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PubMed1975

[Determination of anti-cytomegalovirus antibodies by the immunoperoxidase method: comparison with the methods of complement fixation and immunofluorescence].

Indirect immunoperoxidase technique (IIP) has been employed for determination of IgG antibody titer to cytomegalovirus (CMV) in sera from 110 blood donors. Titers have been compared with complement fixation (CF) and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique titers, the latter being applied to determination of all specific antibody classes. Within variability range of the quality of reagents employed in different tests, it seems reasonable to conclude IIP technique is as sensitive as IFA and much more sensitive than CF test. Considering CF test is able to detect only IgG antibody, the advantage of using immunohistochemical techniques is obvious. Moreover IIP does not need fluorescence microscope and results reading is easier and can be delayed. Non-specific staining of Golgi area is shared by both techniques, but endpoint determination has to take into account only the nuclear virus-specific inclusion labelling.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed2002

Epithelial cell-neutrophil interactions in the alimentary tract: a complex dialog in mucosal surveillance and inflammation.

Inflammatory diseases of mucosal organs as diverse as the lung, kidney, and intestine, inevitably require the intimate interactions of neutrophils with columnar epithelia. The physiologic consequences of such interactions often determine endpoint organ function, and for this reason, much recent interest has developed in identifying mechanisms and novel targets for the treatment of mucosal inflammation. Elegant in vitro model systems incorporating purified human neutrophils and human epithelial cells grown in physiologic orientations have aided in discovery of new and insightful pathways to define basic inflammatory pathways. Here, we will review the recent literature regarding the interactions between columnar epithelial cells and neutrophils, with an emphasis on intestinal epithelial cells, structural aspects of neutrophil transepithelial migration, molecular determinants of neutrophil-epithelial cell interactions, as well as modulation of these pathways. These recent studies highlight the dynamic nature of these pathways and lend insight into the complexity of treating mucosal inflammation.

Cell Communication↗

PubMed1992

Collaborative comparison of broth macrodilution and microdilution antifungal susceptibility tests.

A collaborative comparison of macro- and microdilution antifungal susceptibility tests was performed in five laboratories. MICs of amphotericin B, fluconazole, flucytosine, and ketoconazole were determined in all five centers against 95 coded isolates of Candida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans, and Torulopsis glabrata. A standard protocol with the following National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing recommendations was used: an inoculum standardized by spectrophotometer, buffered (RPMI 1640) medium (pH 7.0), incubation at 35 degrees C, and an additive drug dilution procedure. Two inoculum sizes were tested (1 x 10(4) to 5 x 10(3) to 2.5 x 10(3) CFU/ml) and three scoring criteria were evaluated for MIC endpoint determinations, which were scored as 0 (optically clear), < or = 1 (slightly hazy turbidity), and < or = 2 (prominent decrease in turbidity compared with that of the growth control). Overall intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility was optimal with the low-density inoculum, the second-day readings, and MICs scored as either 1 or 2. The microdilution MICs demonstrated interlaboratory agreement with most of the four drugs higher than or similar to that of the macrodilution MICs. In general, there was good interlaboratory agreement with amphotericin B, fluconazole, and flucytosine; ketoconazole gave more variable results.

Antifungal Agents↗

PubMed1983

Rapid evaluation of gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis in men with Limulus amoebocyte lysate and a chromogenic substrate.

A chromogenic substrate was used with Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) and compared by parallel testing with the traditional gelation LAL method for the rapid evaluation of exudative urethritis in 125 male patients. Of these patients, 67 had positive cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and 58 were negative. The corresponding prevalence of gonococcal urethritis was 53.6%. For assay, diluted urethral samples and chromogenic substrate were added directly to single-test LAL vials, and objective color endpoint determinations were made visually after a 10-min incubation period at 37 degrees C. Sensitivity and specificity were 98.5% and 93.1%, respectively, with an overall accuracy in predicting culture results of 96.0%. The predictive value of a positive LAL test was 94.3% in our patient population; in a population with a prevalence of gonococcal urethritis of only 10%, the predictive value would be 61.3%. Results were not statistically different from those obtained by the 30-min gelation LAL method or by Gram-stained smears read by experienced microscopists (P greater than 0.05). Unlike the delicate gel, the color endpoint was not prone to accidental mechanical disruption during incubation or reading. Thus, use of a chromogenic substrate greatly improved the utility and speed of the LAL assay for evaluating men with exudative urethritis while not affecting the accuracy of the test.

