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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Fluoridated elastomers: in vivo versus in vitro fluoride release.

OBJECTIVES: To compare (i) the in vivo release of fluoride from fluoridated elastomers to the in vitro release, and (ii) the residual fluoride content of the elastomers after 1 week in the mouth with and without fluoride toothpaste and mouthrinse. DESIGN: A prospective, longitudinal, cross-over study. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Six subjects were recruited by poster to take part in the study. Each subject had one premolar in each quadrant to which a bracket could be fixed and exemplary oral hygiene. Elastomers were then placed on these brackets. INTERVENTION: The study was divided into two parts: (i) subjects used oral hygiene products with fluoride and (ii) oral hygiene products with fluoride were excluded. Both groups of elastomers were left in the mouth for 1 week. After collection the elastomers were stored in distilled water. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The amount of residual fluoride in the ligatures after they have been placed in the mouth for 1 week was compared with the cumulative fluoride release in vitro over 1 week and 6 months. RESULTS: Only 13 per cent of the total amount of fluoride in fluoridated elastomers was released during the first week in vitro, compared with 90 per cent in vivo. There was a significantly greater amount (P = 0.001) of residual fluoride when the elastomers were in the mouth for 1 week in the presence of fluoride toothpaste and mouthrinse, than when fluoride supplements were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Higher levels of fluoride are lost from the fluoride elastomers in vivo than in vitro during the first week. (2) A significantly greater amount of residual fluoride was released from the elastomers placed in the mouth when fluoride toothpaste and mouthrinse were used.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed2006

Fluoride excretion of adults living in border regions with either water or salt fluoridation.

The canton of Basel-Stadt was the only canton in Switzerland which introduced drinking water fluoridation (DWF) at 1 ppm (mg/l). All other cantons have relied on fluoridated domestic salt at 250 ppm F as the main vehicle for basic fluoride exposure. It has been suggested that persons living and working in the DWF areas or persons commuting to the DWF areas may be exposed to higher than optimal doses of fluoride. The objective of this present study was to determine the urinary fluoride excretion of adults living and or working in neighboring areas of either salt or water fluoridation. In this study, 24-hour urine was collected from 69 healthy subjects and tested for fluoride concentration. The mean fluoride concentration for all participants was 0.55 +/- 0.25 ppm (mg/l) ranging from 1.14 to 0.09 ppm. The mean fluoride excretion was 0.95 +/- 0.47 mg F/d ranging from 0.18 to 2.12 mg F/d. The 33 subjects living in a DWF region showed a mean urine fluoride concentration of 0.64 +/- 0.24 ppm (mg/l) and a mean fluoride excretion of 1.14 +/- 0.48 mg F/d. Those 36 subjects living in a region without DWF showed a mean urine fluoride concentration of 0.47 +/- 0.24 ppm (mg/l) and a mean fluoride excretion of 0.78 +/- 0.40 mg F/d. A significant difference between the two means of the groups living in regions with or without DWF was detected when the Mann-Whitney statistical test was applied (p < 0.005). The combined intake of fluoridated drinking water and fluoridated table salt in the sub-group of 11 subjects who commuted showed an overall increase in fluoride urine concentration. The measured values, however, were not significantly different from the other sub-groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Oral fluoride retention after use of fluoride dentifrices.

