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PubMed1979

Study on the significance of bronchial hyperreactivity in the bronchus obstruction after inhalation of cat dander allergen.

The role of bronchial hyperreactivity in the process that leads to bronchial obstruction after inhalation of an allergen was investigated. In 30 asthmatic children selected because of a positive skin test to cat dander allergen, we measured the histamine threshold, the reaction after allergen inhalation, the allergen-specific IgE concentration in serum, the lowest allergen concentration to which the intracutaneous skin test was positive (skin titer), and the histamine release of leukocytes after challenge with allergen. These variables were correlated with each other. The highest correlation was found between the inhalation reaction and the combination of the histamine threshold and either the allergen-specific IgE or the skin titer. Inhalation was only positive with a decreased histamine threshold (less than or equal to 8 mg/ml). With a low histamine threshold, a positive reaction to inhalation is likely to occur at an allergen-specific IgE concentration of > or = 2 U/ml or at a skin titer of < or = 2.5 x 10(-1) micrograms/ml.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Immunotherapy with cat- and dog-dander extracts. II. In vivo and in vitro immunologic effects observed in a 1-year double-blind placebo study.

The effects of immunotherapy on the skin prick test, allergen-specific IgE, and IgG in 39 patients (19 adults and 20 children), treated with partially purified cat- or dog-dander extracts or placebo for 1 year, were studied by use of a double-blind protocol. IgG levels were measured by three different assays: IgG RAST, IgG4 RAST, and Staph A IgG1, 2, and 4. The skin prick test reaction decreased continuously in the allergen-treated patients, the decrease being the first sign of an immunologic effect of the therapy. Allergen-specific IgE levels increased during the first 9 months in both children and adults. The RAST activity during the last 3 months continued to rise for the children, whereas it declined for the adults. IgG levels measured by all three methods demonstrated an increase in the allergen-treated patients and no increase in the placebo-treated patients. The children developed higher values on IgG RAST and IgG4 RAST than the adults. IgG RAST correlated negatively with IgE levels in the cat allergen-treated group. No correlation between skin prick test results, IgE levels, and IgG levels was found, nor was there any correlation between these parameters and the patients' own subjective evaluation or the allergen bronchial challenge test. In summary, the expected change in skin prick test reaction and allergen-specific IgE and IgG levels was found. The children tended to be more immunologically active than the adults.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Animal dander allergy.

In a group of twenty-three atopic patients skin tests were performed with the dander allergens of horse, cat and guinea-pig, and with house dust and Timothy pollen allergens. A good agreement was observed between positive skin reactions and the results of RAST with these various allergens. In a number of cases, positive skin reactions were not related to the clinical histories. Likewise, positive RAST scores in several instances proved clinically meaningless. In patients with history-related skin reactions better correlation with RAST was observed. In such patients, skin reactions with photo-inactivated allergens remained strongly positive.

Allergens↗

PubMed1979

Haemagglutinating antibodies to cat dander in relation to exposure and respiratory allergy.

Cat epithelial extract was coupled with chromic chloride to red cells and used as an antigen in a haemagglutination assay. Agglutinins coexisted with IgE type antibodies in 44% of patients with respiratory allergy and sensitivity to cat dander but occurred in only 1% of asthmatic patients sensitized to other allergens or in controls. The agglutinins were detected in six out of 104 cat fanciers, and three of those with agglutinins had asthma. The agglutinins were of IgG type and were heterogeneous in specificity.

Agglutinins↗

PubMed1980

Skin prick test in the diagnosis of dog dander allergy: a comparison of different extracts with clinical history, provocation tests and RAST.

Skin prick tests (SPT) were carried out on 164 asthmatic children using dog dander allergen preparations (A, B1, B2 and D) from three manufacturers. Bronchial and/or conjunctival provocation tests with allergen A were performed on all patients, as well as the Phadebas RAST (allergen e5). There was a close agreement between the clinical history and the SPT with allergens A and D. The provocation tests and RAST gave results in good agreement with the SPT reactions to all allergens except B1. The overall agreement between the SPT reactions to the different allergens was good. However, significant differences were observed in the allergenic activity of the different preparations and between different batches from the same manufacturer (allergens B1 and B2).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

IgG and IgE antibody responses to cow dander and urine in farmers with cow-induced asthma.

