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PubMed1990

[A trial of assessment of the realization of the programme of stomatological health service for the Nowy Sacz Province in the years 1976-1986].

The epidemiological situation was evaluated in the Nowy Sacz Province in school children and adolescents aged 7, 12 and 14 years in urban and village areas in the school-years 1975-76 to 1985-86. The DMF index, the DMF pattern and the percent proportions of children receiving fluoride prevention of caries were calculated. The number of dentists employed during the period of 10 years was compared. The data are presented in tables. It was found that the proportion of children receiving health care for caries prevention has increased, the mean DMF value in children aged 12 years fell from 4.9 to 4, and favourable changes occurred in the DMF pattern.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Factors predicting caries risk in children.

Selection of caries-risk groups is difficult and unreliable. In this study we analyzed the known correlates of caries and their interrelations. The subjects (n = 153) were seventh graders (13 yr old) from a school in Kuopio. Data were collected by mail survey (n = 150), from the clinical registers of the local health center (n = 135), and from a saliva test. In the first stage we computed the bivariate correlates between the D-index and its traditionally defined determinants. In the second stage the predictors of caries risk were ranked using discriminant and multiple regression analyses. The bivariate correlates of caries were: DMF-index of the previous year (r = 0.69), D-index of the previous year (r = 0.59), lactobacillus count (r = 0.26), buffer capacity (r = 0.20), and toothbrushing frequency (r = 0.07). In discriminant analyses the DMF-index among girls and the frequency of consumption of sweets among boys were the only significant discriminators. In the multiple regression analyses, however, the final model (P less than 0.001) for girls included: DMF-index of the previous year (beta = 0.64) and lactobacillus count (beta = 0.31). The corresponding model for boys (P less than 0.001) included: DMF-index of the previous year (beta = 0.55) and frequency of consumption of sweets (beta = 0.24). Using these variables, it is difficult to develop a reliable method for determining the caries susceptible groups, but of them, the DMF-index seems the most reliable for predicting caries risk among children.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Oral and dental health of a population of school children from the Zou region of Benin (1998)].

Dental caries is becoming increasingly common in developing countries but very few attempts have been made to assess its prevalence accurately. We therefore carried out an epidemiological survey in 1998 in the south of Benin, to estimate the prevalence of dental caries in 300 school children, both boys and girls, aged 12 to 14 years. Each child underwent a dental examination and interview and the data obtained were recorded in a personal clinical record. We determined DMF index for various subgroups of children. We then analyzed DMF index and its correlation with sex, age, socioeconomic level, the urban or rural origin of the child, diet and daily dental hygiene practices. We found that mean DMF index at age 12 years was 0.83 (38.7% had dental caries and 4.4% had fillings), and thus, 61. 3% of the children were free of dental caries. We also found that 80% of the children had an accumulation of tartar. More boys than girls had dental caries. Rural children were less likely to have dental caries than urban children. The prevalence of caries appears to be low despite poor dental hygiene and a lack of dental treatment. These results conflict with those of most other studies. However, they should be interpreted with caution because the population studied was very homogeneous (selection bias), the age of the children could be no more than approximate (some were probably younger than 12 and others older than 14, because the registry system is inaccurate), there had been health education classes in some schools before the survey and it was difficult to define socioeconomic level and a sugary diet. For example, the lower socioeconomic level (no TV, radio, electricity or tap water) was probably an accurate representation of children from the rural area, whereas urban children were proud of being well-equipped and may have had a tendency to exaggerate. The prevalence of dental caries in this population is currently as low as that for most pre-industrial African countries. To avoid problems in the future, dental health services require reorganization and should stress measures for preventing dental caries: changes in dietary habits, the promotion of traditional tooth brushing practices, the systematic surveillance of dental caries at school and the removal of tartar.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Developmental abnormalities of mineralization in populations with varying exposure to fluorine compounds].

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of environmental factors on developmental defects of dental enamel. The examination was carried out in a group of 238 schoolchildren (group I) aged 14 to 15 years, living since birth in a region with elevated levels of chemical compounds (fluorine, ammonia, sulphur) in the atmosphere. The control group (group II) consisted of 240 schoolchildren of the same age, living in regions with normal atmospheric concentrations of these compounds. The Epidemiological Index of Developmental Defects of Dental Enamel (DDE Index), Dean fluorosis index, and DMF index were used in the clinical examination. Additionally, a questionnaire was given to parents of the examined children. It was found that the number of children and teeth with developmental defects of dental enamel was greater in group I. Significant differences between boys and girls were noticed. The most common developmental defect of dental enamel in both groups was white/creamy opacity. The next common defect was hypoplasia. The incidence of diffuse white/creamy mottling and lines was higher in the study group than in controls. This was the basic finding which differentiated the two populations studied. Both groups differed as to the Dean index. Nevertheless, a comparison of Dean and DDE indices led to inconsistent conclusions. The distribution of developmental defects of dental enamel was similar in both groups. The defects were most often found on the buccal surfaces of maxillary premolars and maxillary central incisors. Children with developmental defects of dental enamel had a significantly higher incidence of caries and elevated mean DMF, as compared to children without any abnormalities of mineralization. Similar correlations were not found in the control group. The questionnaire revealed a positive correlation between the education level of parents, standards of living, and of abnormalities mineralization in both groups of children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Enamel defects in children with coeliac disease.

