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PubMed1985

Familiarity decisions for faces presented to the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

Right-handed subjects were asked to decide whether or not faces presented briefly in the RVF or in the LVF were familiar (familiar faces were those of famous people). This task avoids the need for extensive semantic processing or temporary storage involved in conventional naming or identification tasks, and thus eliminates the contribution of such factors to any observed asymmetry. The resulting finding of faster reaction times to LVF faces, with no overall visual hemifield difference in error rates, is taken to indicate a right-hemisphere superiority either in the processes used to construct facial representations or in the accessing of face recognition units, or both.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Anterograde and retrograde amnesia in a person with bilateral fornix lesions following removal of a colloid cyst.

AD, a 45-year-old man, presented with a severe and global anterograde amnesia following surgery for removal of a colloid cyst. Structural neuroimaging confirmed bilateral lesions to the fornix and a small lesion in the basal forebrain. Testing for remote episodic memory of autobiographical events, and for remote semantic memory of personal and public events, and of famous people, revealed that AD had a severe retrograde amnesia for autobiographical episodes that covered his entire lifetime, and a time-limited retrograde amnesia for semantic memory. Because the fornix and basal forebrain lesions disrupted major afferent and efferent pathways of the hippocampus, it was concluded that the integrity of the hippocampus and its projections are needed to retain and/or recover autobiographical memories no matter how old they are. By contrast, hippocampal contribution to semantic memory is time-limited. These findings were interpreted as consistent with Multiple Trace Theory, which holds that the hippocampal system is essential for recovering contextually rich memories no matter how old they are, but is not needed for recovering semantic memories.

Amnesia, Anterograde↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive and behavioral profile in a case of right anterior temporal lobe neurodegeneration.

Semantic dementia (SD) is a clinical variant of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) characterized by progressive deterioration of semantic memory with relative sparing of other cognitive functions. It is associated with mainly left anterior temporal atrophy, and is also referred to as "left-temporal lobe variant" of FTLD. Recently, patients with mainly right-sided atrophy, or "right-temporal lobe variant"(RTLV), have been described. While some authors have reported that the initial and most significant deficit in these right-sided cases is a difficulty in recognizing famous people, others have observed that major behavioral abnormalities are the presenting symptoms. Here we report a detailed neuropsychological, language, behavioral and neuroimaging assessment of JT, a case of right temporal lobe variant of FTLD. JT showed early and prominent behavioral changes accompanied by a severe impairment in recognizing foods by their look, flavor or name. Later she also developed a difficulty in recognizing familiar people and objects. Standardized caregiver questionnaires of JT's pre- and post-morbid personality and interpersonal functioning showed that she went from being a flexible, dominant, extraverted, person to showing rigid, submissive and introverted behaviors. Her levels of neuroticism significantly increased, while her scores on agreeableness and cognitive and emotional empathy dropped. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) showed most significant atrophy in the right amygdala/anterior hippocampal complex and collateral sulcus, extending to the right insula. We discuss the atypical cognitive and behavioral features of this case of RTLV of FTLD and stress the importance of behavioral changes and atypical semantic deficits for early diagnosis.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1993

Impaired temporal context memory on anterograde but not retrograde tests in the absence of frontal pathology.

This study examined the memory performance of patient RK who developed substantial memory impairments due to a hypothalamic glioma but in the absence of any evidence of frontal disturbance. RK was evaluated on both tests of anterograde and retrograde memory for temporal context. In the first experiment he exhibited marked deficits on a list discrimination task even when recognition performance was well within control range. Experiment 2 confirmed this disproportionate impairment of temporal order memory and showed that RK's list discrimination deficit was as severe as that found in alcoholic Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome patients. Experiment 3 showed that RK's temporal discrimination deficit was not a general deficit in discrimination because he performed normally on a spatial discrimination test of comparable difficulty to the temporal task. Experiment 4 examined RK's memory for deceased famous people and his ability to indicate the half decade in which they died. RK's performance was indistinguishable from controls whereas WKS patients were extremely impaired. This study adds to the view that frontal damage is not a necessary condition for impairment on anterograde measures of temporal context memory. However, further evidence from this study indicates that temporal judgments about pre-existing memories may depend on intact frontal lobe functioning.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Accuracy of naming laterally presented known faces by children and adults.

