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PubMed2001

Effect of ALDH2 and CYP2E1 gene polymorphisms on drinking behavior and alcoholic liver disease in Japanese male workers.

AIMS: We examined the relationships of ALDH2 and CYP2E1 genotypes on drinking behavior and the incidence of alcoholic liver disease in Japanese male workers. METHODS: Two hundred and eighty-seven Japanese men were selected from one metal company to adjust for similar economic and social backgrounds. Drinking behavior was assessed from a self-assessment questionnaire. Genotypes of ALDH2 and CYP2E1 were analyzed with the polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism and with the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, respectively. RESULTS: The frequency of the ALDH2 genotype was 55% for typical homozygotes, 42% for heterozygotes, and 4% for atypical homozygotes. The frequency of the CYP2E1 genotype was 62% for c1 homozygotes, 35% for heterozygotes, and 3% for c2 homozygotes. The ALDH2 genotype closely influenced drinking habits, but not the CYP2E1 genotype. Among habitual drinkers, ALDH2 typical homozygotes consumed significantly larger amounts of ethanol than ALDH2 heterozygotes, whereas CYP2E1 genotypes did not influence daily alcohol consumption. Sixteen men (5.6%) were diagnosed with alcoholic liver disease. In terms of ALDH2 genotypes, 12 cases (7.6%) were typical homozygotes and 4 (3.4%) were heterozygotes, whereas the incidence of alcoholic liver disease was not different between c1/c1 homozygotes and c1/c2 heterozygotes. When the interactive contribution of the ALDH2 and CYP2E1 genotypes on drinking behavior and the incidence of alcoholic liver disease were examined, there were no significant differences in the CYP2E1 genotype among the subjects with the same ALDH2 genotype. CONCLUSION: The ALDH2 genotype is strongly associated with individual alcohol drinking behavior and the development of alcoholic liver disease in Japanese male workers, but the CYP2E1 genotype is not.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

[Cholinergic mechanism in the drinking behavior and c-fos expression in brain induced by subfornical organ stimulation in rats].

The drinking behavior and the c-fos expression in rat brain induced by electrical stimulation of the subfornical organ (SFO) were examined. SFO stimulation induced stable and significant drinking behavior and Fos protein expression in 8 areas of the forebrain (organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, median preoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, perifornical dorsal area, substantia innominata and thalamic reunions nucleus), and in 3 areas of the hindbrain (area postrema, solitary tract nucleus and lateral parabrachial nucleus). In certain neurons of paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, co-expression of Fos protein and vasopressin was induced by SFO stimulation. Intracerebroventricular injection of atropine partly blocked the SFO stimulation-induced drinking behavior and the Fos protein expression in the brain, suggesting that an M-cholinergic mechanism may be involved.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1992

The relationship of pretreatment family functioning to drinking behavior during follow-up by alcoholic patients.

The relationship of alcoholics' perceptions of the pretreatment functioning of their families to drinking outcomes during an 18-month follow-up was examined. Family functioning was hypothesized to be predictive of drinking behavior, particularly in subjects with low assertion of autonomy scores. These individuals report greater dependency and attachment, and therefore might be more affected by the state of important relationships. The results indicated that with low autonomy male alcoholics, greater family dysfunction predicted significantly fewer days abstinent during Months 1-6 and 13-18 and more severe drinking episodes during the first year of the follow-up. In the high autonomy males, family dysfunction was unrelated to subsequent drinking behavior. In women, on the other hand, greater family dysfunction predicted more days abstinent in those high in autonomy and was unrelated to the drinking behavior of those low in autonomy. Implications for patient-treatment matching, differences between male and female alcoholics, and the need for additional studies of family functioning and drinking behavior in women are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Differences in basal levels of CREB and NPY in nucleus accumbens regions between C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice differing in inborn alcohol drinking behavior.

An increasing body of evidence suggests that genetic factors play a role in alcohol drinking behaviors. C57BL/6J (C57) mice innately consume larger amounts of alcohol compared to that consumed by DBA/2J (DBA) mice. Furthermore, alterations in cAMP-responsive element binding (CREB) protein function in the brain have been implicated in alcohol drinking behaviors. The present investigation examined innate expression and phosphorylation of CREB in various brain structures of C57 and DBA mice. It was found that CREB expression and phosphorylation was lower, specifically in the shell structure of the nucleus accumbens, in C57 mice compared to that in DBA mice. CREB expression and phosphorylation were similar in other brain regions such as the nucleus accumbens core and the cortical, amygdaloid, hippocampal, and striatal structures of C57 and DBA mice. The expression of a cAMP-inducible gene, neuropeptide Y (NPY), was also investigated in the nucleus accumbens region of C57 and DBA mice. It was found that in C57 mice, NPY protein levels were lower in the shell but not in the core structure of the nucleus accumbens compared to that in DBA mice. It was also found that C57 mice are not innately anxious, but they consume larger amounts of alcohol than do DBA mice. Because the shell structure of the nucleus accumbens has been implicated in reward mechanisms of alcohol, it is possible that lower CREB function in this brain structure may be in part associated with the excessive alcohol drinking behavior of C57 mice.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1993

Dopamine receptor blockade and reductions in thirst produce differential effects on drinking behavior.