AIM: This was to investigate the prevalence of enamel developmental defects in a group of children with a history of coeliac disease. METHODS: A study group of children attending the Dept. Paediatrics (Leeds General Infirmary), born between 1985 and 1986 and subsequently diagnosed and treated for coeliac disease (CD) were recruited. A group of age/sex-matched children attending the Paediatric Dentistry department were used as a control group (Cont). Examinations were carried out for enamel defects and opacities (DDE index), dmf, dmfs, DMF and DMFS (BASCD method), and a full medical and dental history were obtained. RESULTS: Significantly more children in the CD group had a greater number of enamel defects than controls for both primary (p=<0.02) and permanent (p=<0.001) dentitions. Opacities in both primary and permanent teeth were statistically significantly greater in the CD group than controls (p=<0.04 and p=<0.001 respectively). Dental caries in both primary and permanent dentitions was less in the CD group compared with the control group of children. CONCLUSION: Coeliac disease was associated with an increased prevalence of developmental enamel defects.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Oral hygiene in school children].

In a group of 6-12-year-old children from a Prague primary school the authors investigated the standard of oral hygiene, using the OHI-S plaque index, DMF of the first permanent molars and the attitude of the family to personal hygiene of the children, using care of the finger nails as a criterium. Poor finger nail care was recorded on average in 27%. Poor finger nail care was not directly related to the standard of oral hygiene and the cariosity of the permanent molars. The author explains this findings by the regular influence of dental surgeons on the children's attitude to dental care.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Prevalence of dental caries among children in a rural Tanzanian community.

The age specific prevalences of mixed caries were determined in 346 children aged 1 to 15 years in a rural community in Morogoro Region, south-eastern Tanzania. In primary dentition 58.9% of children were caries free while dmf index averages 1.08. In permanent dentition 74.3% were caries free while DMF index averaged 0.43. Permanent dentition showed a constant increase in caries prevalence with age such that over half of 15 year old children had caries experience with a DMF index of 1.2. This relatively low prevalence of caries is associated with low consumption of refined sugars. Recommendations are made to support preventive dental health services and programmes in primary schools and maternal and child health clinics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Lactobacilli from the dentin and saliva in children.

Lactobacilli were detected simultaneously in saliva, dental plaque and carious dentinal plaque in 66 children aged 5 to 15 years. The dentinal plaque samples numbered 15. It was found that Lactobacilli were present in 100% of the dentin samples, 70% of the saliva samples and 29% of the plaque samples. The DMF index and dentinal lactobacilli are systematically linked. The DMF index is weakly linked to salivary and independent of plaque lactobacilli. It is concluded that (1) dentin is responsible for the salivary hypercontamination and (2) the Lactobacillus Count could hardly be a predictive test.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Assessment of the DMF-S index with the use of bitewing radiographs.

A study population of students (ages 14 to 18 years) was examined radiographically (bitewings) and by clinical DMF-S evaluations. Results revealed a clinically detected total DMF-S of 8.31 with a D-S of 4.86. Decay clinically detected on premolars and molars alone was 4.38, whereas an additional 4.88 surfaces were radiographically detected as being carious. It was determined that a multiplying factor of 1.59 should be used in the present study population to better assess the actual total DMF-S figure. Validity of the correction factor was tested and validated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Dental status of women with gestational diabetes on a Greek island.

This study evaluated the dental tissues in pregnant women with gestational diabetes. The study group consisted of 39 pregnant women with gestational diabetes and the control group included 62 pregnant women without the disorder. The plaque index, decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMF index) and the relationship of these measures to a series of variables (socio-demographic, oral hygiene and diet) were evaluated. Clinical evaluation was performed during 34-36 weeks of pregnancy. The plaque index and DMF were increased among women with gestational diabetes compared with control patients but the differences were not significant (p = 0.167 and p = 0.436, respectively). The DMF increased with respect to age (p < 0.001) and frequency of snacks before pregnancy (p = 0.058). The DMF and plaque index decreased (p = 0.031 and p = 0.004, respectively) among women with a higher level of education. This study detected no significant differences in dental status between pregnant women with gestational diabetes and pregnant women without the disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Serum and salivary antibodies to cariogenic bacteria in man.

