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PubMed1987

Phenotypic characters related to skin type and minimal erythemal dose.

Minimal erythemal dose (MED) was determined in 155 healthy Caucasoid subjects. Hair color, eye color, number of freckles, and history of sun reactivity and tanning ability, according to the system proposed by Fitzpatrick, were also recorded. In the subjects with skin type I, the values of MED were relatively homogeneous, whereas in subjects with skin types II, III and IV there was a wide variation of MED values. In spite of this variation, a good correlation was found between MED and skin types. MED was found to correlate with hair color, eye color and number of freckles only for some variants of these characters. Low values of MED correlated significantly with red hair, blue eyes and highly freckled skin. Between other variants of the same characters, MED values did not differ significantly. This means that phenotypic characters suggest low MED values only in individuals with red hair, blue eyes and many freckles. In these subjects the phenotypic characters studied may be considered indicative of cancer risk. For all other Caucasoid people the phenotypic characters studied are not predictive of MED nor, probably, of cancer risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

A biochemical study of the scarlet eye-color mutant of Drosophila melanogaster.

3-Hydroxykynurenine is virtually absent from st larvae but accumulates during adult development in the puparium. Over the period of adult emergence, the accumulated 3-hydroxykynurenine is excreted so that st adults contain none. Larvae of st fed on tryptophan-C-14 medium produce labeled 3-hydroxykynurenine, at a reduced rate, perhaps, compared to wild type. Xanthurenic acid levels in st pupae are similar to those in wild type. Thus the failure of st larvae to accumulate 8-hydroxykynurenine does not seem to be due either to an inability to synthesize this compound or to an excessive rate of its conversion to xanthurenic acid. Rather, it appears that the mechanism of 3-hydroxykynureneine storage during larval life is defective, so that this compound is excreted at an abnormally high rate. The inability of the pigment cells of the eyes of st to synthesize xanthommatin may result form a similar defect in their ability to take up or store 3-hydroxykynurenine.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Influence of the salmon mutant of Glossina morsitans morsitans on the susceptibility to infection with Trypanosoma congolense.

Four phenotypes of a sex-linked, maternally influenced semi-lethal eye color mutant of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood were fed on Trypanosoma congolense Broden infected guinea pigs. Infection rates were evaluated 25 days later by means of dissection. Procyclic as well as mature infections were significantly more common among females with salmon-colored eyes (sal/sal) than among heterozygous (+/sal, phenotypically wild-type) females. A tendency was found for more mature infections among sal/Y males than among wild-type males. Similarly, females tended to be more infected than males with both procyclic and mature infections. These results indicate that the genotype of the fly, exemplified by the allele salmon, might influence the development of T. congolense in G.m. morsitans. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Skin cancer in patients with chronic radiation dermatitis.

The cases of 76 patients with chronic radiation dermatitis resulting from low-dose ionizing radiation for benign disease were reviewed retrospectively for risk factors leading to the development of neoplasia. The patients were studied with respect to original hair color, eye color, sun reactive skin type, benign disease treated, area treated, age at treatment, and age at development of first skin cancer. Analysis of data showed 37% of patients had sun-reactive skin type I, 27% had type II, and 36% had type III. Types IV through VI were not represented. There appeared to be an overrepresentation of types I and II. Increased melanin pigmentation may therefore be either directly or indirectly protective against the development of skin cancers in patients who have received low-dose superficial ionizing radiation for benign disease. The sun-reactive skin type of patients with chronic radiation dermatitis may be used as a predictor of skin cancer risk when the total dose of ionizing radiation is not known.

Basal Cell Carcinoma↗
PubMed1989

Markers and relative risk in a German population for developing malignant melanoma.

