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PubMed1992

Nutritional needs surveys among the elderly--Russia and Armenia, 1992.

The ongoing social, political, and economic changes in the 15 republics of the former Soviet Union have resulted in hyperinflation of the Soviet Union ruble (SUR), regional conflicts, and other hardships for the populations of these republics (1). In January 1992, a public health assessment in Russia indicated that the elderly--most of whom subsist on fixed incomes and among whom the prevalences of decreased mobility or chronic illnesses may be substantial--are at greatest risk because of declining social support. During March-May 1992, CARE, in collaboration with CDC, conducted three surveys in Russia and Armenia to assist in targeting the delivery of food and medical humanitarian aid to the most needy among the elderly. This report summarizes findings from these surveys.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

Adolescent leaders: rational thinking, future beliefs, temporal perspective, and other correlates.

In this study, 281 adolescent leaders were compared to normal, at-risk, and early school leaver groups on a measure of irrational thinking. Student leaders were found to possess significantly fewer irrational beliefs than the other adolescent groups. Further examination of the leader group revealed that their beliefs about the future focused on developing an understanding of tomorrow, acquiring techniques and strategies for effective living, and preparing for technological, social, and economic change. The leaders' temporal perspective was 4.6 years, and they identified attending university and attaining a career as major concerns. Other correlates and demographic variables were also examined. Implications of these findings for rational emotive education are presented.

Achievement↗

PubMed1992

[Suicide in Norway. Changes in the 20th century with special emphasis on the development during the last 20 years].

The suicide rate in Norway was low and relatively stable during the first half of the 20th century. During the last 20 years it has increased dramatically. This increase has been most pronounced among young people of both sexes aged 15-19 years, and is the second highest in Europe. Females usually kill themselves by poisoning and men by shooting. The regional and temporal trends over the last 20 years show different patterns for the two sexes. The highest increase among men has occurred in the group aged 15-29 years in the northern part of the country, and for women in the group aged over 30 years in rural areas. The demonstrated increase does not seem to be due to more reliable registration of suicides. Attempts to explain the dramatic changes during the past decades have focused on social, demographic and economical changes in Norwegian society.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

[Trends in perinatal, neonatal and post-neonatal mortality in Austria and Tyrol, with special reference to 1979-1988].

Analysis of neonatal, perinatal and infant mortality rates is a useful basis to compare the quality of neonatal care in a country. During the last decades these parameters have been falling steadily in Austria as well as in other industrialized countries. Regarding the various provinces of Austria substantial regional differences occur. Apparently the decline in mortality rates is not only contributable to medical progress but as strongly influenced by social and economic changes. In the mid-seventies absolute and relative neonatal mortality rates in Austria definitely decreased, most probably attributable to the installation of neonatal intensive care units. During 1968-1978 the decrease in neonatal mortality was mainly due to reduced first-day-mortality, whereas during the following decade it was mainly due to reduced mortality of the 2nd until 7th day of life. Interestingly, the rate of preterm infants in Austria remained virtually constant during 1968-1988 despite improved pre- and perinatal care. Paralleling the development in full-term neonates the peri-/neo- and postneonatal mortality rates of preterm infants decreased. Predictably - as in other countries - the highest improvement was found in the low birth weight groups Nevertheless, premature births have accounted for the majority of neonatal and perinatal deaths.

Austria↗

PubMed1991

[Scientific research management in the Venezuelan universities. A new dream?].

The institutionalization of scientific research in Venezuela enters a new stage. Priority for technology versus science is expressed in a clear preference for technological development instead of scientific research in public policies. The emergence of new agents has favored conditions of plurality and changes in the hegemony of research groups. Academic research, especially university research, tends to be substituted by development of innovation for the production process. Part of the potential generated by the expansion at university and postgraduate level, in the country and outside it, does not find satisfactory opportunities in the scientific research in the country. A process of talent drain has begun, there are less resources for the training of high new level personnel for scientific research. The difficulties and dangers are of a different nature than those of the previous decades. This stage of the nineties, framed in financial scarcity, mercantilization of knowledge and social and economic changes in general taking place in the country, favors an utilitarian-profitable-selective-competitive-privatized research, with emphasis on the technological. The continuity of scientific research, specially academic, depends on the capacity to provide an answer to these changes and challenges and requires a new management style.

Research↗

PubMed1991

The juvenilization of poverty in the 1980s.

This article analyzes the factors that caused the economic well-being of children in the United States to deteriorate during the 1980s. The poverty rate for children decreased through the late 1960s and the 1970s but rose during the 1980s. Young families and female-headed families were hit hardest by structural economic changes, contributing to the rise in child poverty. In addition, although more children became poor, social services provision did not increase and in many instances was cut back. The juvenilization of poverty requires social workers to place themselves in advocacy roles and to focus on poverty as a central practice concern.

Aid to Families with Dependent Children↗

PubMed1991

Epidemiological evidence from Zaire for a dietary etiology of konzo, an upper motor neuron disease.

