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PubMedDate not supplied

Determinants of unintended childbearing among ever-married women in the United States: 1973-1988.

A downward trend in unwanted childbearing has reversed among large segments of the population, according to data from the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth. The proportion of births in the previous five years that were unwanted at conception fell from 14 percent in 1973 to eight percent in 1982, but increased to 10 percent in 1988. Between the 1982 and 1988 surveys, increases were most pronounced among women with less than a high school education and among women living below the federal poverty level. Differences between black women and white women in levels of unwanted childbearing, which were converging prior to 1982, have since grown considerably, particularly among the poor and the less educated.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Abortion in Canada: religious and ideological dimensions of women's attitudes.

This paper examines a number of demographic and sociocultural factors (e.g., age, marital status, family size, religion, religious assiduity, sex-role ideology) as predictors of women's attitudes toward abortion, using data from the Canadian Fertility Survey of 1984. The findings suggest that women's abortion attitudes are to a greater extent based on ideological positions. It appears that anti-abortion stance affects those women who are religious, presumably by increasing the relationship between their general sex-role ideological stances and abortion attitudes. Abortion attitudes also vary according to a woman's education, her size, and province/region of residence.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1991

Socioeconomic development, health interventions and mortality decline in Costa Rica.

Costa Rica, whose life expectancy was 74 years by 1985, has reached a health level comparable to a developed country. The health achievements of this country are product of political and socioeconomic circumstances as well as of right public health policies. Until about 1970 the features of Costa Rica mortality, although somewhat better than the Latin American average, evolved in a similar way to the rest of the region. In particular, the decades of 1940s and 1950s saw dramatic improvements in life expectancy, thanks mainly to the import of low-cost, high-effectiveness health technologies. In the 1970s, however, Costa Rica departed from a regional pattern of stagnation and managed to close the gap with developed countries in terms of mortality levels. A dramatic decline in the infant mortality rate from 60 to 19 per 1,000 took place in this decade. The main determinants of this breakthrough were health interventions, notably a primary health care program, even though favorable socioeconomic conditions and a reduced fertility also played a role. Ecological data and other evidence suggest that up to three fourths of the mortality decline was accounted for contemporary improvements in public health services, with about 40 percent attributable to primary health care interventions. Furthermore, by targeting interventions on the less privileged population, these interventions had the merit of reducing geographic and socioeconomic differentials in child mortality.

Cause of Death↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Birth spacing patterns and correlates in Shaanxi, China.

This study shows that most women in Shaanxi Province, China try to have their first birth as soon as possible after their first marriage, and that the length of the interval between marriage and first birth is strongly correlated with the woman's age at first marriage. The length of the second and third birth intervals and the likelihood of going on to have a second or third birth are strongly influenced by the sex composition of children already born, the survival time of the child initiating the interval, the duration of breastfeeding, and the woman's occupation. There is significant regional variation in the length of birth intervals and in the prevalence of second and third births in Shaanxi. The findings indicate that China's one-child policy is far from being universally accepted in Shaanxi, including its urban areas. The persistence of many social, economic, institutional, and cultural factors promoting high fertility poses many obstacles to further fertility decline.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Risk factors for invasive cervical cancer among Latinas and non-Latinas in Los Angeles County.

A case-control study among white women in Los Angeles County was conducted to investigate etiologic factors that might explain the high rates of invasive cervical cancer among Latinas. Two hundred patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix and matched (age, sex, preferred language, and neighborhood) controls were interviewed, 98 pairs in English and 102 pairs in Spanish. Seven factors were found to contribute independently and significantly (P less than .01) to risk, each after adjustment for the other six: years since last Pap smear, years of education (protective), frequency-years douching, pack-years of smoking, years of barrier contraceptive use (protective), number of sexual partners before age 20, and recognized episodes of genital warts. An eighth variable, interval in years between menarche and first intercourse, was the second variable to enter the stepwise logistic regression analysis but lost its statistical significance when sexual partners before age 20 entered the model. Together, these eight variables accounted for almost 99% of the risk. There were no significant interactions between any of these variables and age, language of interview, or birth in a Latin country. There was no increased risk associated with use of oral contraceptives, either before or after adjustment for the other significant factors. Compared to English-speaking controls, Spanish-speaking controls smoked less, douched less, had fewer sexual partners before 20, and had essentially the same average interval between menarche and first intercourse and the same average number of episodes of genital warts; however, they had had a longer interval since their last Pap smear, fewer years of barrier contraceptive use, and fewer years of education. Education, presumably a correlate of an inadequately measured etiologic risk factor (possibly papillomavirus infection), was responsible for the greatest difference in risk between the Spanish- and English-speaking cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Female sterilization: can the woman who will seek reversal be identified prospectively?

