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PubMed2006

Combined expectancies: electrophysiological evidence for the adjustment of expectancy effects.

BACKGROUND: When subjects use cues to prepare for a likely stimulus or a likely response, reaction times are facilitated by valid cues but prolonged by invalid cues. In studies on combined expectancy effects, two cues can independently give information regarding two dimensions of the forthcoming task. In certain situations, cueing effects on one dimension are reduced when the cue on the other dimension is invalid. According to the Adjusted Expectancy Model, cues affect different processing levels and a mechanism is presumed which is sensitive to the validity of early level cues and leads to online adjustment of expectancy effects at later levels. To examine the predictions of this model cueing of stimulus modality was combined with response cueing. RESULTS: Behavioral measures showed the interaction of cueing effects. Electrophysiological measures of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) and the N200 amplitude confirmed the predictions of the model. The LRP showed larger effects of response cues on response activation when modality cues were valid rather than invalid. N200 amplitude was largest with valid modality cues and invalid response cues, medium with invalid modality cues, and smallest with two valid cues. CONCLUSION: Findings support the view that the validity of early level expectancies modulates the effects of late level expectancies, which included response activation and response conflict in the present study.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1987

The Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire: an instrument for the assessment of adolescent and adult alcohol expectancies.

Alcohol-related expectancies can influence the behavioral effects of alcohol and decisions regarding alcohol use. A standard measure of expectancies is needed for research and clinical work in the alcohol arena; the development and current status of the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire (AEQ) is summarized. The adolescent and adult forms of this instrument are designed to measure the degree to which individuals expect alcohol to produce a variety of general and specific effects. Research with the AEQ indicates a consistent relationship between alcohol expectancies and alcohol consumption, alcohol abuse and behavior while drinking. Data bearing on the psychometric properties and clinical and research utility of the AEQ are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Achieving national health objectives: the impact on life expectancy and on healthy life expectancy.

Our study quantifies the impact of achieving specific Healthy People 2010 targets and of eliminating racial/ethnic health disparities on summary measures of health. We used life table methods to calculate gains in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy that would result from achievement of Healthy People 2010 objectives or of current mortality rates in the Asian/Pacific Islander (API) population. Attainment of Healthy People 2010 mortality targets would increase life expectancy by 2.8 years, and reduction of population wide mortality rates to current API rates would add 4.1 years. Healthy life expectancy would increase by 5.8 years if Healthy People 2010 mortality and assumed morbidity targets were attained and by 8.1 years if API mortality and activity limitation rates were attained. Achievement of specific Healthy People 2010 targets would produce significant increases in longevity and health, and elimination of racial/ethnic health disparities could result in even larger gains.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Present morality in parkinson's disease: the ratio of observed to expected deaths with a method to calculate expected deaths.

Excess mortality, i.e. more deaths than expected in a similar normal population, has been reduced in Parkinson's disease by levodopa. A California series and a large collaborative study throughout the United States show the ratio of observed to expected deaths to be normal. In contrast, a New York study was similar patients and a Montreal group of much more severely disabled patients showed greater mortality. The reasons for these differences are unclear, but some variations in results may be attributed to different methods of calculating expected deaths to derive the ratio of observed to expected deaths.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1993

The development and use of the Verona Expectations for Care Scale (VECS) and the Verona Service Satisfaction Scale (VSSS) for measuring expectations and satisfaction with community-based psychiatric services in patients, relatives and professionals.

In this paper the global design of a research project aiming at measuring expectations and satisfaction of patients, relatives, and professionals with community-based psychiatric services (CPS) in a multidimensional, sensitive, valid and reliable way is described. Some psychometric properties of two newly developed instruments, partly adapted from the Service Satisfaction Scale (SSS), the Verona Expectations for Care Scale (VECS) and the Verona Service Satisfaction Scale (VSSS), are discussed. Three groups were selected for inclusion in the study: all patients living with their families who had more than 18 contacts in the last three years, according to the South-Verona Psychiatric Case Register; the relative who had been mainly caring for the patient; and all professionals working in the South-Verona CPS for at least one year. Data on 75 patients and 76 relatives are presented and show that VECS and VSSS have good content validity and test-retest reliability in both groups. Notwithstanding some differences, patients and relatives expressed similar expectations and were mostly satisfied. The current study is the first to provide a parallel measurement of expectations and satisfaction in all three above-mentioned groups; moreover, it is the first to investigate consumers' satisfaction with a CPS organized according to the principles of the Italian Psychiatric Reform.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