Chromogenic Compounds↗

PubMed1992

Modified latex agglutination test for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in eluates from Guthrie cards.

AIMS: To determine whether the Eiken particle agglutination test could be modified to make it sufficiently sensitive to screen blood samples collected on Guthrie cards for the presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii; to evaluate the specificity of the modified system; and to compare seroepidemiological data on the prevalence of T gondii in pregnant women. METHODS: Simulated dried blood spots were prepared from sera from pregnant women booking for antenatal care. Eluates from the simulated dried blood spot cards and sera were tested in parallel using the modified test (1 in 5 dilution of latex) and the standard assay (neat latex particles) and endpoints determined. Guthrie card eluates, from neonates in three Thames regions, were then tested using the modified test. RESULTS: The modified test produced a 4.21-fold increase in antibody titre in 85 sera when tested in parallel with the standard test. Eluates of 168/170 from simulated dried blood spots derived from seropositive patients gave a positive result in the modified test. The two eluates which gave a negative result were derived from patients with an equivocal titre of 1/16 in the standard serum test. Of the eluates derived from serum negative patients all 103 were negative at a dilution of 1 in 4 in the modified test. The seroprevalence of antibodies to T gondii in pregnancy was 21.8% using the standard test. A similar value of 20.5% was obtained when dried blood spots from neonates in a similar region of London were tested by the modified test. CONCLUSIONS: The modified Eiken Toxo-reagent test is sensitive, simple, and economic for screening large numbers of dried blood spots. The procedure could be easily semiautomated and the technique applied to the mass screening of neonatal blood samples collected on Guthrie cards to determine the seroprevalence of T gondii in pregnant women.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Borrelia burgdorferi: influence of test conditions on minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values.

A broth microdilution assay was performed to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 25 antimicrobial agents for two strains of Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi sensu lato and one strain of B. hermsii. The method comprised BSK II medium lacking gelatin and an incubation period of 72 hours. To investigate the influence of reading mode and density of inoculum on MIC values, microscopical as well as macroscopical MIC reading was performed using standardized final inocula of 10(6) and 10(7) borreliae/ml. Data were processed by two-way analysis of variance. In the microdilution assay, MIC values were significantly influenced either by the inoculum density or reading mode. However, using clearly defined criteria for macroscopical endpoint determination, MICs from macroscopical and microscopical reading were found to be in close agreement. B. burgdorferi sensu lato strains tested were highly susceptible to azithromycin, erythromycin, mezlocillin, piperacillin as well as ceftriaxone, with MICs ranging from < or = 0.016 to 0.125 microgram/ml. B. hermsii was highly susceptible to azithromycin and erythromycin. In comparison to B. hermsii, the beta-lactam antibiotics revealed a significantly higher activity and gentamicin, ofloxacin, and rifampin revealed a significantly lower activity against B. burgdorferi sensu lato strains. To further investigate interactions between BSK II medium, incubation time, and antibiotic efficacy, an agar diffusion bioassay was performed. Out of seven antibiotics tested, the activities of mezlocillin, penicillin G, and piperacillin were significantly influenced by BSK II medium and incubation period and showed a marked decrease of on average 84.0% within 72 hours of incubation.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of media on growth rate and susceptibility testing of Cryptococcus neoformans.

The effect of four media or media combinations on the growth and the in vitro susceptibility to amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, fluconazole and itraconazole of 51 isolates of Cr. neoformans was studied. The drug concentration producing a 50% decrease in OD405 (IC50) was determined in microtiter format. The following MOPS buffered media or media combinations (antifungal drug diluent/inoculum diluent) were used: RPMI 1640 (RPMI)/RPMI, Yeast nitrogen base (YNB)/YNB, RPMI/YNB and RPMI/High resolution broth. Amphotericin B was further tested in M3 broth in the microdilution format and on RPMI agar with the E-test. Growth rates (OD405) were higher in YNB, RPMI/YNB, RPMI/HR and M3 as compared to RPMI alone. After 48 h of incubation, IC50 values obtained with RPMI alone and with RPMI/YNB correlated within two dilutions for 98, 95, 95 and 100% of test strains with amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine,fluconazole and itraconazole respectively. The E-test provided the widest range of IC values with amphotericin B. Growth of Cr. neoformans can be enhanced in susceptibility tests using microtiter plates with drugs diluted in RPMI by preparing the inoculum in YNB. However, when using spectrophotometric endpoint determinations, sufficient growth is obtainable with most isolates for test interpretation at 48 h in RPMI alone.