Demographic socio-economic and decision-making aspects of sterilization and reversal of sterilization were compared in a group of 103 women requesting reversal (RR) and 117 women about to undergo sterilization (S), to determine the practicality of identifying in advance the woman likely to request reversal. The willingness of patients to pay for these procedures and the ethical implications of these decisions were also examined. RR were younger at the first relationship, birth of first child and birth of last child. There were no differences (RR vs S) between the number of full-term pregnancies, living children and therapeutic abortions. The timing of sterilization (puerperal versus interval) did not influence the decision to be reversed. The level of education, partner's level of education and mean family income were lower in the group requesting reversal. Multiple regression analysis revealed three characteristics which were most discriminatory: youth at first birth; lack of spousal support; and failure to choose 'family complete' as a reason for sterilization. The predictability was not strong enough to provide an accurate assessment of the individual woman. RR were of significantly lower socio-economic standing but were more likely to be prepared to pay a large sum of money for the reversal. The ethical implications of this finding are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Do intentions predict fertility? The experience in Taiwan, 1967-74.

Are responses to survey questions about desire for additional children useful in predicting future fertility? Data from Taiwan covering the years 1967--74, a period of rapid fertility decline and increasing contraceptive practice, indicate that reproductive intentions and contraceptive use were very good predictors of subsequent fertility. Whether more children were wanted was itself the most important determinant of contraceptive use. Aggregate consistency between attitudes and behavior was higher than found in US surveys during the same period. Similar studies are needed to determine whether statements of intentions have predictive value in other settings as well.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Episodes of illness in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants in Jerusalem.

In a prospective study on breast-feeding in Jerusalem, 274 middle-class Jewish women were interviewed about their breast-feeding practices, and symptoms and signs of disease, episodes of illness and hospitalization of the infant. Women of a higher education level breast-fed more often and for a longer period than did women with less education. Infants exclusively breast-fed had significantly fewer symptoms of disease than did those not breast-fed or partially breast-fed. The odds ratios for cough, respiratory difficulty, and diarrhea by breast-feeding practice were 3.66, 2.14 and 2.72 (P = 0.04). Significant differences in the number of illness episodes were found between breast-fed and bottle-fed infants at 20 weeks; infants exclusively breast-fed had the least number of illness episodes. A positive association was found between number of illness episodes and duration of breast-feeding. Infants who were breast-fed for 20 weeks had the least number of illness episodes; 52% of them had no episode compared with only 15% who were not breast-fed. Comparison of the numbers of illness episodes among non-breast-fed infants of mothers with low and high education levels indicated that the infants of better educated mothers had a significantly lower percentage of illness episodes (P less than 0.05). Even infants of a middle-class and well-educated population benefit from the breast-feeding practice and its protective effect, more so if they are exclusively breast-fed and for a longer period.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Teenage childbearing and welfare: preventive and ameliorative strategies.

The results of seven computer simulations suggest that strategies to prevent teenage childbearing may be more effective in reducing the number of young women who require welfare assistance than are strategies to improve the circumstances of teenagers who have already given birth. The first simulation constitutes a baseline projection, in which current levels and patterns of adolescent childbearing are assumed to continue to 1990. Three "preventive" simulations assume that no births or fewer births occur among teenagers during the projection period; and three "ameliorative" simulations assume that changes occur in the completed family size, marriage rate and educational attainment of teenage childbearers. Compared with the baseline projection, the three preventive strategies are estimated to reduce by 22-48 percent the number of adolescent childbearers who, as 20-24-year-olds in 1990, will be receiving welfare payments; the three ameliorative strategies cause only a 6-12 percent drop. The strategy with the least impact is the education scenario, in which adolescent mothers are assumed to be no more likely to drop out of school than are other comparable teenagers. The primary reason for the surprisingly small effect appears to be the relatively low earnings of women--even when they are high school graduates. All of the experimental scenarios tested, however, bring about at least some reduction in projected government spending for the three major public assistance programs considered (Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Medicaid and Food Stamps).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Does the wantedness of a pregnancy predict a child's educational attainment?

An analysis of the educational attainment of more than 10,000 members of the 1966 cohort of births in Northern Finland found that 25% of the young men born following an unwanted pregnancy failed to attain any more education than the nine years of compulsory schooling, compared with 18% of those born as a result of a mistimed pregnancy and 14% from a wanted one. The comparable proportions for women in the cohort were 19%, 13% and 9%, respectively. A binary regression analysis that controlled for family background variables indicates that unwantedness increased the risk that men would not go on to upper secondary school by 6.0 percentage points and that women would not by 6.3 percentage points. The statistical interaction between large family size and unwantedness showed an increased risk of low educational attainment among the young men; neither large family size nor other family background variables could explain the association between unwantedness at birth and comparatively little schooling among the women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

HIV antibodies among intravenous drug users in Bahrain.

A 12-month study was conducted to identify risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections among intravenous drug users (IDU) attending drug rehabilitation clinic of the Psychiatric Hospital, Manama, Bahrain. Patients provided demographic and behavioural information based on a questionnaire. Two hundred and forty male IDUs participated in the study on voluntary basis. The seroprevalence of HIV was 21.1 per cent. The presence of HIV antibody was associated with educational status, frequency of injecting drugs and needle sharing.

Adult↗