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PubMed2000

Health advantages and disadvantages of weight-reducing diets: a computer analysis and critical review.

BACKGROUND: Some weight-loss diets are nutritionally sound and consistent with recommendations for healthy eating while others are "fad" diets encouraging irrational and, sometimes, unsafe practices. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to compare several weight loss diets and assess their potential long-term effects. DESIGN: Eight popular weight-loss diets were selected (Atkins, Protein Power, Sugar Busters, Zone, ADA Exchange, High-Fiber Fitness, Pritikin and Omish) to be non-clinically analyzed by means of a computer to predict their relative benefits/potential harm. A summary description, menu plan and recommended snacks were developed for each diet. The nutrient composition of each diet was determined using computer software, and a Food Pyramid Score was calculated to compare diets. The Mensink, Hegsted and other formulae were applied to estimate coronary heart disease risk factors. RESULTS: Higher fat diets are higher in saturated fats and cholesterol than current dietary guidelines and their long-term use would increase serum cholesterol levels and risk for CHD. Diets restricted in sugar intake would lower serum cholesterol levels and long-term risk for CHD; however, higher carbohydrate, higher fiber, lower fat diets would have the greatest effect in decreasing serum cholesterol concentrations and risk of CHD. CONCLUSIONS: While high fat diets may promote short-term weight loss, the potential hazards for worsening risk for progression of atherosclerosis override the short-term benefits. Individuals derive the greatest health benefits from diets low in saturated fat and high in carbohydrate and fiber: these increase sensitivity to insulin and lower risk for CHD.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed1981

Zinc and mineral content of weight reducing diets.

The zinc content of four commonly used weight reduction diets and of three constant diets used for weight reduction in a Metabolic Research Unit was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The diets were also analyzed for other elements, namely, for nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and iron. The four commonly used weight reduction diets and two of the metabolic diets contained approximately 1000 cal, while one metabolic diet contained 600 cal. The zinc content of the diets correlated with the type but not with the amount of protein used because proteins of high biological value may have a low zinc content. There was no correlation between the zinc and calorie content of the diets. Although the protein content of two equicaloric diets was normal and similar, the zinc content differed by a factor of 2. Conversely, when the dietary protein was increased the dietary zinc content remained low, half of that of the RDA. Even when the diet contained only 600 cal the zinc intake was still approximately 75% of the RDA. The phosphorus and magnesium content correlated with the dietary protein. These studies have shown that the adequacy of the zinc and iron content of weight reduction diets depends on the type of protein used, however, there is no apparent correlation between the zinc and iron content of individual protein-containing foods.

Calcium, Dietary↗
PubMed1982

Nitrogen economy during very low calorie reducing diets: quality and quantity of dietary protein.

Controversy exists whether protein quantity or quality affect "nitrogen sparing" or physical health while subsisting on very low calorie diets. Therefore, in 38 obese men, nitrogen economy was evaluated over 2 months periods using one of five regimens: 1) 400 kcal high quality protein: 2) 400 kcal low quality protein; 3) 500 kcal 55 g protein natural food; 4) total fasting with potassium; and 5) total fasting without potassium. Up to the 20- and 40-day intervals, mean cumulative nitrogen deficity for all three diet groups was the same but 60% lower than with total fasting. However, within groups, individual capability to conserve nitrogen varied over as much as 2.8-fold. All 10 subjects of diet groups 1 and 2 had negative nitrogen balances to day 21, and six of these subjects were still negative by day 40. The improvement in nitrogen conservation and the ability to attain nitrogen equilibrium was unrelated to the differences in protein quantity and quality. Intake of essential or branched-chain amino acids was also unrelated to the efficiency of nitrogen conservation, as were insulin, glucagon, and 3-hydroxybutyrate levels. The only indicator correlating positively with nitrogen deficit was a fall in complement C3 (r = 0.87). Despite the extent of overall nitrogen loss, no cardiac arrhythmias were observed with either the high or low quality protein diet.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Reducing-diet and exercise-training effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins in mildly obese women.

Twenty-one mildly obese women were fed a 1268-kcal lactovegetarian diet for 5 wk. Subjects were randomly divided into either an exercise (Ex) or a nonexercise (Nex) group. The Ex group walked at 60% heart-rate reserve (134 +/- 2 bpm; mean +/- SEM) during 45-min sessions, five times per week. Although exercise improved estimated maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max; 20.9 +/- 3.2% vs 2.1 +/- 3.4% in Ex vs Nex, respectively), changes in total body, lean body, and fat weight did not differ significantly between groups. Total body weight decreased 5.5 +/- 0.6 and 5.6 +/- 0.2 kg in Ex and Nex, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in the pattern of change between groups for serum high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; F[2,38] = 5.93, P = 0.006) but not for total cholesterol (TC), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, or glucose. Change in diet quality and body weight were found to account fully for the 12.7 +/- 1.9% decrease in TC. When change in dietary quality and body weight are equated in a group of mildly obese women, the effect of moderate exercise training on indices of serum lipid and lipoprotein is limited to HDL-C.

Body Composition↗
PubMed1991

Changes in circulating leukocytes and mitogen responses during very-low-energy all-protein reducing diets.