Amphotericin B↗

PubMed1985

Improved utility of Gonoscreen, a Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay, in the evaluation of urethral discharges in men.

The Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay was improved for the rapid evaluation of exudative urethritis in males. Two hundred men with various quantities of urethral discharge were evaluated. Pyrogen-free Dacron swabs were used for sample collection, and a chromogenic substrate was used for visible endpoint determination after a 10-min incubation. Of the 200 patients studied, 57 (29%) had minimal urethral discharges (less than 15 microliter) and could not be evaluated with Gonoscreen (Mallinckrodt, Inc., St. Louis, Mo.), an LAL test kit for the evaluation of urethritis which involves gentle aspiration for sample collection. The improved LAL assay had a sensitivity and specificity of 95 and 97%, respectively, and an overall accuracy to predict culture results of 96%. These results were not statistically different from Gram-stained smears read by experienced microscopists or from culture results (P greater than 0.05). Prevalence of gonorrhea in the study population was 40%, and the positive predictive value of the LAL assay was 95%. Thus, the use of swabs facilitated sample collection and increased by 29% the number of patients which could be evaluated with the LAL assay. In addition, the use of a chromogenic substrate reduced incubation time by 67% (30 to 10 min) and provided an objective color endpoint.

Chromogenic Compounds↗

PubMed1999

Fluconazole susceptibilities of bloodstream Candida sp. isolates as determined by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards method M27-A and two other methods.

The in vitro activity of fluconazole against 143 Candida spp. obtained from the bloodstreams of 143 hospitalized patients from 1995 to 1997 was studied. Susceptibility tests were carried out by two macrodilution methods, the M27-A and a modified M27-A method (0. 165 M, pH 7/morpholinepropanesulfonic acid-buffered RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 20 g of D-dextrose per liter), and by the agar diffusion method (with 15-microg fluconazole [Neo-Sensitab] tablets). With 2 microg of fluconazole per ml, 96.92% of 65 C. albicans isolates, 86.2% of 58 C. parapsilosis isolates 7 of 8 C. tropicalis isolates, and 1 of 6 C. glabrata isolates were inhibited. Only one strain of C. albicans and one strain of C. tropicalis were resistant. The agreement between the two macrodilution methods was greater than 90% within +/-2 log2 dilutions for all strains except C. glabrata (83.3%) and C. tropicalis (87.5%). Generally, MICs were 1 log2 dilution lower in glucose-supplemented RPMI 1640 medium. No correlation between zone sizes and MICs was found. All strains susceptible by the diffusion test were susceptible by the dilution method, but the converse was not necessarily true. Interestingly, inhibition zones were smaller for C. albicans, for which the geometric mean MIC was 0.29 microg/ml and the mean inhibition zone diameter was 25.7 mm, while for C. parapsilosis the geometric mean MIC was 0.96 microg/ml and the mean inhibition zone diameter was 31. 52 mm. In conclusion, the two macrodilution methods give similar results. The modified M27-A method with 2% dextrose has the advantage of shortening the incubation time and simplifying the endpoint determination.