The present study examined whether thirsty rats pretreated with the dopamine receptor blocker, pimozide, would show patterns of unconditioned drinking behavior similar to those produced by reductions in water deprivation. An examination of the drinking behavior of 23-, 16-, 12-, 4-, and 0-h water-deprived animals showed that reductions in thirst produced increased latencies to initiate drinking, changes in the within-session pattern of licking, and reductions in the total number of licks emitted. In contrast, administration of pimozide to 23-h deprived rats produced no effect on either initiation latencies or lick patterns, and only marginally reduced the total number of licks emitted during the session. Finally, pimozide produced no effect on either individual lick durations or interlick intervals. These results suggest that the primary motivational (i.e., "thirst") mechanisms and motoric processes underlying drinking behavior are relatively invulnerable to pimozide challenge.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Alcohol-induced facial flushing and drinking behavior in Japanese men.

The drinking behavior and alcohol-induced facial flushing of 1646 Japanese men (50.9% flushers and 48.0% nonflushers) were analyzed from questionnaires completed by their wives. The results indicate a relationship between flushing and various indices of sensitivity to alcohol and low rates of alcohol-related problems. It is proposed that alcohol-induced flushing acts as an inhibitory factor against excessive alcohol use and consequent problems due to drinking.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Change in drinking behaviors with retirement: findings from the normative aging study.

This study examines changes in drinking behaviors over an approximately 2-year span in two groups of community-dwelling men: 100 men who retired between baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2) and 316 men who remained employed. Measures were obtained from two drinking surveys conducted as part of a panel study of aging. Results indicate that the event of retirement was not a significant predictor of changes in average alcohol consumption, although retirees showed more variability between T1 and T2. Considering other binary drinking behavior variables, continuing workers and eventual retirees did not differ in the proportions moving into or out of the nondrinker status, or the situation of consuming an average of 3+ drinks/day. However, retirees by T2 were more likely to report the onset of periodic heavier drinking and problems with drinking. Evidence from this study indicates that retirement generally heralds no great shift in alcohol consumption or drinking behaviors.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

A microcomputer controlled data acquisition system for research on feeding and drinking behavior in rats.

This paper describes an inexpensive, reliable computer controlled data collection system designed for the continuous monitoring of feeding and drinking behavior in rats. This system will be useful in areas of behavioral pharmacology research requiring a detailed analysis of food and fluid intake. The configuration described herein was developed for research on the "microstructure" of alcohol drinking behavior. Variables examined include: alcohol bout size, frequency and duration, interbout intervals as well as the temporal pattern of intake and its relationship to food and water consumption. Detailed analysis of behavior using this technique will enhance our ability to interpret the nature of changes in alcohol oriented behavior produced by pharmacological manipulations, aid in the development of specific hypotheses related to the regulation of alcohol drinking behavior and provide a means of testing these hypotheses.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Expectancies, evaluations and attitudes: prediction of college student drinking behavior.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate a model of college student alcohol use that not only included primary demographic and social factors shown to influence college student drinking behavior but also measured the influence of expectancies, evaluations of expectancies, and attitudes in prospectively predicting drinking behavior. METHOD: Participants (N = 17) were recruited from an introductory psychology course subject pool and were asked to complete several questionnaires, including a modified Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire, an attitude questionnaire and a modified timeline follow-back measure. These measures were completed at baseline and at a 1-month follow-up assessment. The study was then replicated with a separate sample (N = 162). RESULTS: The results of a series of mixed regression analyses indicated that, after accounting for demographic variables, social norms and a college lifestyle attitude variable, the only significant predictor consistent across drinking measures was the general attitude variable. This was true for both the prospective and concurrent analyses of alcohol use. The evaluations of expectancies did account for a significant portion of the variance but appeared secondary to the general attitude measure. The results of the study were replicated in a separate sample. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to previous research, the results of this study suggest that attitudes toward alcohol use account for more variance in predicting drinking behavior than both alcohol expectancies and evaluations of those expectancies. The results of this study are also consistent with findings that evaluations of alcohol-related expectancies predict drinking behavior.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

Effects of centrally administered endogenous opioid peptides on drinking behavior, increased plasma vasopressin concentration and pressor response to hypertonic sodium chloride.