The relationship between cutaneous malignant melanoma (MM) and possible risk factors was assessed in a case-controlled study. Two hundred patients and 200 non-melanoma controls of German origin matched for age and sex were interviewed and examined for pigmented moles and pigmentation characteristics. In patients with MM significantly more melanocytic nevi greater than or equal to 2 mm (MCN) were found (mean, 53 MCN) compared to control cases (mean, 18 MCN). For persons with greater than 60 MCN the relative risk (RR) for developing MM increased 15 times compared to less than or equal to 10 MCN. Additional independent markers for an increased risk were presence of atypical MCN (RR = 7 vs. none) found in 45% of patients and in 5% of the control group, moderate to large numbers of actinic lentigines (RR = 6.2 vs. none), and lack of tanning as well as a tendency to sunburn (skin type I; RR = 2.2 vs skin type IV) No significant correlation was found between the relative risk for MM and hair color, eye color, duration of free time sun exposure and number of sunburns. Individuals with permanent outdoor profession and sun exposure, however, showed a clearly increased relative risk for developing MM.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Temperature-sensitive prune (pn) mutations of Drosophila melanogaster.

Temperature-sensitive mutations, at the prune locus (pnts) of Drosophilia melanogaster, were induced with EMS. The majority of the new class of mutations, designated pnts-e, do not interact with the mutation Killer of prune (Kpn) at all of the experimental temperatures, i.e., pnts-e, Kpn flies do not die. One mutation, designated pnts-ek, is temperature-senstive with respect to both the eye coloration and the interaction with Kpn. pntr (temperature-non-sensitive), pnts-e, and pnts-ek alleles were found to differ with respect to both quantity of drosopterines and the color of the eyes. The temperature-sensitive period (TSP) for pn eye color occurs at a late pupal stage. The TSP for the pn--Kpn interaction lasts from the beginning of the first laraval instar to eclosion [22]. It is concluded that all pn mutations known to date occupy the same functional unit. The various pn mutations affect the same metabolic step to various degrees: the eye color phenotype results from a reduction in the end product, while the interaction with Kpn depends on the amount of the accumulated precursor. No recombination between pn alleles was found among more than 106 zygotes that were scored. The reasons for this failure are discussed.

Alleles↗
PubMed1977

Melanin distribution and sensitivity to group therapy.

Student participants in group therapy were hypothesized to improve on three dimensions of behavior as a result of therapy. It was further hypothesized that improvement would be related to participant eye color, with dark-eyed persons demonstrating greatest improvement and lighter-eyed individuals demonstrating lesser improvement. Differences were also expected from Ss by program. Ss were 35 male and female master's level students in clinical, counseling, and educational psychology programs, ranging in age from 23 to 39 years. Dependent measures were collected before and after therapy with the Vriend and Dyer Scale, an instrument yielding three factors: Self Defeating Behaviors, Fully Functioning Behaviors, and Personal Mastery Index. The design utilized a 3 (eye color) X 2 (program) two-way ANOVA, fixed effects model. Significant main effects were found for Fully Functioning Behaviors: by eye color (p less than .002) and by program (p less than .03). No interactions or other main effects were found.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Aneuploidy in Drosophila, I. Genetic test systems in the female Drosophila melanogaster for the rapid detection of chemically induced chromosome gain and chromosome loss.

An account is provided of two genetic schemes in the Drosophila melanogaster female designed as rapid detectors of chemically induced aneuploidy, including both chromosome gain and chromosome loss. One scheme is referred to as FIX, in which the female carried free (heterozygously) inverted X (chromosomes) and the other, ZESTE, where females do not carry inversions and the X-linked sexually dimorphic zeste mutation plays the key role in the detection of aneuploid offspring. The principle attribute of the FIX system is that all euploid offspring are wild-type for body and eye color whereas aneuploid females have a yellow body and aneuploid males white eyes; int he ZESTE system all euploid individuals are wild-type for eye color, aneuploid females possess zeste-colored eyes and aneuploid males white eyes. In addition induced polyploidies (2X:2A gametes) appear as yellow and zeste male intersexes in the FIX and ZESTE systems, respectively. In this way all aneuploids are recognized immediately. Consequently, detection of compounds with weak effects requiring large sample sizes may be made in a fraction of the time associated with more traditional schemes for aneuploidy detection in Drosophila.

Aneuploidy↗