Antifungal Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Enzyme-potentiated desensitization in children with asthma and mite allergy: a double-blind study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of enzyme-potentiated desensitization (EPD) in children with asthma. Twenty asthmatic children (14 males and 6 females; median age: 8.5 years) were included in the study. They had positive skin tests to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt), no history of other allergy and had suffered from asthma for at least two years. The children were examined before starting the trial, at the first EPD dose, after 8 weeks, at the second EPD dose and 3 months after the second EPD dose. Blood samples for PRIST and RAST were drawn before the first and at the second EPD dose, and at the last follow-up. Conjunctival provocation tests (CPT) and skin test endpoint determinations were performed with dilutions of a freeze-dried Dpt extract (10-100,000 SQ-U/ml) at the start of the trial and at the last follow-up. Parents kept a diary record of the days with asthma and daily drug usage. The children were randomized to receive either two intradermal placebo injections or the active material with an 8-week interval (November 1991 and January 1992). Ten children received EPD and 10 children placebo. The intradermal injection of EPD (0.05 ml) contained 0.01 ml of beta-glucuronidase (40 Fishman units) and 0.04 ml of a mixture of inhalant allergens (1 Noon unit). The placebo injection consisted of buffer solution only. The EPD-treated children had significantly fewer days with asthma (p = 0.00000). In addition, the EPD-treated children used significantly less medication for the management of asthma attacks (p = 0.00000). At the start of the trial, three out of 10 children in the EPD group and two out of 10 in the placebo group reacted only to the highest dose of allergen used in the CPT (100,000 SQ/ml) (NS). At the last follow-up, the threshold dose in the CPT was 100,000 SQ/ml or more in nine out of 10 children in the EPD group and in four out of 10 children of the placebo group (p = 0.0349). At the last follow-up, one child in the EPD group had a negative CPT with all doses tested. Global clinical evaluation by the investigators showed that eight out of 10 EPD-treated children improved, in comparison with three out of 10 children in the placebo group (p = 0.0349). Assessment by the parents was six out of 10 and four out of 10 improved, respectively (NS). Specific IgE to Dpt, total IgE and skin prick test endpoints before and after EPD showed no significant changes. One child in the placebo group experienced mild urticaria several hours following the second injection. No other local or systemic side effects were reported. The results of the present study provide further data on the effectiveness and safety of EPD in patients with asthma.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1999

Editorial

Remarkable advances have occurred in wound healing during the past decade in both basic wound biology, as well as applied research into novel treatments of chronic wounds. Newly developed therapies have included the use of growth factors to enhance wound epithelialization, and the use of bioengineered dressings, including skin substitutes. These advances were recently highlighted in the December 1998 JCMS supplement on Wound Care. The lead article in this current issue of JCMS focuses on potential mechanisms to establish quantifiable end points during wound healing, and speculates on the potential relevance to the development of novel therapies. Palenske and Morhenn have found that measurement of skin capacitance is a useful tool in determining endpoints in wound healing. While our ultimate goal in wound healing is to completely re-epithelialize and heal a wound, sometimes interventions are less successful. In evaluating wound healing agents in preclinical or early clinical studies, surrogate markers may be necessary. Skin capacitance may serve as such a marker. In our Point Counterpoint Section, Drs Goldhar and Gratton address the controversial issue of whether dermatologists should promote treatment products. There are strong opinions on both sides of this question, and these two practitioners have concisely addressed the respective sides of this issue. The Grand Rounds Section features an article by Bergman and co-authors in which they describe a case of crusted scabies in association with HTLV-1. Dermatologists are frequently faced with individuals with generalized pruritic eruptions, where scabies is frequently in the differential diagnosis. Indeed, scabies is quite common worldwide. However, crusted scabies, or Norwegian scabies, is much less common, and one clearly has to consider immune deficiencies. This report highlights the association of crusted scabies with immune deficiency. In our CME sections of this issue, we have two important articles. The first, by Dr. Sherri Bale, is a continuation of our Genetic Studies in skin disease research, and the article reviews the area of mapping of hereditary skin disease by focusing on the gene for pseudoxanthoma elasticum. In our day-to- day clinical practice, we frequently discuss the clinical diseases we see in terms of prognosis that is often based on our own individual experience. Evidence based prognostic modelling may provide a very important technique to more accurately assess our patients' outcomes. Drs. Kantor and Margolis review the models and enhance our understanding of these techniques. In this issue of the Journal we introduce a new section of structured book reviews. Two books, Morphologic Diagnosis of Skin Disease and Handbook of Dermatology for Primary Care are reviewed. The structured review provides a concise analysis of these books to allow readers to determine application of these publications to their needs. I hope that each and every one of our readers had a very happy holiday season and I wish you the best for the new year.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