Two experiments investigating asymmetries in the naming of laterally presented known faces are reported. In Experiment I, upright and inverted faces of classmates or colleagues were presented bilaterally and unilaterally to seven-year-old children, eleven-year-old children, and adults. A LVF (left visual hemifield) superiority was found for naming upright faces, unrelated to age. For inverted faces there was no difference between the visual hemifields. In Experiment II faces of famous people were used as stimuli. When adult subjects were given little indication as to which faces to expect (Condition A) there was no difference between the visual hemifields. When they were given a list of the faces to be used (Condition B) a LVF naming superiority was found. The results are interpreted as indicating superiority of the right cerebral hemisphere for a component of the processing of known faces that is of importance when the subject knows which faces he can expect to see.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The role of semantics in reading and spelling: evidence for the 'summation hypothesis'.

This study documents a patient, SA, with an impairment of semantic memory arising as a result of Semantic Dementia (Pick's disease). The patient is impaired at deriving semantic knowledge from both words and pictures. However, his ability to derive semantic knowledge of countries is relatively spared compared to concrete nouns and famous people. The presence of a semantic deficit was used to investigate the role of semantics in reading and spelling. Several novel cueing/priming paradigms are reported which suggest that SA is able to use partial semantic knowledge to constrain his reading and spelling. These results are broadly consistent with the 'summation hypothesis' [27] and suggest that normal reading and spelling may take place by integrating both semantic information and knowledge of direct orthography-phonology correspondences.

Atrophy↗

PubMed2001

Right medial thalamic lesion causes isolated retrograde amnesia.

Pervasive retrograde amnesia without anterograde memory impairment has rarely been described as a consequence of circumscribed brain damage. We report this phenomenon in a 33 yr-old, right-handed man (JG) in association with the extension in the right thalamus of a previously small, bilateral thalamic lesion. JG presented with a dense amnesia for autobiographical material more than a few years old, with some sparing of recent memories. Furthermore, he was completely unable to recognise famous people or world events. Many other aspects of semantic knowledge were intact and there was no evidence of general intellectual impairment, executive dysfunction or loss of visual imagery. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an acute lesion in the right thalamus and two small, symmetrical, bilateral non-acute thalamic lesions. Follow-up neuropsychological assessment indicated a stable pattern of impaired retrograde and spared anterograde memory over 18 months and psychiatric assessments yielded no evidence of confabulation, malingering or other symptoms to suggest psychogenic amnesia. JG's profile indicates that the division of declarative memory into just two categories - episodic and semantic - is inadequate. Rather, his case adds to the growing body evidence to suggest that world knowledge pertaining to people and events is stored or accessed similarly to autobiographical information and differently from other types of more general factual knowledge. We hypothesize that the right mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and immediately surrounding regions comprise the central processing mechanism referred to by McClelland (Revue Neurologique, 150 (1994) 570) and Markowitsch (Brain Research Review, 21 (1995) 117) as responsible for inducing and co-ordinating the recall of these sorts of cortically stored memory engrams.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Impairment of recognition of disgust in Chinese with Huntington's or Wilson's disease.

The selective involvement of the basal ganglia in recognition of the facial expression of disgust was investigated by examining a group of six symptomatic Huntington's disease patients and 32 Wilson's disease patients in China. Morphed photographs of facial expressions covering happiness-surprise-fear-sadness-disgust-anger were used and the patients were asked to label each photo. Other measures assessed basic cognitive functions and perception of non-emotion facial information, such as perception of gender, age, gaze direction, and recognition of unfamiliar as well as famous people. There was dissociation between the perception of emotions and other facial information, and between impairment of recognition of disgust and other emotions. The basal ganglia are the overlapping substrate involved in both Huntington's and Wilson's disease, although each has its own other lesions. The differentially severe impairment of recognition of disgust in the Chinese Huntington's disease and Wilson's disease patients strengthens the view that basal ganglia are selectively involved in processing the emotion of disgust.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Left hand advantage in a self-face recognition task.