Cow-asthmatic farmers' and negative control subjects' IgG and IgE antibody responses to bovine epithelial antigen (BEA) and urinary antigen (BUA) were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. The anti-BEA IgE responses of 10 highly reactive sera were also studied by crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE). The relative amount of allergens common to both BEA and BUA was measured by IgE ELISA inhibition and found to be 3%. In immunoblotting the IgG reactivity of the asthmatic farmers to BEA and BUA declined along their anti-BEA IgE ELISA titres. Control subjects had IgG antibodies mainly to high molecular weight components (50-70 kD) but lacked detectable IgE responses. The IgE reactivity of the asthmatic farmers was directed to only a few components. A total of two main allergens were found in cow dander (20 and 22 kD) and one in cow urine (20 kD). The 20 kD component was shown to be the most important allergen in cow antigen extracts. In CRIE, seven reactive arcs were detected. Arcs 1, 2 and 5 were detected by all 10 sera and are 3 by six and arc 7 by seven sera.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗

PubMed1992

The allergens of dog. II. Identification and partial purification of a major dander allergen.

A dog hair and dander (DHD) extract was prepared from hair obtained from mixed breeds. By SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting, using sera from 32 dog-allergic subjects, a number of IgE radio-staining bands could be seen. In 78% of sera a protein of molecular weight (MW) of 21,000 daltons, designated Ag X, was found to bind IgE and in 34% it did so strongly. This allergen was isolated from DHD by size-exclusion and ion exchange chromatography. The final product was a single allergen of MW of 21,000 and an isoelectric point of approximately 5.2. An additional protein-staining band could still be seen of MW of 24,000 daltons. Using a serum which contained IgE antibodies only to Ag X, this allergen was found only in DHD extract and dog saliva and was absent from dog serum and urine. It was the same dog allergen that we [1] reported as Ag 8 using crossed radio-immunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) and that Blands et al. [2] and Løwenstein [3] described as Ag 13. We propose that this major dog allergen be given the title Can f I according to the new allergen nomenclature.

Allergens↗

PubMed1982

RAST in the diagnostic of dog dander allergy. A comparison between three allergen preparations using two variants of RAST.

The results of the skin, bronchial or conjunctival provocation tests and of the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) with dog dander and hair extract preparations from two different producers were compared. 202 asthmatic children were included in the study. The clinical tests, Al-RAST and paper RAST, were performed using only one allergen preparation (Hu073), while two allergen preparations (e2 and e5) were used in Phadebas RAST. A good correlation was generally found between the results of the clinical diagnostic tests, the clinical history and the results of RAST. Phadebas RAST e2 was the most specific but the least sensitive: it gave a class 0 result in 18% and class 3-4 in 34.5% of the subjects with a positive provocation test. The corresponding numbers for e5 RAST were 6.0% and 70.2%, respectively. Al-RAST was equally sensitive, but had lower specificity than Phadebas RAST e5. The correlation between Phadebas RAST e5 and paper RAST Hu 073 was excellent, which indicates a remarkable similarity between these allergen extracts. Using sensitive, immunochemically standardized Phadebas RAST e5 or Al-RAST methods, classes 0-1 can be regarded as negative, class 2 as doubtful and classes 3-4 as clinically positive results.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Allergen content in aqueous and hydrophobic extracts from cow hair and dander. Comparison of extracts by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoresis.

Rabbit antibodies were raised separately against an aqueous and a detergent extract of cow hair and dander. It is shown by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoresis that the extracts contain the same major allergens and that these are equally potent in RAST-inhibition experiments. The extraction with a detergent did not lead to the appearance of new allergens.

Allergens↗

PubMed1982

Human serum IgE against two major allergens from cow hair and dander. Determination of affinity and quantity of antigen-specific IgE.

The quantity and quality of antigen-specific IgE against purified major allergens from cow hair and dander was measured by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay. In serum from patients with allergic asthma to cow the affinity constant varied from 1 to 150 X 10(9) l/mol and the number of antibody combining sites from 0.01 to 0.4 X 10-9 mol/l serum for each antigen.