Antibodies in serum and parotid saliva against cell wall preparations from four serotypes of S mutans were examined in 110 subjects aged 18 to 25 years. In subjects with no detectable carious lesions, significant negative correlations were found between the DMF index and serum IgG and IgM antibodies, especially in S mutans of serotype c, whereas positive correlations were found between the DMF index and salivary IgA antibodies. In subjects with active caries, positive correlations were found between serum IgG antibodies and S mutans (serotypes c and a) and the DMF index. Sequential antibody analysis during a period of up to 32 months showed that development of carious lesions was associated with a rise in serum antibody titer to S mutans, but no change was detectable in salivary antibodies. Treatment of caries led to a decrease in serum IgG and IgM antibodies to S mutans cell wall, but in parotid saliva an increase in antibody titer to a culture extract of S mutans was found. The results support the concept of dental caries as an infective disease and suggest that serum antibodies may contribute to caries immunity in man.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Selected restoration and tooth conditions: United States, 1988-1991.

The DMF index provides one source of information on past and present dental caries experience; however, important limitations hinder its ability to characterize fully the impact of dental caries. The purpose of this paper is to describe a measure of selected restoration and tooth conditions that supplements information from the DMF index and to report on the application of this measure as part of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, conducted between 1988 and 1991. Data from this survey were used to estimate the prevalence and severity of selected disaggregated physical and biological oral conditions among dentate adults aged 18 to 74 years. Trained, standardized, and calibrated dentist examiners assessed 28 permanent teeth or tooth spaces for each of 6,767 subjects. Teeth or tooth spaces were classified based on criteria for: defective intracoronal restorations, crowns, or bridges; gross loss of tooth structure associated with a restoration; pulpal involvement; or retained roots. Approximately 40.5%, or 61.6 million, dentate adults had at least one tooth or tooth space that met the criteria. Among all persons, an average of 0.9 teeth or tooth spaces met the criteria for at least one category. Adults with at least one scored tooth or tooth space had an average of 2.2 such teeth or tooth spaces. Data from this assessment supplement information available from the DMF index to provide a broader profile of the impact of dental caries on permanent teeth of US adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Skewed distributions--new outcome measures.

The traditional measure of caries, the DMF index, either as prevalence or incidence of disease, has become highly positively skewed among children and young adults. Most discussion of skewed distributions has focused on the properties of statistical analyses using such data or the implications for sample sizes and subject selection in clinical trials. This paper examines the full range of epidemiologic studies, their aims and constitutive interest in order to identify the measurement problems associated with skewed DMF index data. Constitutive interests include: description; documentation; explanation and prediction; evaluation; advocacy; and, experimentation. 'New' outcome measures that would assist in reaching the aims and constitutive interests of the epidemiology of caries include caries severity grading, variants of prevalence, extent and severity and their combination into case definitions, and weighting of the components of the DMF index. Research questions for each area of 'new' outcome measures are identified as steps in the codifying of their use in the epidemiology of caries.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Prevalence of dental caries in children before and after a prevention program in Seine-Saint-Denis].

BACKGROUND: The Seine-Saint-Denis Council planned in 1984 a prevention strategy program among schoolchildren which consisted in a health educational campaign and fluoridation therapy. The purpose of this paper was to present the evolution of dental caries among 11-year-old children from a low-income country after 8 years of prevention and to discuss further orientations in prevention. METHODS: Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 1984 and 1992 on, respectively, 1,907 and 2,771 schoolchildren attending primary schools of the department. The DMF index, summing up the total number of decayed, missing or filled permanent teeth was used to assess dentition status. RESULTS: The DMF index ranged from 3.38 in 1984 to 1.99 in 1992, a 41% decrease. This decrease was associated with a change of the distribution in DMF, the percentage of caries-free children increasing from 19% to 42% after 8 years. 83% of the decayed teeth were first molars. In 1992, only 24% of children received comprehensive care. In both surveys, the prevalence of dental caries was related to socio-economic status. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention strategy in this low-income county, led to improved dental health among children. However, the study design did not allow for evaluation of the impact of preventive measures on the evolution of dental caries prevalence. The community program contributed to improved dental health in most children even if it could not prevent the development of dental caries in very low-income children with severely decayed teeth and no access to dental care. Further steps in order to improve prevention, including use of sealants among these children, are under evaluation.

Child↗
PubMed1990

[Cariosity in adolescents].

The authors give an account of the results of an epidemilogical investigation of the cariosity in adolescents of the East Slovakia region. They assessed the prevalence of caries and the intensity of cariosity by means of the DMF index. They investigated also the cariosity of individual teeth and the cariosity in individual subjects. The incidence of dental caries is 98.7% and the intensity according to the DMF index is on average 8.9.

Adolescent↗