Chronic and acute protein-energy malnutrition impairs immune function but little is known of the effects of energy deprivation alone. Indexes of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) were therefore studied during a 6-wk very-low-energy diet (VLED) (1.7 MJ/d, weight loss 13 +/- 1 kg, means +/- SEM) in 12 nondiabetic obese [body mass index 33 +/- 1 (in kg/m2)] subjects. Significant decreases (P less than 0.05) were observed in the numbers of total leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes from 1 to 2 wk of the VLED and onward. Only lymphocyte counts returned to baseline levels with refeeding. The proportions of other monoclonal-antibody-defined mononuclear cell populations (except a small decrease in CD4+) did not change during dieting. [3H]Thymidine uptake by mononuclear cells cultured for 96 h decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) at wk 6 in response to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, and pokeweed mitogen and after only 1 wk to phorbol myristate acetate + ionomycin. Delayed-type-hypersensitivity skin-test responses did not decrease at wk 5 vs those at baseline. The VLED produced nonspecific decreases in circulating leukocyte numbers and in vitro responses to several mitogens (of different cell-subset specificity), suggesting that in susceptible individuals or if there is longer exposure to such diets, such responses could assume clinical significance.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Metabolizable energy of high non-starch polysaccharide-maintenance and weight-reducing diets in men: experimental appraisal of assessment systems.

We have examined the reliability of several food energy assessment systems for healthy men. The predictions of metabolizable energies were compared with determinations made in energy balance studies with three maintenance diets (12 MJ/d); one of the diets was moderate in non-starch polysaccharide (NSP; 2.1% of gross energy) and two were higher in NSP (3.5-4.6% of gross energy). A fourth diet was a submaintenance (6 MJ/d) high NSP (7% gross energy) diet. Discrepancies between the different food energy assessment systems and the determined metabolizable energy values ranged between 0 and 15%. With the maintenance diets, the Atwater specific factor system had errors generally within 6% of the determined value and a limit of agreement (bias +2SD) for diets of 10%. This accuracy compares with errors of 2% for both the originally published assessment of this system and a more recent general formula; both systems were without bias with increasing NSP content of the diets but the latter had limits of agreement within 3%. In contrast, the Atwater general, the European general and a recent FDA general formula showed increasing bias with increasing NSP intake. All of the general energy assessment systems overpredicted metabolizable energy from the high NSP submaintenance diet, which shows that even the least biased and most reliable energy assessment system that we identified applies to maintenance diets only; thus a correction has to be made for submaintenance diets.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Randomised controlled trial of novel, simple, and well supervised weight reducing diets in outpatients.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the contribution of novelty and simplicity to compliance with a low energy diet among obese outpatients. DESIGN: Three arm randomised trial for 16 weeks. SETTING: NHS hospital obesity clinic. SUBJECTS: 45 patients aged over 17 years with a body mass index >27 who were not diabetic, pregnant, or lactating. INTERVENTIONS: Conventional 3.4 MJ diet (control), isoenergetic novel diet of milk only, or milk plus one designated food daily. Follow up visit every 4 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Weight loss. RESULTS: Mean weight loss (kg) after 16 weeks on control, milk only, and milk plus diets was 1.7 (95% confidence interval 0.3 to 3.7), 9.4 (5.9 to 12.9), and 7.0 (2.7 to 11.3) respectively. Weight loss on the novel diets was significantly greater than on the control diet. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary treatment can achieve as much weight loss in obese outpatients over 16 weeks as has been reported for the most successful drug treatment, but compliance with the prescribed diet is poor unless the diet is novel and simple.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Changes in selected biochemical parameters during a low-calorie reducing diet].

AIM OF THE STUDY: Assessment of the effect of short term modified low calorie diet on body weight and body mass index (BMI). Assessment of the effect of modified low calorie diet on blood lipids and some biochemical parameters. METHODS: Before and after diet: body weight, BMI, whole blood count, platelet count, serum cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol, serum creatinine, uric acid, urea, bilirubin, AST, ALT, pH of urine and atherogenic index (CHOL-HDL/HDL). PATIENTS: 11 male, mean age 52 years and 19 female, mean age 53.3 years. THERAPY: Modified diet 14 days, 3.3 MJ daily, vitamins and minerals. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed in platelet count, serum creatinine, urea, bilirubin, AST, ALT, pH of urine, HDL cholesterol and atherogenic index before and after modified low calorie diet. Significant loss of body weight and decrease of BMI, cholesterol and triglycerides occurred after modified diet. Serum uric acid significantly increased after weight loss. CONCLUSION: The present result's shows that a drop of serum cholesterol and triglycerides follows a significant loss of body weight after modified diet. Our result's shows a significant increase of uric acid levels after weight loss. There was no effect of body weight loss on other biochemical parameters.

Diet, Reducing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of reducing diets on the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of the fatty tissue in patients with metabolic-alimentary obesity].

The glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase activity by the fatty tissue in patients with alimentary adiposity was studied. A well-marked fall of the activity by comparison with controls, especially in patients with hyperlipidemia, was revealed. Following treatment of the patients with reduction diets their falling body weight was paralleled by significantly rising activity of the fatty tissue G-6-P-D. Tests in vitro failed to show pyridozine and pyridoxal-6-phosphate to affect the activity of the enzyme.

Adipose Tissue↗