Fluoride is the only extensively clinically proven means of reducing dental caries. Despite a large body of epidemiological data on the effectiveness of fluoride, delivered in the form of dentifrices, mouthrinses, drinking water, etc., the precise mode of action of fluoride is not completely understood. The purpose of this paper is to report an investigation of the link between oral fluoride levels and applied fluoride dose from dentifrices. Human salivary fluoride clearance studies and equilibrium baseline studies of fluoride in saliva and plaque have been carried out with dentifrices which contained 1,000, 1,500 and 2,500 micrograms fluoride per gram as sodium monofluorophosphate. After a single brushing with a fluoride dentifrice, salivary fluoride decreased in two distinct phases: an initial rapid phase which lasted for 40-80 min, depending on the individual, and a second slow phase lasting for several hours. The latter phase is believed to be due to fluoride released from an oral fluoride reservoir. During regular repeated use of the test dentifrices, the equilibrium baseline fluoride concentration, attained in both saliva and plaque between one application and the next, increased significantly compared with placebo values. Such elevated baseline fluoride concentrations also increased with increasing Na2FPO3 content of the dentifrices. The present work supports the concept that labile fluoride, stored in an oral fluoride reservoir at the time of treatment application, may maintain a prolonged protective effect against dental caries.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Plaque fluoride and mutans streptococci in plaque and saliva before and after discontinuation of water fluoridation.

Our aim was to compare plaque fluoride and the level of mutans streptococci in saliva and plaque before and 1 and 2 years after discontinuation of water fluoridation in Kuopio, Finland. For comparison, a low-fluoride community was included in the study. Pooled plaque and saliva were collected from a random sample of 12-year-olds in both communities (n = 139). Enumeration of mutans streptococci in plaque was made on MSB agar and the level of salivary mutans streptococci was measured using the Strip mutans method. Fluoride was analyzed using a fluoride specific electrode. Caries, gingival status, fluoride varnish applications and self-reported oral health habits were recorded at baseline. Before discontinuation of fluoridation, the level of mutans streptococci in saliva was significantly lower in the fluoridated than in the non-fluoridated community. The difference in plaque mutans streptococci was not statistically significant. After discontinuation of water fluoridation, there was a significant shift towards elevated values of salivary mutans streptococci in the fluoridated community, but the level of mutans streptococci in plaque remained at the baseline level. There was no significant difference between the communities in the fluoride content of plaque either before or after discontinuation of fluoridation. From the background factors, only caries scores (higher in the non-fluoridated community) and oral hygiene (better in the non-fluoridated community) were significantly different between the communities.

Chewing Gum↗
PubMed1995

Plaque composition, fluoride tolerance and acid production of mutans streptococci before and after the suspension of the use of fluoride toothpastes.

Although fluoride toothpastes are widely used for caries prevention, little is known about the impact of fluoride dentifrices on plaque composition. Also the issue of adaptation of mutans streptococci to grow in vivo in a fluoride environment has received little attention. Such an adaptation may be of interest as it has been suggested that adapted mutans streptococci may show reduced glycolytic activity thereby being less cariogenic. In the present experiments the impact of the suspension of the use of fluoride toothpastes on plaque composition, fluoride tolerance and acid production of mutans streptococci was studied. Pooled plaque samples from the lingual surfaces of the lower incisors were collected from individuals (n = 13) just before and 7 weeks after they had replaced their fluoride toothpastes (0.1-0.15% F) with a non-fluoride one. The samples were analysed for fluoride and the numbers and proportions of streptococci, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces species, and lactobacilli, respectively. The fluoride tolerance of the mutans streptococci was estimated by culture of the plaque samples on TYCSB agar supplemented with of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mmol/l fluoride (NaF) at pH 7.2. From each plaque sample six S. mutans strains were isolated for the measurement of the rate of acid production (Vap) at pH 7 in the presence of 0, 5, and 10 mmol/l F. The overnight final pH was measured in cultures of the S. mutans strains with excess of glucose and 0, 5, and 10 mmol/l F. The results showed that the removal of the fluoride pressure from plaque did not affect the numbers or proportions of the various species and genera of bacteria. The fluoride tolerance of the mutans streptococci, and the Vap or the overnight final pH of the isolated strains had not changed. These results suggest that the use of fluoride toothpaste had not affected plaque composition, nor fluoride tolerance or acidogenicity of mutans streptococci. Probably the amount of fluoride delivered by fluoride dentifrices to dental plaque is too low to induce such adaptations.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Effect of fluoride mouth rinse on fluoride releasing and recharging from aesthetic dental materials.