The influence of alcohol on the activation of outcome expectancies: the role of evaluative expectancy activation in drinking behavior.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the well-established finding from questionnaire studies that positive expectancies are associated with drinking behavior, there is comparatively little known about the mechanisms through which they may affect drinking behavior. Incentive motivation models suggest that alcohol itself may alter the value of the expected outcomes of drinking. The current study was designed to examine the influence of low-dose alcohol on the activation of alcohol outcome expectancy value. METHOD: Forty-eight hazardous drinkers (34 men) between the ages of 21 and 35 years were recruited from advertisements in local newspapers for a social drinking study. Participants, whose most frequently consumed beverage was beer, were administered a dose of either alcoholic (8.5%) beer, based on gender and weight to reach a blood alcohol concentration of 40 mg/dl, or an equivalent volume of placebo beer. Following an absorption phase, a computerized evaluative priming task was completed in which participants made a series of judgments about the value of positive and negative outcomes following either alcohol or neutral word primes. RESULTS: Those who consumed alcohol made faster evaluative responses to positive relative to negative outcomes, compared with individuals who consumed the placebo beverage. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that moderate doses of alcohol may influence the incentive value of positive relative to negative outcome expectancies. It is suggested that these processes may play a role in patterns of hazardous alcohol use.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Across-breed expected progeny differences: use of within-breed expected progeny differences to adjust breed evaluations for sire sampling and genetic trend.

Data on 2,034 F1 calves sired by Angus, Hereford, Polled Hereford, Charolais, Limousin, Simmental, Gelbvieh, and Tarentaise bulls with Hereford or Angus dams and data on 3,686 three-breed-cross calves with 700 F1 dams of the same breed crosses were used for this study. Traits analyzed were birth, weaning, yearling, and 420-d weights (BWT, WW, YW, and W420, respectively) of F1 calves and WW of three-breed-cross calves. Expected progeny differences from national cattle evaluation programs for sires of F1 calves and cows for BWT, WW, YW, and net maternal ability (milk) were used to assess their value in prediction of crossbred performance. Regressions of actual F1 calf performance on sire EPD were positive for BWT (1.09 +/- .12 kg/kg of BWT EPD), WW (.79 +/- .14 kg/kg of WW EPD), YW (1.44 +/- .16 kg/kg of YW EPD), and W420 (1.66 kg/kg of YW EPD). These regression coefficients were similar to the expected value of 1.0 for BWT and WW but were larger than expected for YW and W420. Regressions of actual three-breed-cross calf WW on milk and WW EPD of their maternal grandsires were .95 +/- .14 and .42 +/- .10 kg/kg, respectively, and differed little from their expectations of 1.0 and .5, respectively. Observed breed of sire means for each trait were adjusted for sire sampling by using EPD regressions to adjust them to the average EPD of all sires of each breed born in 1970.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Relative income expectations, expected malpractice premium costs, and other determinants of physician specialty choice.

We analyze the effects of relative income expectations, expected malpractice premium cost, and other economic and noneconomic factors on physician specialty choice. The data for this paper are taken from responses of medical students who completed the Association of American Medical Colleges' Medical School Questionnaire and graduated from medical school in 1995. A random utility model is used to guide our thinking; the econometric technique is multinomial logit regression. Selection of a surgical or support specialty is found to be positively income motivated, while the influence of expected relative income is negatively related to the choice of primary-care and medical practices. Concern over malpractice premium cost is negatively related to surgical and positively related to primary-care selection. Other important determinants of choice are planned location of practice, length of residency, type of medical school attended, score on the science problems section of the Medical College Admission Test, predictable working hours and perceived prestige of the specialty. Policies that alter expected relative income, length of residency, desired location of practice, medical school attended, predictable working hours, and prestige of practice, rather than financial aid, may be appropriate for correcting a perceived maldistribution of physicians among specialties.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Inequality in life expectancy, functional status, and active life expectancy across selected black and white populations in the United States.