A clear association between seasonal outbreaks of a paralytic disease called konzo and toxic effects from consumption of insufficiently processed bitter cassava roots has been demonstrated in Bandundu region, Zaire. A community-based survey of 6764 inhabitants identified 110 live and 24 dead konzo-affected persons with a history of isolated non-progressive spastic paraparesis of abrupt onset. The start of these annual outbreaks of konzo in 1974 coincided with the completion of a new tarmac road to the capital, which facilitated the transport of cassava and made it the main cash crop. The extensive cassava sales encouraged the consumption by the peasant families of roots that had not been adequately processed; frequent acute cyanide intoxications resulted when the naturally occurring cyanogens in the roots were eaten. The disease mainly appeared in the dry season when there was high consumption of insufficiently processed cassava and the diet lacked supplementary foods with sulfur-containing amino acids which promote cyanide detoxification. These results, which confirm the earlier findings in East Africa, show that, owing to the high cyanide and low sulfur dietary intake, there is an increased risk of konzo outbreaks in cassava-growing areas during periods of adverse agro-economic changes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Temporary migrants in Shanghai households, 1984.

In China, temporary migration is defined as a change in place of residence without a concomitant change in household registration; such mobility therefore encompasses a more heterogeneous set of movements than is usually subsumed under this heading in other nations. Because of China's strict control of permanent migration to large cities, temporary migration has become an important strategy for adjusting to economic changes and to effecting family reunification. The Shanghai Temporary Migration Survey of 1984 focused on one segment of temporary migrants, the 58% living in the households of permanent residents. Multinomial logistic regression suggests the heightened probability that close relatives of the household heads come to Shanghai to visit or to live, and nonrelatives to work. Regression on current and expected duration shows that many intended to stay for a year or more, some for up to 20 years. Their presence in the city places added strains on infrastructure and raises questions about the continued efficacy of China's migration policies.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Health surveillance and prevention in the service industries: the problems and outlook].

The great expansion of the services industry in the developed countries of the world is producing profound changes in the composition of the work force and, consequently, also in the health needs that are traditionally part of occupational medicine. Of all the medical disciplines, occupational medicine is most strongly affected by social and economic changes. In recent years experience has been acquired both at national and international level that can identify the new health needs in practical terms. The aim of this paper is to describe such experience with particular reference to the situation in Italy. The authors describe the shift of prevalent diseases from occupational to work-related diseases, the problems concerning the human, social and economic cost of these diseases, prevention and control strategies, relationships between company health services and the national health service and possible synergic action of the public and private sectors.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗

PubMed1990

Economic antecedents of mental hospitalization: a nineteenth-century time-series test.

More than 100 studies have cited M. Harvey Brenner's (1973) claim that fluctuations in the economy increase the onset of mental illness and thus generate increases in mental hospitalization. Published attempts to replicate Brenner, however, have considered only twentieth-century data. One of Brenner's most memorable claims was that a stable inverse relationship between mental illness and the economy could be seen over a 127-year span beginning in the early nineteenth century. Unfortunately, no research since Brenner's has considered nineteenth-century populations. In this paper we analyze the hypothesis that economic change provokes a substantial fraction of first admissions to mental hospitals. We used admissions registers from the three institutions to construct a data base that approximates a psychiatric case register for a nineteenth-century American city from 1881 to 1891. Time-series tests show no support for the "provocation" hypothesis.

Economics↗

PubMed1990

Adolescence and changing family relations in the Central Canadian Arctic.

This paper reports on a ten-year longitudinal study of adolescent development and socialization conducted in the Copper Inuit community of Holman. This research has documented how demographic, social, and economic changes have dramatically altered the patterning and sequencing of traditional Inuit life stages, thus giving rise to a prolonged adolescent life stage which was non-existent in the precontact period. At the same time, Inuit family relations have undergone drastic changes as a result of population increase, population concentration, access to government housing, introduction of formal schooling, and the availability of social subsides. Today, the Copper Inuit family has lost its focus as the primary agent of socialization and learning, and many young Inuit now spend most of their time within the context of a greatly expanded peer group which has gradually acquired the values and aspirations of the southern adolescent sub-culture. This paper will discuss the impact of these changing attitudes upon parent-child relations as well as the social adjustment problems experienced by young Inuit as they strive to find a place in the North's changing social landscape.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

The emergence of colonic diverticulosis in urbanised Indians. A report of 23 cases.

Of a total of 969 barium enemas performed over a three year period, 23 (2.4%) showed colonic diverticulosis. The mean age of the patients was 58 years and the commonest site involved was the sigmoid colon. All the patients were urbanised and were obligatory vegetarians. Six (25%) of the patients had a complication of the disease and three of them required surgery. The possible relationship of the disease with socio-economic changes is highlighted.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

Unresolved issues in the future of pharmacy.