This study evaluated fluoride-release and recharging with the fluoride mouth rinsing technique on fluoridated materials. Three fluoride containing materials and one non-fluoride containing composite resin were used for this study. Samples for each material consisted of 15 discs, 9 mm diameter with a thickness of 1 mm. Initial fluoride release was assessed over a 60-day period. After that, 15 discs for each material were divided into 3 groups: distilled water group, 450-ppm and 900-ppm mouth rinsing groups. Fluoride release increased in combination with fluoride mouth rinse, and fluoride was higher in the 900-ppm group than the 450-ppm group. Moreover, S-PRG or F-PRG fillers materials released fluoride in higher than fluoroaluminosilicate glass fillers materials. In addition fluoride release from control samples was not observed. Therefore, only fluoride release material takes up fluoride. The findings of the present investigation suggest that the rate of fluoride release was different for each material, because they contained different function fillers. The results showed the importance of the fluoride mouth rinsing technique for fluoride-releasing restorative materials for the prevention of secondary caries.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2000

Total fluoride intake and urinary excretion in 4-year-old Iranian children residing in low-fluoride areas.

Knowledge of levels of fluoride ingestion and excretion is important in planning optimum fluoride therapy for young children. In previous literature, it has been assumed that only about one-third of ingested fluoride is excreted in young children. The aims of the present study were (a) to measure total fluoride intake, urinary fluoride excretion and fluoride balance, and (b) to investigate the effect of air temperature on fluoride intake and urinary fluoride excretion, in young children. Children (4 years old) living in a city, a small town and rural areas of Fars province, Iran, where drinking water contained 0.30-0.39 mg F/l, were invited to participate. Selection of subjects was by random sampling of kindergartens or health centres. The children were surveyed twice, once in summer and once in winter. Diet was obtained by 3 d diaries with interview. Samples of most foods and drinks were analysed for fluoride content. Ingestion of fluoride from toothpaste was estimated for each child. Each child's urine was collected over 24 h and analysed for fluoride content. Seventy-eight of the 116 volunteers completed all aspects of the study, which was conducted in 1995-6. For all children, the mean fluoride ingestion from diet was 0.390 (SD 0.122) mg/d or 0.028 (SD 0.008) mg/kg body weight per d. Fluoride ingestion from diet was higher in summer and higher in rural areas. The mean ingestion of fluoride from all sources was 0.426 (SD 0.126) mg/d and the mean fluoride urinary excretion was 0.339 (SD 0.100) mg/d. The difference between ingestion and urinary excretion was +0.087 (SD 0.143) mg, equivalent to 80% excretion. Faecal excretion was not estimated. The results indicate fluoride retention at 4 years to be much lower than previously assumed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1999

A re-examination of the pre-eruptive and post-eruptive mechanism of the anti-caries effects of fluoride: is there any anti-caries benefit from swallowing fluoride?

The belief that fluoridated water reduces caries incidence by half stems from years of fluoridation studies where the caries rates of people in various fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities were compared. By their nature, the water fluoridation trials were not able to distinguish between the topical effects of the fluoride in the water and the systemic effects of the fluoride that is inevitably swallowed and incorporated into developing teeth. Some attempts have been made to estimate the contribution of systemic fluoride to the control of dental caries but researchers are discovering that the topical effects of fluoride are likely to mask any benefits that ingesting fluoride might have. In this updated review of the pre-eruptive vs. post-eruptive benefits of fluoride in the prevention of dental caries, a re-examination of the literature, which is often cited to support the notion that swallowing fluoride, either in water or in pill form, was done in recognition of the mounting evidence for the topical mechanism as being the primary mechanism for the prevention of dental caries. Maximum benefits from exposing newly erupted teeth to topical fluoride in the oral cavity may have been seriously under-estimated. This has obvious implications for the use of systemic fluorides to prevent dental caries and forces everyone working in the field to examine more closely the risks and benefits of fluoride in all its delivery forms.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Assessing fluoride concentration uniformity and fluoride release from three varnishes.