Intracerebroventricular (i.v.t.) administration of beta-endorphin or leucine5-enkephalin inhibited drinking behavior, the pressor response and increased plasma vasopressin concentration stimulated by an acute elevation in CSF sodium chloride concentration (10 microliter, 1 M NaCl i.v.t.). These effects of endogenous opioid peptides were prevented by naloxone, indicating opiate receptors were required for the biologic response. Drinking behavior associated with regulatory stimuli operant during dehydration was also inhibited by opioid peptides. beta-Endorphin (i.v.t.) delayed the onset and/or reduced the volume of water consumed in response to hypertonic sodium chloride (relative cellular dehydration), polyethylene glycol (hypovolemia) and food-associated drinking behavior. Inhibition of drinking did not appear related to sensory-motor dysfunction as another motivated behavior, eating (onset, amount consumed) was unaffected by beta-endorphin. It is concluded from these results that centrally administered endogenous opioid peptides inhibit sodium chloride-stimulated cerebral mechanisms affecting blood pressure and hydration.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The chemical nature of the hypothalamocortical activation underlying drinking behavior.

The injection of cholinergic substances (carbocholine, carbathin [karbatin], acetylcholine) into the lateral field of the hypothalamus of cats is accompanied by the appearance in the electrohypothalamogram of characteristic hypersynchronized activity and drinking behavior. The swallowing of water temporarily stops the hypersynchronized activity; the injection of adrenaline into the hypothalamus elicits the same effect. The injection of the same cholinergic preparations into the posterior sigmoid gyrus of the cerebral cortex is accompanied by similar, but less pronounced bioelectrical and behavioral effects. The presentation of a closed drink dispenser containing water to the animals against the background of cholinergic activation of the hypothalamus or cortex leads to desynchronization of the bioelectrical activity and suppression of the bursts of hypersynchronized activity. The drinking behavior of cats which appears on the basis of centrally created thirst motivation reflects the activity of a primary dominant focus in the hypothalamus and of a secondary dominant focus in the sensorimotor cortex. These foci are cholinergic in nature. The cessation of the drinking behavior may be related to the activation of adrenergic mechanisms of the same brain structures.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed2002

[Drinking behavior of female nursing students and stress factors related problem drinking].

The survey was done to clarify how the behavior of drinking alcoholic beverages of female nursing students relates to the stress they feel in their school life. The questionnaires were sent to 337 female students of two nursing schools located in metropolitan area. Students were asked to reply the questions of Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale (AAIS), and other questions related to their smoking habits and stress felt in their school life. Alcohol misusers who scored 42 points or more on AAIS were 13.7% of the valid respondents and non-drinkers and those who scored 19 and under on the scale were 4.1%. Those who drink more than over per week accounted for 12.0%, and those who have more than 3 drinks at one time accounted for 61.5%. Those who experienced alcohol drinking during childhood replied that this was encouraged by their parents. Those parents were found to be very generous about children's drinking at home later. The analysis of stress factors in students' life in relation to drinking behavior revealed that the students with scores on AAIS above 42 tended to show less eagerness in studying, and that clinical practice and report writing did not give than much stress.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Drinking behavior in the Colorado adoptee and twin sample.

Using a sample of adult Colorado twins, nontwin sibling pairs and pairs of unrelated adoptees reared together (N = 346), the extent of the similarity in drinking behavior within pairs was estimated. The analyses, which go beyond those possible with a study confined just to twins, suggest that some alcohol-drinking behaviors may be genetically influenced. However, the genetic variance appears to be primarily nonadditive so that it contributes more to differences than to similarities between first-degree relatives. Alternatively, although less likely, these results might suggest a special common environment for identical twins that is not present for fraternal twins, nontwin siblings or unrelated adoptees reared together. Environmental analyses indicate that both types of twins share a special family environmental similarity that is not shared by nontwin siblings. Environmental influences that affect individual differences in drinking behavior appear to contribute more to dissimilarity than to similarity. The results do not support the contention that being raised in the same family contributes substantially to similarity in characteristics of drinking behavior.

Adoption↗

PubMed1999

Excessive water drinking behavior in autism.

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of polydipsia in 49 autistic children, and also the influence of psychotropic drugs and residential factors on water drinking behavior, as compared with in 89 mentally retarded children, in schools for mentally handicapped children in Fukui prefecture. Questionnaires were used to detect polydipsia and to assess the severity of the water drinking behavior in the autistic children and mentally retarded children. The incidence of polydipsia in the autistic children tended to be higher (P = 0.074) than that in the retarded children. The severity of water drinking behavior was significantly higher in autism (P = 0.022) than in mental retardation. The majority of the autistic children with polydipsia had been taking no psychotropic drugs. The incidence of polydipsia showed no significant difference between two residential situations, i.e. 'not at home' and 'at home'. The present study suggests that polydipsia or excessive water drinking behavior occurs more often in autism than in mental retardation, possibly due to some intrinsic factor in autism itself.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Suppression of acquisition of alcohol-drinking behavior by the concurrent availability of saccharin in Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats.