Treatment of liver metastases from colon carcinoma with autologous tumor vaccine expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In preclinical studies, tumor cells genetically altered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can generate systemic antitumor immunity. Clinically relevant immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of colorectal cancer should address efficacy within the liver, a common site of metastatic disease. We investigated the effect of irradiated colon cancer cells engineered to produce GM-CSF on protecting from and treating established liver metastases. METHODS: Using a model of liver metastasis by intrahepatic injection of CT-26 murine colon carcinoma cells in syngeneic BALB/c mice, GM-CSF-producing irradiated cells were given as an intradermal vaccine either 14 days prior to hepatic challenge or in animals with early established tumor (days 5 and 10). The presence of tumor, tumor volume, and survival were endpoint determinants. RESULTS: Animals receiving GM-CSF-producing vaccination demonstrated significant protection from subsequent hepatic challenge of viable tumor cells, even at the highest challenge doses. In animals with early established tumors, a significant response was seen with prolongation in survival. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that GM-CSF autologous tumor vaccination was effective for the treatment of hepatic colorectal metastases in this murine model. These findings provide support for immunotherapeutic approaches for metastatic liver cancer.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Blinded subjective rankings as a method of assessing treatment effect: a large sample example from the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP).

Because many randomized clinical trials study more than one important outcome variable, evaluation of efficacy is often difficult and not completely satisfactory. This paper considers the use of a procedure for endpoint determination described by Follmann et al., that allows raters to integrate subjectively all relevant information about an individual's clinical course into a single univariate assessment. To explore the method's feasibility, we tested the procedure with data from a completed clinical trial, the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). We provided raters blinded to treatment assignment with cards that schematically represent the clinical trajectories of SHEP study participants. The raters independently ranked these trajectories. The method combined ranks across raters to determine a single rank for each study participant; we used a rank procedure to test treatment effect. The major findings were: (i) the raters showed a high level of concordance of rankings; (ii) tests of treatment effect were highly statistically significant; (iii) three statistical methods were effective for implementing the ranking in the large study size case. These methods were use of: (a) scoring rules; (b) incomplete block designs, and (c) categorical ranking.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Respiratory hypersensitivity to trimellitic anhydride in Brown Norway rats: a comparison of endpoints.

A rat bioassay has been developed to provide an objective approach for the identification and classification of respiratory allergy using trimellitic anhydride (TMA), which is a known respiratory tract irritant and asthmagen. Particular emphasis was placed on the study of route-of-induction-dependent effects and their progression upon inhalation challenge with TMA (approximately 23 mg m(-3) for a duration of 30 min), which included analysis of specific and non-specific airway hyperreactivity and pulmonary inflammation initiated and sustained by immunological processes. Refinement of the bioassay focused on procedures to probe changes occurring upon challenge with TMA or methacholine aerosols using physiological, biochemical and immunological procedures. Following challenge with TMA, the rats sensitized to TMA showed marked changes in peak inspiratory and expiratory air flows and respiratory minute volume. In these animals, a sustained pulmonary inflammation occurred, characterized by specific endpoints determined in bronchoalveolar lavage (lactate dehydrogenase, protein, nitrite, eosinophil peroxidase, myeloperoxidase). When compared with the naive controls, lung weights were increased significantly, as were the weights of lung-associated lymph nodes following inhalation induction and auricular lymph nodes following topical induction. The extent of changes observed was equal or more pronounced in animals sensitized epicutaneously (day 0:150 microl vehicle/50% TMA on each flank, day 7; booster administration to the skin of the dorsum of both ears using half the concentration and volume used on day 0) when compared with rats sensitized by 5 x 3 h day(-1) inhalation exposures (low dose: 25 mg TMA m(-3), high dose: 120 mg TMA m(-3)). In summary, the findings support the conclusion that the Brown Norway rat model is suitable for identifying TMA as an agent that causes both an immediate-type change of breathing patterns and a delayed-type sustained pulmonary inflammatory response. However, it remains unresolved whether the marked effects observed in the topically sensitized rats are more related to a route-of-induction or dose-dependent phenomenon.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1993

Diagnostic criteria and cancer risk of proliferative breast lesions.