Subjects were exposed to pictures of self and others (e.g., friend, stranger, and famous people) to determine if there was an advantage in reaction time and accuracy in identifying the self. It was found that upright and inverted self-faces were identified more rapidly than non-self faces when subjects responded with their left hand, which in other tasks has corresponded with contralateral hemispheric dominance. These data suggest that self-recognition may be correlated with neural activity in the right hemisphere, and that the differences observed may not be unique to self-face recognition. These results are in agreement with previous research indicating that self-directed awareness is correlated with right prefrontal activity.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Acquisition of novel semantic information in amnesia: effects of lesion location.

Two patients with severe global amnesia are described who differ in the extent to which they have acquired new semantic information. Patient SS, who has extensive medial temporal lobe damage including the hippocampus as well as surrounding cortical areas, has failed to acquire virtually any new information regarding vocabulary or famous faces that entered the public domain since the onset of his amnesia. In contrast, patient PS, who has a selective lesion of the hippocampus proper, has gained a sense of familiarity of novel vocabulary and famous people, even though her effortful retrieval of this new semantic knowledge remains impaired. These findings extend to amnesia of adult onset, the proposal of Vargha-Khadem and colleagues that in patients with selective hippocampal injury, cortical areas surrounding the hippocampus may play an important role in new semantic learning [Vargha-Khadem, F., Gadian, D.G., Watkins, K. E., Connelly, A., Van Paesschen, W. and Mishkin, M., regarding the importance of the subhippocampal cortices in the mediation of new semantic learning in children with hippocampal lesions, Science, 1997, 277, 376-380].

Amnesia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Self-regulation systems to control tobacco advertising. An empirical analysis].

OBJECTIVE: Against the background of the debate aroused by the tobacco advertising ban as a result of Directive 98/43/EC and of the Proposed Directive of 5/9/2001, we aimed to evaluate how self-regulation of tobacco advertising systems has worked in the last 5 years and to evaluate its effectiveness and relevance as a potential tool in public health prevention. METHODS: We performed a content and discourse analysis of all advertisements appearing in the Sunday supplements of the three weekly newspapers with the widest circulation in Spain (El Pais, El Mundo, and ABC) between January 1995 and January 2000 to detect infractions of the norms of the self-regulation code of the Spanish Tobacco Association (Asociacion Espanola de Tabaco [AET]) regarding: a) the identity of models used in advertising; b) direct or indirect claims for the therapeutic properties of smoking; c) depiction of cigarettes in advertisements, and d) printed warnings on advertisements. RESULTS: We examined 910 banners and 369 advertisements. Very few advertisements displayed rational arguments on elements such as price (13%) or product components (7%). Although the AET's code was generally respected, the advertisements displayed a series of subtleties that allowed the industry to get around the code: 10 of the 369 advertisements reviewed depicted famous people (mainly pilots and artists) and one third of them used iconic personages (Joe Camel or Marlboro Man); one advertisement suggested the therapeutic properties of tobacco and almost all linked smoking with social success and leisure. Although cigarettes were not depicted, 18% of the advertisements showed substitutes for cigarettes in various places (12%) and a large percentage infringed the code's recommendations on printed warnings. CONCLUSIONS: The industry's use of creative subtleties infringing its self-imposed norms begs the question of how far self-regulation is viable when a failure in the system can have serious consequences for public health.

Advertising↗

PubMed2003

Preserved ability to recognize keywords related to remote events in the absence of retrieval of relevant knowledge: a case of postencephalitic amnesia.

We describe a case of severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia resulting from herpes simplex encephalitis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed pathological changes in the bilateral hippocampi, parahippocampal gyri, fusiform gyri, medial temporal poles, posterior part of the cingulate gyri, and insula. The patient showed severe amnesia for autobiographical episodic memory in relation to events that had occurred throughout her life, but temporally graded amnesia for autobiographical semantic memory, and severe amnesia without a temporal gradient for public events and famous people. However, using a multiple-choice method, she showed a high level of accuracy when choosing keywords related to public or personal events, although this did not prompt her recollection of the events. An important indication of these results is that, even with severe retrograde amnesia, memories of past events are not completely lost. We propose that an event may be stored in a fragmented form, consisting of many components, and that normal recall of an event may require recombination or reconstruction of these components.

Amnesia↗

PubMed2003

Do separate processes identify objects as exemplars versus members of basic-level categories? Evidence from hemispheric specialization.

