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Ethics in dental research. Publication of research: the ethical dimension.

If science is to achieve its goal, i.e., advancement of human well-being, the results of scientific research must be made available. When such results are presented, that presentation must be 'ethical'; it must conform to recognized standards of honesty, originality, and fairness. Unfortunately, not all such presentations conform to these standards; the public and scientific community alike are becoming ever more concerned about duplication in publication, about illegitimate claims to authorship, and about misleading use of statistics in presentation of experimental results. Certain of these 'unethical' practices can be eliminated or minimized by education, institutional practice, and requirements set by scientific journals. In the end, however, 'ethical publication' will depend on the 'ethical investigator'--an individual who has professed dedication to truth and the well-being of mankind.

Authorship↗

Ethics in dental research. Toward developing a code of ethics.

A profession is considered to be ethical by its very nature. Hence, the ability to structure a set of principles that gives one a way to discuss the issues is crucial. However, numerous variables--such as culture, tradition of law, and stage of technological development of a Nation-State--confound issues in which principles may occasionally clash. There may not always be a right and wrong. Hence, for an international organization, a clear explanation of rules will be critical in the development of a code of ethics.

Ethics, Dental↗

Teaching ethics in dental schools: trends, techniques, and targets.

The importance of promoting ethical behavior in dental students is reflected in the emphasis on formal ethics teaching within the curricula of most dental schools. Over the last three decades, dental educators have addressed the need for ethics training and examined varied teaching approaches. Today, state-of-the-art ethics education has moved from purely didactic instruction to more interactional teaching methods that promote student introspection and group problem-solving. This paper provides an overview of trends in ethics teaching in dental schools and the current teaching approaches advocated in health science schools. In addition, future needs in dental ethics education are explored including the importance of addressing the unique aspects of the dental education environment.

Curriculum↗

Measuring dental students' ethical sensitivity.

This paper describes the development of stimulus materials and scoring procedures to measure an individual's ability to recognize the ethical issues often hidden within the dentist's professional problems. The importance of this ability is discussed as it relates to other abilities thought to be necessary conditions for ethical or moral behavior. Dental students completed the ethical sensitivity test and Rest's test of moral reasoning. The sensitivity test requires transcribing verbal responses to audio dramas, a technique that: (1) elicits sufficient data for making inferences about ethical sensitivity, (2) produces good interjudge agreement and interrater reliability, and (3) measures variability in student performance. Data indicate high internal consistency compared with previous efforts to measure components of sensitivity (e.g., empathy), acceptable test-retest reliability for a subsample. and the distinctiveness of sensitivity and reasoning scores. The results have broad application for the teaching of ethics and suggest new directions for the study of professional socialization.

Dentist-Patient Relations↗

Formal instruction in dental professional ethics.

Programs in professional ethics are still in their infancy in American dental schools. Enough has been learned, however, to know that formal instruction in dental professional ethics is essential to such a program and that arguments against this approach cannot withstand careful examination. We have developed a set of aims and a sense of the kinds of subject matter that will enable us to achieve these aims. We are beginning to identify the kinds of individuals and teams needed to teach these courses. We have learned that these courses will not succeed unless they are taken seriously by the dental school community and actively supported by the faculty. What is needed for the teaching of dental professional ethics has become clear. It is time to proceed in earnest.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

[Ethics in dental practice].

After a discussion of the foundations of ethical thinking in general, a link is made to the professional ethics for medical and dental practitioners. Professional ethics are constantly influenced by the changing society, although some values remain fundamental. A critical look at existing ethical codes for dentists is followed by some examples of the wider context in which dental care is provided and its ethics influenced. Not only safeguarding of professionalism in dental treatment but the fulfillment of the aspirations for both dentist and patient orientates a redefined modern ethical code.

Dental Care↗

The dental implications of HIV infection.

The provision of dental care for members of the population infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and those with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), has wide implications for methods of dental practice, professional ethics, dental education at all levels, and the interaction between the dental, medical and auxiliary professions. In addition, there is a potential role for dentists in the recognition of infected patients through the presence of various oral manifestations.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