Breast cancer risk assessment in women following a benign breast biopsy is a promising area with regard to intermediate endpoint determination, and has been particularly fostered by the consensus agreement concerning the risk attributed to specific diagnoses [1]. Several recent studies have largely verified this approach [2-4], and a recent report demonstrates general agreement among most expert pathologists regarding diagnostic criteria for these lesions [5]. However, in a limited number of cases, determining exact levels of risk for individual patients has been problematic as a result of a failure by pathologists to achieve consensus on diagnostic criteria for these same lesions. This situation has arisen primarily because it is much more tenable to disagree over subjective diagnostic criteria, than it is to argue with robustly supported epidemiological data. Without agreement on reproducible diagnostic criteria, widely promulgated consensus risk estimates for these specific histologic entities are no longer applicable. In addition, those individuals who choose different diagnostic criteria for proliferative breast lesions fail to realize that the terminology, epidemiological risk estimates, and diagnostic criteria used by Dupont and Page are inexorably linked. Since the publication of the consensus statement [1], those using the terms of "atypical ductal hyperplasia" and "atypical lobular hyperplasia" have by default accepted the diagnostic criteria of Dupont and Page. Therefore, surgical pathologists who desire to make use of the consensus risk estimates must familiarize themselves with diagnostic criteria for the various histologic entities that comprise proliferative disease of the breast as defined by Dupont and Page [6].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Biopsy↗

PubMed1995

Use of the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio harveyi to detect biohazardous chemicals in soil and water extractions with and without acid.

An investigation was undertaken using the bioluminescence-reduction bioassay of Vibrio harveyi to study the toxicity of 31 chemicals in a soil and water extraction that was treated with and without hydrochloric acid. Soil had the chemical added and was washed with 0.2 N HC1 and afterward this acid-treated soil containing the chemical was evaluated. Each chemical was tested independently. Endpoints determined were either an estimated effective concentration at 50 or 20%, which was based on bacterial-luminescence remaining after treatment. This investigation suggests that metals are more effectively bound in treatments without acid than those with acid, while no difference in toxicity was observed for organics. In comparison to a previous study of toxicity using these chemicals in water, soil was effective in reducing toxicity as determined by this assay. However, each chemical appears to have its own unique toxicity characteristic when evaluated under different conditions.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed1991

In vitro toxicity of various classes of test agents using the neutral red assay on a human three-dimensional physiologic skin model.

A new three-dimensional human skin model consisting of several layers of actively dividing and metabolically active human neonatal foreskin-derived fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes grown on nylon mesh has been used to assess the in vitro toxicity of test agents from various classes. Utilizing a slight modification of the published neutral red viability assay for endpoint determination, we have assayed and obtained dose-dependent toxicity curves for test agents from the following classes: detergents (n = 15), alcohols (n = 5), metal chlorides (n = 10), perfumes and colognes (n = 5), shampoos (n = 4), conditioners (n = 3), moisturizers (n = 3), pesticides (n = 3), and antimicrobial preservatives (n = 4). Limited comparisons to in vivo ocular irritancy data with alcohols and detergents are encouraging. We have demonstrated the utility of this metabolically active dermal substrate containing naturally secreted collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins along with the neutral red viability assay for assessing the toxicity of a number of test agents from a variety of different classes with broad industrial applications.

Alcohols↗

PubMed1997

Acute and chronic toxicity of azinphos-methyl to two estuarine species, Mysidopsis bahia and Cyprinodon variegatus.

The acute and chronic toxicity of azinphos-methyl (Guthion) was evaluated for two estuarine species in the laboratory. Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) and sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) were selected as the representative invertebrate and vertebrate estuarine test species, respectively. The toxicological endpoints determined for each species included the 96-h LC50, the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC), the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC), and the acute-to-chronic ratio. The 96-h LC50 value derived for sheepshead minnows (2.0 microg/L) was seven times higher than the 96-h LC50 value (0.29 microg/L) derived for mysids. The MATCs were 0.024 microg/L and 0.24 microg/L for the mysid and the sheepshead minnow, respectively. The estimated acute-to-chronic ratios were 12 for mysids and 8.3 for sheepshead minnows.

Animals↗