Allergens↗

PubMed1983

Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to dog dander and hair in asthmatic children.

Dog dander and hair (DDH) specific IgA and IgG antibodies from serum samples of 202 asthmatic children aged from 4 to 15 years were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results were compared with clinical history, and with allergy tests (skin prick test, provocation test and RAST) using the same DDH extract. A blood sample for the in vitro lymphocyte stimulation test was obtained from 40 children, and a nasal secretion sample for analysis of the local DDH-specific IgA, IgG and IgE antibody levels was collected from 35 of them. In children of dog-keeping families, higher serum levels of DDH-specific antibodies, especially IgE antibodies, were observed if the dog had been in the home already during the first years of the child's life. The serum levels of DDH-specific antibodies, however, did not correlate with the degree of the present exposure to dogs. The serum levels of DDH-specific IgA and IgG antibodies did not correlate with each other, with the levels of specific or total IgE, or with the results of skin prick or provocation test. The serum levels of DDH-specific IgA were highest in children who were subjectively most sensitive to dogs. Nasal levels of DDH-specific IgE correlated positively with serum specific IgE levels. The correlation was weaker between nasal and serum titers of specific IgG, and not significant between nasal and serum IgA antibody levels. Specific IgE antibody levels were higher, while specific IgA and IgG antibody levels were lower, in nasal secretion from subjects with nasal symptoms on contact with dogs, when compared with subjects with other complaints (asthma, conjunctival or skin reactions). DDH-specific IgG levels correlated negatively with specific IgE level in the nasal secretion from subjects with a positive provocation test result, while the correlation was positive in subjects with a negative provocation test. The in vitro lymphocyte responses to DDH did not correlate with the results of allergy tests, or with the levels of DDH-specific antibodies in serum or in nasal secretion.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Basophil histamine release in the diagnosis of house dust mite and dander allergy of asthmatic children. Comparison between prick test, RAST, basophil histamine release and bronchial provocation.

The aim of the study is to compare the glass fibre-based basophil histamine release test with skin test (Phazet), RAST (Phadebas) and bronchial provocation test in children with allergic asthma. The study comprised 68 selected children with a case history of extrinsic allergic asthma to danders (cat and dog) and house-dust mite. Skin prick test, RAST, and histamine release were performed in all children and the bronchial provocation test was used as a reference of "true allergic asthma". A total of 81 allergen bronchial challenges were performed and 44 children experienced 49 positive provocations. In 2.9% (2/68) of the children histamine release could not be performed due to technical difficulties (low histamine release with anti-IgE). Concordances in the range 76-87% were observed with no significant difference between the tests. The highest concordance (87%) was found between histamine release and bronchial provocation test followed by skin prick test vs bronchial provocation (84%) and RAST vs bronchial provocation (80%). The sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each test. All tests showed sensitivities in the range 90-94% and no significant difference between them was observed. The specificity of histamine release, skin prick test, and RAST was 0.78, 0.69, and 0.63, respectively. The specificity of histamine release was better than RAST demonstrated by 95% confidence intervals. In conclusion, it was found that the histamine release test is a convenient diagnostic method and the study indicates a diagnostic value comparable to the common diagnostic methods in clinical allergy.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Further characterization of IgE-binding antigens in horse dander, with particular emphasis on glycoprotein allergens.

IgE-binding components in an extract of horse dander were analyzed, especially with regard to the glycoprotein allergens. After SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and blotting, several of the glycoprotein IgE-binding components, including two distinct bands of 27 and 31 kDa, were detected. Together with several other bands, they were shown to bind to the lectins Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) and Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA), indicating terminal sialic acid linked alpha 2 --> 6 to galactose, and galactose linked beta 1 --> 4 to N-acetylglucosamine, respectively. Carbohydrate analysis after SDS-PAGE and blotting showed the presence of mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetyl neuraminic acid in the 27-kDa band. The 14.4-kDa glycoprotein component lost its IgE-binding activity after periodate oxidation. Minor differences in allergenic activity in the other glycoprotein allergenic components were also detected, indicating that the carbohydrate part of the molecule seems to play a role in the IgE-binding activity. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and subsequent immunoblotting were performed to estimate the approximate number, molecular mass, and pI of IgE-binding components. This resulted in a cluster of such components on the blot membrane.