BACKGROUND: The authors investigated the fluoride content uniformity of three commercial fluoride varnishes, as well as their fluoride-release behaviors. METHODS: The authors examined 20 doses from each of two tubes of Duraphat (Colgate-Palmolive Co., New York) and Duraflor (Pharmascience Inc., Montreal), and 20 doses of individually packaged 0.25-milliliter and 0.40-mL units of CavityShield (OMNII Oral Pharmaceuticals, West Palm Beach, Fla.). Part of the dose was dissolved in chloroform, followed by fluoride extraction with distilled water. The authors painted the remaining varnish from five predetermined doses from each group onto plastic substrates for examination of fluoride release. Fluoride concentrations in the solutions were measured with a fluoride-selective ion electrode. RESULTS: One-way analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences between varnish groups. The fluoride content was more uniform in Duraphat and CavityShield than it was in Duraflor. The fluoride release profiles in terms of percentage of total fluoride released over time were different among different groups of varnishes and were similar among samples from the same test group. The authors found that Duraflor released consistently more fluoride in artificial saliva than did the other two varnishes. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride content can vary between doses dispensed from the same tube. Uniformity also varies between different varnishes and affects the retention of fluoride in the varnish. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians should be aware that the nonuniform appearance of fluoride varnish as squeezed out of the tube could indicate separation of ingredients, resulting in variation of fluoride content.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

[Fluoride excretion in schoolchildren with differing systemic fluoride care].

The aim of the present study was to collect data on urinary fluoride output in 8-16-year old students exposed to either drinking water fluoridation (DWF), or domestic salt fluoridation (DSF). Spot urine samples were collected in the canton of Basel-Stadt (DWF, n = 123), in the canton of Berne (DSF, n = 264), in the county of Davos (DSF, n = 241), and in the city of Winterthur (DSF, n = 40). Furthermore, fluoride concentrations were determined in plasma samples drawn from 33 students from Winterthur. The urinary fluoride concentrations were higher in Basel and Davos (0.62 +/- 0.35 mg/l; 0.61 +/- 0.42 mg/l) than in Berne and Winterthur (0.46 +/- 0.42 mg/l; 0.50 +/- 0.31 mg/l). A relatively high natural fluoride content (0.3 mg/l) in the drinking water explained the difference in urine fluoride concentration between students from Davos and the two other regions with domestic salt fluoridation (Berne, Winterthur). The average fluoride concentration in plasma was 12.7 +/- 3.8 ng/ml. We concluded that, in general, the supply with fluoride consumed with fluoridated domestic salt is close to the level obtained with drinking water fluoridation. However, in areas with very low systemic fluoride supplementation through the drinking water this level might not be reached with salt as the only source of systemic fluoride. Also, the data confirmed the safety of domestic salt fluoridation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The amounts of fluoride in current fluoride therapies: safety considerations for children.

With the increased use of various fluoride preparations for caries prevention, all dental personnel should know their potential toxicity and the margins of safety associated with their use. An understanding of the body's mechanisms for handling fluoride provides a rational basis for assessing the possible risks of excessive fluoride ingestion. Five to 10 grams of sodium fluoride is considered a Certainly Lethal Dose (CLD) for a 70 kg adult. One quarter of the CLD can be ingested without producing serious acute toxicity, and is known as the Safety Tolerated Dose (STD). CLDs and STDs for most commonly used fluoride agents and procedures show that they can be applied with little or no risk of adverse effects, as long as they are handled judiciously. If their use is abused, there is a risk of illness or even death. If amounts of fluoride close to the CLD are ingested, the speed of initiating proper treatment is critical for survival. Vomiting should be induced, if it is not spontaneous; fluoride-binding liquids, such as milk, administered; and the patient taken to the nearest hospital for emergency care. Frequent ingestion of low, but excessive quantities of fluoride during the period of tooth formation can lead to dental fluorosis. Particular concern is warranted for the ingestion of fluoride-containing toothpastes by young children and the inappropriate use of dietary fluoride supplements in communities with sufficient fluoride already present in drinking water. Parents should brush the teeth of preschool children or, at the very least, dispense only small amounts of toothpaste for them (a pea-size portion). Dentists and physicians should know the fluoride concentration of a patient's water supply before prescribing fluoride supplements. Fluoride preparations should be dispensed in appropriate quantities; labeled with suitable cautionary statements; packaged, when appropriate, with childproof closures or in tearproof materials; and stored in safe locations. Practitioners should use only FDA- or ADA- approved products, employ recommended methods for their delivery; know their toxicity; and be familiar with emergency measures for treating accidental overdosages. The risk of adverse effects is small, when fluorides are handled judiciously.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Microbial populations growing in the presence of fluoride at low pH isolated from dental plaque of children living in an area with fluoridated water.