We calculated population-level estimates of mortality, functional health, and active life expectancy for black and white adults living in a diverse set of 23 local areas in 1990, and nationwide. At age 16, life expectancy and active life expectancy vary across the local populations by as much as 28 and 25 years respectively. The relationship between population infirmity and longevity also varies. Rural residents outlive urban residents, but their additional years are primarily inactive. Among urban residents, those in more affluent areas outlive those in high-poverty areas. For both whites and blacks, these gains represent increases in active years. For whites alone they also reflect reductions in years spent in poor health.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1994

What is expected of the nurse-client interaction and how these expectations are realized in Finnish health care.

The purpose of this paper is to describe what clients using health care services and nurses themselves expect of nursing, the role of patient, and also how these expectations are met. This article is based on qualitative research where both clients and nurses have been interviewed and their own perspectives have been revealed. Expectations expressed by both nurses and clients differ from each other. The clients described a good interactive relationship in a much more diverse and many-sided manner than nurses. Interactive situations seem to be taken for granted by nurses. The results show the starting points of good nursing care and the need to continue nursing development in the client-centred direction.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2004

Parental expectancies and childhood anxiety disorders: psychometric properties of the Parental Expectancies Scale.

The current study examined the psychometric properties of the Parental Expectancies Scale (PES) in childhood anxiety disorder and normative samples. The PES is a 20-item self-report instrument that assesses five dimensions of parental expectancies in academic, extra-curricular, household, social, and general success areas. Results indicated that the PES has high test-retest reliability and internal consistency. Regarding validity, PES subscale scores discriminated clinical and normative groups. Principal component and confirmatory factor analyses supported the construct validity of the scale. The PES appears to be a reliable and valid instrument for quantifying parental expectancies. Implications as to case formulation and prescriptive treatment planning with anxious youth are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Severe pre-eclampsia remote from term: what to expect of expectant management.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the duration of expectant management and the indications for termination of expectant management of pregnancies complicated by severe pre-eclampsia remote from term. STUDY DESIGN: We identified pregnancies complicated by severe pre-eclampsia diagnosed between 24 weeks and 31 weeks 6 days at our institution in 1991-98. Pertinent clinical data were obtained from review of maternal and neonatal charts. Comparison of patients was based on the duration of time from admission to delivery: < 48 h (group 1), 48 h to 7 days (group 2), and > or = 7 days (group 3). RESULTS: A total of 142 women met all study criteria. Seventy-nine (55.6%) women were delivered within 48 h, 42 (29.6%) between 48 h and 7 days, and 21 (14.8%) at > or = 7 days from diagnosis. Of group 1 patients (< 48 h), 59 (74.7%) were delivered for maternal indications while 20 (25.3%) were delivered for fetal indications. Of group 2 patients (48 h to 7 days), 35 (83.3%) were delivered for maternal indications while seven (16.7%) were delivered for fetal indications. Of group 3 patients (> or = 7 days), 16 (76.2%) were delivered for maternal indications while five (23.8%) were delivered for fetal indications. There were no significant differences in the indications for delivery based on the duration from admission to delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Despite an aggressive approach towards expectant management of preterm pregnancies complicated by severe pre-eclampsia, most patients were delivered within 48 h for maternal indications.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Cultural variations in optimistic and pessimistic bias: do Easterners really expect the worst and Westerners really expect the best when predicting future life events?

The authors compared levels of optimistic and pessimistic bias in the prediction of positive and negative life events between European Americans and Japanese. Study 1 showed that European Americans compared with Japanese were more likely to predict positive events to occur to self than to others. The opposite pattern emerged in the prediction of negative events. Study 2 replicated these cultural differences. Furthermore, positive associations emerged between predictions and occurrence of life events 2 months later for both European Americans and Japanese. Across both studies, results of within-groups analyses indicated that both groups expected negative events to be more likely to occur to others than to self (optimistic bias). In addition, Japanese expected positive events to be more likely to occur to others than to self (pessimistic bias). However, European Americans failed to show the expected optimistic bias for positive events.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

The natural history of preterm ruptured membranes: what to expect of expectant management.