The effect of the major forces shaping pharmacy's future--technology, economics, and social values--is discussed. Pharmacy can best respond to these forces by expanding the informational component of pharmacy practice and by returning to its fundamental relationship with society--that is, by accepting responsibility for drug-use control. To accomplish this, pharmacy must go through a process of occupational reconstruction and self-renewal. Technological forces shaping pharmacy practice include computers and robotics, communications, and therapeutics. Regarding economic changes, medical-care decisions are shifting away from individuals toward "third parties." This factor, combined with output-based payment systems, may lead to a consolidation of service providers. Marketing pharmaceutical services and organizing pharmacy's internal structure will become important. Some of the social forces affecting pharmacy's future include the aging population, the weakening of professional authority, and pharmacy's public image. Just as society goes through the "information revolution," pharmacy will need to undergo a "reprofessionalization." Pharmacy's societal function should involve "pharmaceutical care," a concept that includes both drug-product control and clinical pharmacy services. Pharmacy should return to its preindustrial origins in valued, complex, specific, and committed public service if it wishes a happy postindustrial future.

Pharmacy↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Socio-medical problems of senescence].

Epidemiological studies by international groups have shown a demographic structure which in Latin America, by the year 2000, will cause especially complex problems demanding important social, political and economic changes. Between them, they emphasize the overall increase of population size (more than doubling, from 280 to 600 million people), the large urban concentration (64% of the total population), with rural depopulation, on 18% decrease in fertility, and an increased life expectancy. With regard to this point, 36 Latin American and Caribean countries will have an average life expectancy of 65 years, and 19 of 70 years. Increased longevity, causing a large elderly population, is an achievment of civilisation, but is also an overwhelming problem. Biophysiological and psychological considerations of the ageing process are raised, as are the inherent problems of forced retirement, which have influence in working, emotional and family sheres, in a poorly-understanding society, too disorganized to provide help. This, by feedback, creates a special emotional deterioration in the elderly individual (considered for this purpose as being an age of more than 60 years for men, and 55 years for women), which is made considerably worse by increased incidence of illness. The need for, and importance of, social care for this group, which concalves health as part of the greater concept of wellbeing and quality of life, is emphasized. It shows how the modern concept of social welfare as part of the state, with reference to securing the wellbeing of the elderly, should not be a charity which is offered but an obligation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗

PubMed1986

The changing pattern of cholelithiasis in Lagos.

Colo-rectal carcinoma, diverticular disease and cholecystitis which are prevalent in the industrialised world are very rare in the African population. The last two decades have, however witnessed a big socio-economic change with incorporation of western dietary items, especially in the Nigerian urban areas. Collection of 69 cases of cholecystitis over a five year period contrasts sharply with the earlier reports in Nigeria. The female to male ratio is 5.3 to 1. The age range is 10-66 years, median female 36.9 +/- 11.3 S.D., and male 49 +/- 7.1 S.D. Probable factors contributing to the increased occurrence may include increased admittance to hospitals, incorporation of the western dietary items in the diet of the urbanised Nigerians and oral contraceptive pills.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Acceleration of fetal growth].

By random sampling, a total of 656 newborn infants were selected, whose mothers knew the first day of their last menstruation. Newborn infants were divided into 3 groups: premature, at-term and postmature infants. Weight and height were measured in 583 at-term infants in 1954 and 1979. It was found that newborn infants of primiparas and multiparas from 1979 were statistically significantly heavier and longer than newborn infants from 1954. Newborn infants in 1979 of primiparas were 184.38 gm heavier and 2.33 cm longer and those of multiparas were 151.51 gm heavier and 2.31 cm longer than those in 1954. The differences were the same for male and female infants. In the same period, no statistically significant changes occurred in the frequency of at-term labours. In the 25-year period significant socio-economic changes occurred in the Zadar region which enabled better employment of the population in all economic branches, especially in tourism and industry.

Birth Weight↗

PubMed1985

Infant mortality in the Saniyo-Hiyowe population, Ambunti District, East Sepik Province.

In this small East Sepik population, the infant death rate is extremely high, about 400 per 1000. It has remained at least as high in the generation after contact in the early 1960s as in the generation born prior to first contact with government and missionaries, despite many other kinds of social and economic change. Simple aid post treatment available year round and twice yearly immunization patrols remain a pressing need for small, peripheral populations like this one who are still without these services.

Birth Intervals↗

PubMed1976

Historical recollections of freeze-drying.

The history of freeze-drying is surprisingly recent. Although Altmann used freeze-drying for the preparation of histological sections as early as 1890, his technique went unnoticed for over 40 years. Shackell independently rediscovered the technique in 1909 for the preservation of biologicals. The industrial applications of freeze-drying do not appear to have been appreciated prior to the patients of Tival in 1927 and Elser in 1934, rapidly followed by the important contributions of Flosdorf in the United States and Greaves in England who were largely responsible for making large scale applications of freeze-drying possible. Stimulated particularly by a series of symposia in England and the United States and the renowned courses on freeze-drying organized by Rey in France, the atmosphere in the 1950s and early 60s was one of optimism for the future of freeze-drying, particularly in its application to food stuffs. Many of the dreams of that time remain unfulfilled, largely because of the higher costs of quality processing. Nevertheless, although the optimism may have somewhat dimmed, the promise remains, and economic changes in the future may well stimulate another surge in development.

Freeze Drying↗