When an object is identified as a specific exemplar, is it analyzed differently than when it is identified at the basic level? On the basis of a previous theory, we predicted that the left hemisphere (LH) is specialized for classifying objects at the basic level and the right hemisphere (RH) is specialized for classifying objects as specific exemplars. To test this prediction, participants were asked to view lateralized pictures of animals, artifacts, and faces of famous people; immediately after each picture was presented, a label was read aloud by the computer, and the participants decided whether the label was correct for that picture. A label could name the object at either the basic level (e.g., bird) or as an exemplar (e.g., robin). As predicted, we found that basic-level labels were matched faster when pictures were presented in the right visual field (and hence encoded initially in the LH), whereas exemplar labels were matched faster when pictures were presented in the left visual field (and hence encoded initially in the RH).

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Obsessive-compulsive disorder in popular magazines.

To examine what the general public is learning about Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) through popular magazines, all articles listed in the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature under the topic headings of "obsessive-compulsive behavior" or "obsessive-compulsive disorder" between 1983 and 1997 were read and rated. Only 31 of the 107 articles under these headings dealt explicitly with OCD, and these were found to be reasonably accurate in their presentations of symptoms, causes, and treatments. Many of the other articles under the target headings, however, focused on incidents of "stalking" of famous people by "obsessed" fans. The implications of the content patterns of these articles for understanding and misunderstanding of OCD are discussed.

Humans↗

PubMed2004

Variability in the structure of field 39 of the lower parietal area of the cortex in the left and right hemispheres of adult human brains.

The cytoarchitectonics of field 39 of the lower parietal area of the cortex in the left and right hemispheres were studied in normal individuals and professionally gifted world-famous people. Series of frontal sections were studied, stained by the Nissl cresyl violet method. The profile area of neurons was measured in layers III and V and the distribution of neurons in terms of this property was analyzed. Gifted people showed a significantly greater level of individual variability in the measures recorded here, especially in the right hemisphere, with larger proportions of very small and very large neurons.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Differences in the coding of spatial relations in face identification and basic-level object recognition.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the relations among the primitives used in face identification and in basic-level object recognition are represented using coordinate or categorical relations. In 2 experiments the authors used photographs of famous people's faces as stimuli in which each face had been altered to have either 1 of its eyes moved up from its normal position or both of its eyes moved up. Participants performed either a face identification task or a basic-level object recognition task with these stimuli. In the face identification task, 1-eye-moved faces were easier to recognize than 2-eyes-moved faces, whereas the basic-level object recognition task showed the opposite pattern of results. Results suggest that face identification involves a coordinate shape representation in which the precise locations of visual primitives are specified, whereas basic-level object recognition uses categorically coded relations.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Age-related impairment in an event-based prospective-memory task.

Slides of famous people were presented to participants with the instructions to name each face and circle the trial number if the person was wearing glasses (prospective-memory target event). Participants in their 50s and 60s (n = 56) were more successful than participants in their 70s and 80s (n = 59) at both the naming an prospective-memory tasks. An age-related increase in the probability of forgetting replicated an earlier prospective-memory study (E. A. Maylor, 1993); in the present case, there was also an age-related decrease in the probability of recovery. These effects of age remained significant after other measures of current ability were taken into account, including intelligence, speed, and naming performance. For participants who were in both the earlier study (E. A. Maylor, 1993) and this study (n = 65), the correlation between prospective-memory performance on the 2 occasions was significant but only for younger participants. Performance in the prospective-memory task was entirely unrelated to performance in the naming task.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Aging and forgetting in prospective and retrospective memory tasks.

Ss aged 52-83 years were asked to name 30 famous people 4 times over the course of an hour and to respond to 2 targets (a beard and a pipe) by marking the trial number on the response sheet. Initial performance in the prospective memory task was related only to a measure of incidental learning. Subsequent forgetting (i.e., success followed by failure) occurred more often for older Ss than for younger Ss, but there was no difference between the age groups in recovery (i.e., failure followed by success). Forgetting was predicted by age, even after a composite measure of general ability was included in the regression. Recovery was related to general ability alone. These results both replicate and extend those from a reanalysis of a previous study (Maylor, 1990a). They provide a striking contrast with the effect of age on retrospective memory, namely, age-related impairment on initial performance but no effect of age on subsequent forgetting.

Aging↗