We asked the question: What can be expected of expectant management in preterm ruptured membranes? Our findings showed that ruptured membranes during the first half of the third trimester occurred in only 1.7% (N = 298) of 17,877 pregnancies delivered at our institution, yet accounted for 20% of the total perinatal deaths during the study period. Expectant management was seldom successful; only 20 (7%) of pregnancies with preterm ruptured membranes did not begin labor within 48 hours. The condition of preterm ruptured membranes was also frequently associated with other obstetric complications such as twins, breech presentation, chorioamnionitis, and fetal heart rate decelerations in labor. We conclude that preterm ruptured membranes is an uncommon but complex obstetric problem that remains largely unsolved.

Breech Presentation↗

PubMed1988

On the decomposition of changes in expectation of life and differentials in life expectancy.

The projection of mortality rates requires inter alia close examination of the mortality experience of a population over a long period of time and will usually also involve the analysis of mortality trends by cause of death. In two of the more important recent contributions, techniques were devised for explaining change in life expectancy in terms of mortality changes in particular age groups and by different causes of death. The approaches adopted by the authors differ, and the purpose of this article is to reconcile the two and tie the results in with those obtained by earlier writers. A new method for explaining the change in a life expectancy differential in terms of the observed changes in the mortality differentials and the observed change in overall mortality level is also described.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Feared stimuli are expected in specific situations: the use of situationalism and fear expectancy in a self-report measurement of fears.

The Wildland Fear Expectancy Scale was developed to measure apprehension about visiting forested areas. The scale was administered to 1,337 middle-school and high-school students in the southeastern United States. Use of an expectancy approach and reference to a specific situation (day trip to a forest) produced results that diverged from studies that used generic fear surveys, although direct comparisons are not possible. The catastrophic event items were ranked lowest in contrast to general fear surveys, in which they are often at the top of rankings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Nicotine and other substance interaction expectancies questionnaire: relationship of expectancies to substance use.

Smoking and substance abuse co-occur at high rates and substance abusers are less likely to quit smoking than are smokers in general. Therefore, more information about the beliefs substance abusers have about the role of smoking in substance use and in recovery would be useful when designing interventions to impact smoking among substance abusing patients. The present study developed a Nicotine and Other Substance Interaction Expectancies Questionnaire (NOSIE) to investigate the expectancies held by substance abusers in treatment about the effects of smoking on substance use, the effects of substance use on smoking, smoking to cope with recovery, and receptivity to smoking cessation during substance abuse treatment. The 29 items were Likert-rated by 160 substance dependent patients in an inner-city residential substance abuse treatment program and participating in a larger study of smoking at this site. Four components were derived and reduced to a 20-item measure with good reliability. No differences by gender or age were found. On average, the patients reported that substance use almost always increases their smoking or urges to smoke but that smoking only increased substance use or urges about half of the time, that they use smoking to cope with urges to use substances about half of the time, and that they generally agreed that smoking cessation or treatment should be tried during substance abuse treatment and would not harm recovery efforts. Three of the scales correlated with smoking dependence while one scale correlated with drug use severity and heavy drinking days. The scale of receptivity to smoking cessation correlated significantly with measures of motivation and barriers and predicted 1-month smoking cessation outcomes. However, scale scores on smoking to cope with recovery did not significantly predict 3-month relapse to substance use. Implications for theory and clinical interventions with substance abusers who smoke were discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Covariation bias in phobic women: the relationship between a priori expectancy, on-line expectancy, autonomic responding, and a posteriori contingency judgment.

Thirty-eight people with spider phobias (19 untreated and 19 treated) were exposed to a series of 72 slides of pictures of spiders, weapons, and flowers that were randomly paired with either a shock, a siren, or nothing. A posteriori, untreated participants reported an illusory correlation (IC) between spiders and shock. Although the IC was not significantly smaller in treated as compared to untreated participants, no significant IC could be shown in treated participants. For untreated people enhanced shock expectancies were already present on the first spider trials. The IC was paralleled by heightened skin conductance responses (UCRs) on shocks that were preceded by spider slides compared to shocks preceded by other slides. There were positive correlations between IC, on-line expectancies, and UCRs.

Adolescent↗