effects can be neglected. However, they must be considered using this urine collection method in research.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Disposable Equipment↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Acute respiratory effects of diaper emissions.

Mice were monitored with pneumotachographs while they breathed emissions of three brands of disposable diapers (described herein as brands A, B, and C) and one brand of cloth diapers for 1 hr. The authors used a computerized version of the ASTM-E-981 test method to measure changes in the pattern and frequency of respiration. In response to two brands of disposable diapers, many mice exhibited reduced mid-expiratory airflow velocity, sensory irritation, and pulmonary irritation. During the peak effects, brand A caused sensory irritation in 47% of the breaths and reduced mid-expiratory airflow velocity in 17% of the breaths (n = 39 mice), whereas the respective percentages noted for brand B were 20% and 15% of the breaths (n = 28 mice). The effects were generally larger during repeat exposures to these emissions, with up to 89% of breaths showing sensory irritation in response to brand A and up to 35% of breaths showing reduced mid-expiratory airflow velocity with brand B. A third brand of disposable diapers caused increases in respiratory rate, tidal volume, and mid-expiratory airflow velocity. The emissions of cloth diapers produced only slight SI and slight PI. Chemical analysis of the emissions revealed several chemicals with documented respiratory toxicity. The results demonstrate that some types of disposable diapers emit mixtures of chemicals that are toxic to the respiratory tract. Disposable diapers should be considered as one of the factors that might cause or exacerbate asthmatic conditions.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1991

Diaper industry workshop identifies research needs to minimize environmental impacts.

The diaper industry workshop focused on four important issues: public health and safety, recycling, composting, and product life cycle analysis techniques. A majority of participants believed that the health and safety issues related to diapers currently receive more public scrutiny than is warranted. They concluded that there is probably no significant public health and safety problems related specifically to diaper handling, recycling, or disposal in properly operated and constructed landfills. Because diaper disposal is a highly visible public issue, however, more definitive health and safety studies should be conducted on the handling and processing of diapers. This would clearly enable public health officials to define any health and safety issues related to diaper handling and to dispel unwarranted fears about health problems associated with diapers.

Disposable Equipment↗

PubMed2003

Candida--agent of the diaper dermatitis?

Occurrence of Candida spp. was determined in a population of 60 infants, 1-15-month-old, with diaper dermatitis, admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit in Hospital Saca (Kosice, Slovakia). Specimens were obtained from the perianal, pubic, inguinal, or gluteal areas that showed signs of secondary infection as manifested by erythema, oozing, vesiculopustular lesions, and pus formation. The most frequently isolated species was C. albicans (41), followed by C. parapsilosis (8), C. tropicalis (4), C. pulcherrima (4), C. guilliermondii (2), and C. zeylanoides (1). Other organisms present in the mixed culture from the diaper area were Staphylococcus aureus (6), Escherichia coli (3), and 2 strains of each group B and D streptococci, and Proteus mirabilis. Infants diapered exclusively in disposable diapers showed less rash than those diapered exclusively or sometimes in cloth diapers.

Candida↗

PubMed2000

Characterization of diaper dermatitis in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Diaper dermatitis is the most common dermatologic disorder of infancy. This study evaluates the frequency of outpatient visits resulting in this diagnosis, specialties of physicians providing services, demographics of patients, and leading agents used in treatment. DESIGN: Records of 272,841 encounters from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (1990-1997) were examined for visits in which diaper dermatitis was diagnosed in children. The likelihood of diagnosis in the general pediatric population was calculated and the leading treatment agents were ranked. RESULTS: There were approximately 8.2 million visits in which diaper dermatitis was diagnosed. For the pediatric population in the at-risk age range, there was a 1 in 4 likelihood of being diagnosed with the skin disorder. Pediatricians provided 75% of services for the treatment of diaper dermatitis; the demographics of patients were similar to those of comparably aged individuals in the general population. Nystatin was the leading treatment agent prescribed (27% of visits), followed by clotrimazole (16%), a combination product of nystatin and triamcinolone (16%), hydrocortisone (8%), and a combination product of clotrimazole and betamethasone dipropionate (6%). CONCLUSIONS: Visits for diaper dermatitis are frequent, and pediatricians are the physicians most often called on to provide treatment. No portion of the pediatric population is disproportionately diagnosed. The frequent use of potent corticosteroids contained in combination agents is a potential target for improving the management of diaper dermatitis.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1999

Treatment of diaper dermatitis.

Diaper rash therapy can be as simple as A, B, C, D, and E if you are able to identify generic diaper rash and exclude other causes. Components of diaper rash treatment include airing, barrier and other tropical product application, cleansing of the diaper area, diaper selection, and education of caregivers. Diaper rash therapy can be letter-perfect.

Diaper Rash↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Diaper dermatitis: a therapeutic dilemma. Results of a double-blind placebo controlled trial of miconazole nitrate 0.25%.