In the current study, we investigated the effect of the concurrent presentation of saccharin on the acquisition of alcohol-drinking behavior in selectively bred Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats. Alcohol-naive rats were given access to saccharin [0%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, or 3% (weight/volume) in water], alcohol [10% (volume/volume) in water], and water under the home cage, three-bottle, free-choice regimen, with unlimited access for 24 h/day for 10 consecutive days. Intake of saccharin solution resulted as an inverted-U function of saccharin concentration, reaching polydipsic-like values at the 0.1% concentration. In contrast, alcohol intake was a U function of saccharin concentration, being virtually suppressed in the groups of rats exposed to the highly accepted 0.1% and 1% concentrations of saccharin. These results indicate that (1) the concurrent presentation of highly palatable solutions of saccharin suppresses acquisition of alcohol-drinking behavior in sP rats and (2) the suppressive effect of saccharin solutions on the acquisition of alcohol-drinking behavior in sP rats was positively related to their degree of acceptability. We hypothesize that an immediate and continuous access to the highly palatable saccharin solution may have distracted the rat, preventing it from consuming the amounts of alcohol solution needed to disclose and experience the psychopharmacologic effects of alcohol on which alcohol-drinking behavior in sP rats is based.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2005

Effect of the combination of naltrexone and baclofen, on acquisition of alcohol drinking behavior in alcohol-preferring rats.

Recent surveys suggest that positive outcomes in the pharmacotherapy of alcoholism may be obtained through drug combinations. The present study evaluated the effect of the combination of the opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone, with the GABA(B) receptor agonist, baclofen, on the acquisition of alcohol drinking behavior in Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats. Rats were treated with either saline, 0.5 mg/kg naltrexone, 1mg/kg baclofen, or 0.5 mg/kg naltrexone plus 1mg/kg baclofen once a day for 10 days. Alcohol was offered immediately after the first drug injection under the 2-bottle regimen. Alcohol intake in saline-treated rats rose to 5-6 g/kg/day within a few days, indicative of a rapid acquisition of alcohol drinking behavior. Neither naltrexone nor baclofen, when given alone, affected alcohol drinking behavior. In contrast, the drug combination resulted in a significant reduction in daily alcohol intake and retardation in the acquisition of alcohol drinking behavior. These results suggest that combination of naltrexone plus baclofen may result in a synergistic reduction in alcohol intake in sP rats. These results are discussed in terms of naltrexone and baclofen exerting a concomitant and reciprocally potentiating inhibitory action on alcohol-induced activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1988

Male Chinese drinking behavior in Los Angeles.

The purpose of this research was to identify the characteristics that distinguish male Chinese drinkers from abstainers and to clarify differences between Chinese men who drink limited amounts of alcohol and those who drink more heavily. A random sample of 218 adult Chinese men was interviewed using a schedule based on a national study of drinking behavior. The stereotype of Chinese as limited drinkers was partially supported by the data. Approximately 22% of the sample were abstainers whereas only 14% were heavy drinkers. Light drinkers were the modal category. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the relative importance of the significant characteristics of drinkers and abstainers. Parents' drinking behavior influenced respondent's drinking behavior, and drinkers tended to like to go to parties. Chinese men with higher education were more apt to be drinkers. A second logistic regression model was used to identify the predictive variables related to the level of drinking. Chinese men who go to bars and who have friends who drink were the most likely to be heavy drinkers.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Memory, executive cognitive function, and readiness to change drinking behavior.

The transtheoretical model of Prochaska and DiClemente [Psychother. Theory Res. Prac. 19 (1982) 276] postulates that cognitive skills are critical for drinking behavior change. Memory and executive cognitive function likely influence the execution of skills that are implicated for both motivating and sustaining drinking behavior change. Participants who met criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence (N=117) were administered a battery of standardized memory and executive cognitive function tests that included the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R), Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), Ruff Figural Fluency Test (RFFT), and Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST). Lower verbal and higher delayed recall memory score at baseline significantly predicted precontemplation, higher verbal memory scores predicted contemplation, and better attention-concentration at baseline significantly predicted reduced drinking at 3-month follow-up, after controlling for baseline alcohol consumption. The study findings indicate that explicit memory processes may have utility for predicting readiness to change drinking behavior.

Adolescent↗