Allergens↗

PubMed1976

Diagnosis of reaginic allergy with house dust, animal dander and pollen allergens in adult patients. I. A comparison between RAST, skin tests and provocation tests.

RAST analyses were performed with house dust, animal dander and eleven pollen allergens in 410 adult patients with asthma and/or rhinitis and the findings were compared with skin test and provocation test results. The overall correlation between 1,316 provocation tests and RAST was 78% and the correlation between 1,778 skin tests and RAST was 66%. The relationships between RAST and in vivo tests differed considerably from allergen to allergen. No significant differences were found between various age groups. According to the in vivo tests the RAST showed more often positive results in patients with pronounced allergy than in patients with low-grade allergy. Higher RAST classes were most often combined with positive in vivo tests. It is concluded that in cases with RAST classes 2-4, a reasonably well-established allergy diagnosis can be reached without the inclusion of additional in vivo tests. In other cases, however, application of further diagnostic methods is required.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Diagnosis of reaginic allergy with house dust, animal dander and pollen allergens in adult patients. IV. An evaluation of the clinical value of skin test, radioallergosorbent test, case history and combinations of these methods.

With the assumption that a provocation test gives the correct diagnosis, the possibility of predicting an allergy by means of the case history, a skin test, radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and combinations of these methods was evaluated for house dust, cow-, cat-, dog-, and horse-dander, timothy-, marguerite-, dandelion- and birch-pollen allergens. All procedures were found to give a reliable diagnosis provided that a group with doubtfoul group, requiring further diagnostic investigations, was smallest when all three methods were used in combination. It is suggested that, in addition to the case history, the first procedure in routine diagnosis with inhalant allergens should be a skin test. RAST should be used primarily for selected cases and as a complement to the case history and skin test, making provocation tests superfluous for the majority of patients.

Allergens↗

PubMed1982

Isolation and partial characterisation of three major allergens in an extract from cow hair and dander.

Three 'major allergens' of an extract from cow hair and dander were isolated by means of anion-exchange chromatography and hydrophobic chromatography. Two of the isolated 'major allergens' were immunochemically pure and the third contained less than 1% impurities. The molecular weights were 2.0, 2.2 and 2.4 x 10(4) daltons, and pI was about 4.0. The amino acid content revealed no specific traits. The protein part of the major allergens constituted about 60% (w/w). The allergenic activity of the isolated allergens was verified in RAST-inhibition experiments and in prick tests.

Allergens↗

PubMed1987

Characterization of the main IgE-binding components of cat dander.

Cat dander extract (CDE) was fractionated by preparative isoelectric focusing (pIEF). All the fractions showed allergenic activity, but the most acidic ones (pH range 3.3-4.3) had the highest specific activity. These fractions also had the highest cat allergen 1 content and a partial antigenic identity as determined by fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Immunoblotting of the pIEF fractions and the crude CDE after analytical IEF showed the presence of native proteins with IgE-binding ability all along the pH range 3.3-6.2. However, when the IgE-immunoprecipitated components of the most acidic pIEF fractions were focused in the presence of urea, a neat band was found at pH 3.9. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting of CDE proved the presence of, at least, 9 polypeptides with affinity to IgE, those with molecular weights of 18,000 and 22,000 daltons being the most active ones. These polypeptides presumably belong to cat allergen 1 since they were found in the most acidic pIEF fractions as well as in the crossed immunoelectrophoresis arc corresponding to this allergen. Furthermore, we found a group of active proteins with molecular weights of 10,000, 22,000, 25,000, 50,000 and 65,000 daltons (cat albumin) and with isoelectric points between 3.3 and 6.2.

Allergens↗

PubMed1975

Laboratory animal dander allergy: I. An occupational disease.

Data from 39 animal facilities established the prevalence and clinical profile of laboratory animal dander allergy (LADA). Twenty-eight percent of affected individuals changed jobs or specific animal contact; more than half of this group voluntarily resigned their employment, establishing LADA as a bona fide occupational disease.

Adult↗