Diaper dermatitis, an acute inflammation of the skin in the diaper area, is the most common dermatologic disorder of infancy. This placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial compared the efficacy and safety of miconazole nitrate 0.25% in a zinc oxide/petrolatum base with that of the ointment base alone in treating acute diaper dermatitis in infants and evaluated the role of Candida albicans in the response to treatment. Infants age 2-13 months with diaper rash were treated with either miconazole nitrate 0.25% (N = 101) or ointment base (N = 101) for 7 days. Although improvement in rash from baseline was seen in both treatment groups on days 3, 5, and 7, patients receiving miconazole nitrate 0.25% had significantly fewer rash sites and lower mean total rash scores on days 5 and 7 (p < 0.001). In the miconazole nitrate 0.25% group, improvement was most marked among those with moderate or severe diaper dermatitis at baseline and among patients whose baseline rashes were positive for C. albicans. Treatment with miconazole nitrate 0.25% was as safe as with ointment base alone. Miconazole nitrate 0.25% ointment is a safe and effective treatment for diaper dermatitis in infants.

Antifungal Agents↗

PubMed1994

Association of skin wetness and pH with diaper dermatitis.

The strength of the association between diaper dermatitis and measurements of skin wetness and skin pH was evaluated by statistical analysis of four diaper trials involving 1601 infants. Although the strength of the association between skin wetness and diaper dermatitis was greater than that between skin pH and diaper dermatitis, increases in wetness and pH were both significantly associated with elevated mean grades for diaper dermatitis. The skin environment least likely to be associated with diaper dermatitis is one in which increases in both skin wetness and skin pH are minimized.

Body Water↗

PubMed2003

Microbiological aspects of diaper dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: The microbiological basis of diaper dermatitis is not clearly elucidated, although a better knowledge of microbial colonisation can be of importance with regard to an adequate treatment. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relevance of candida sp. and Staphylococcus aureus colonisation in diaper dermatitis and to determine the correlation between the extent of colonisation and the severity of disease. METHODS: Growth of candida sp. and S. aureus in the perianal, inguinal and oral regions was determined by positive/negative and semi-quantitative analysis in an open, multi-centre (n = 3) study. Forty-eight children with healthy skin and 28 with diaper dermatitis were analysed. The severity of diaper dermatitis was assessed using a total symptoms score. RESULTS: Colonisation by candida sp. was significantly more frequent in children with diaper dermatitis as compared to those with healthy skin (perianal 75 vs. 19%; inguinal 50 vs. 10%; oral 68 vs. 25%, p < 0.0003), whereas colonisation by S. aureus at the 3 swab locations was not different (p > 0.34). There was a highly significant, positive correlation between severity of disease and extent of candida sp. colonisation at all swab locations. CONCLUSIONS: Limited microbial colonisation in diaper dermatitis is of questionable relevance, but extensive colonisation seems to aggravate the symptoms; therefore, we suggest that semi-quantitative evaluation should be preferred to the positive/negative assessment for a differential diagnosis.

Anal Canal↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Urine culture collected from gel-based diapers: developing a novel experimental laboratory method.

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection diagnosis is based on urine culture, taken from a midstream collection. Obtaining samples in this manner is difficult in elderly patients suffering from incontinence and in infants. OBJECTIVES: (1) Develop a method for urine collection using gel-based diapers and (2) compare culture results from gel-based diapers with those of the same urine, examined by accepted methods. METHODS: Urine was collected and cultured by standard bacteriologic techniques at the microbiology laboratory of Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel. Gel-based diapers were manually dampened with the same urine samples, and samples from diapers were cultured 0 to 3 hours after dampening. RESULTS: Comparison showed good correlation between direct urine cultures and cultures obtained from gel based diapers (R = 1.000). Total sensitivity was 100% and specificity 97%. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Urine can be cultured from gel-based diapers and (2) a larger sample of in vivo trials will be needed to make this technique clinically applicable in an outpatient setting.

Cell Culture Techniques↗

PubMed2004

Determination of the solids retainment effectiveness of disposable swim diapers.

In light of recent and increasing incidences of pathogenic E. coli outbreaks at public bathing facilities attributable to non-toilet-trained infants and toddlers, many such facilities are restricting water contact for this age group. A number of manufacturers are now offering disposable "swim diapers," which claim to effectively retain fecal material under typical pool play conditions. The study reported here examined the solids retention effectiveness of three major brands of swim diapers as well as of conventional disposable diapers, under simulated water play conditions. Swim diapers of all three brands exhibited an approximately equal fine-solids retention capability of about 98 to 99 percent over 30 minutes of water immersion activity. Conventional disposable diapers invariably fell down or came apart during the experiments, resulting in very limited solids retention. This study indicates that commercially available swim diapers represent a vast improvement in reducing the potential for fecal material release in public pool facilities, but that some release will still generally occur with these products.

Child, Preschool↗