Longitudinal microbiological examinations have been made of dental plaque from a site approximal to the upper central incisors of 10 8-year-old children living in an area with water fluoridation. Differential counts of viable bacteria, made using a selective medium containing various levels of fluoride (0 to 100 mug/ml) at pH levels of 7.0 to 5.5, demonstrated an effect of both pH and fluoride on the numbers and types of bacteria isolated. Strains of Streptococcus and Neisseria grew after only 16 h of incubation at pH levels as low as 6.0 with fluoride levels up to 50 mug/ml. The most commonly isolated streptococci were Streptococcus mitior and S. salivarius. S. mutans was isolated less frequently and was inhibited by 20 and 50 mug of fluoride per ml at pH 6.0 and 6.5, respectively. Veillonella strains were the most resistant isolates, being isolated after 16 h of incubation on media at pH 6.0 with 100 mug of fluoride per ml. Despite their known fluoride resistance, Actinomyces spp. were often only detected on the selective media after 72 h of incubation. The pH of the medium had a definite selective effect, as the number of colonies growing on the fluoride-free basal media at pH 6.0 was only 30% of that at pH 7.0. Representative strains of S. mutans, S. mitior, S. sanguis, and S. milleri were tested for their ability to utilize glucose at the pH and fluoride levels of the medium on which they were initially isolated. Fluoride reduced the initial glycolytic rate of the cells, but in 5 of the 13 strains tested the final amount of glucose used after 2 h of incubation was the same in the presence or absence of fluoride. The isolation of bacteria capable of growth in the presence of fluoride over a significant portion of the pH range that occurs in plaque in vivo could explain in part the finding that fluoride does not have a dramatic effect on the plaque community. Fluoride in plaque may reduce the ecological advantage afforded to aciduric S. mutans strains by carbohydrate substances. In the in vivo situation this could mean that, even with high carbohydrate intake, fluoride may permit S. mitior to compete with S. mutans within the plaque ecosystem.

Actinomyces↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of a water rinse on 'labile' fluoride and other ions in plaque and saliva before and after conventional and experimental fluoride rinses.

Labile reservoirs are important in maintaining ion concentrations in oral fluids, especially after a fluoride dentifrice application, where a persistent increase in fluid fluoride can mitigate or reverse caries progression. In this study, the effect of experimental and conventional fluoride rinses on the in vitro and in vivo water-induced release of fluoride, calcium, phosphate, acetate and hydrogen ions from oral reservoirs was examined. At the start of each experiment, 13 subjects rinsed either with a conventional 228-ppm fluoride NaF rinse, a 228-ppm fluoride controlled-release rinse (CR rinse) or received no rinse. Sixty minutes later upper and lower molar plaque samples and 1-min saliva samples were collected. The subjects then rinsed with deionized water for 1 min, and 7 min later, a second set of samples was collected (in vivo study). Plaque fluid and clarified saliva were then recovered from samples by centrifugation, and the remaining plaque mass was sequentially extracted with water and acid to measure the water-extracted and total whole-plaque fluoride (in vitro study). All the samples were analyzed using microtechniques for pH, free calcium, phosphate, organic acids (plaque fluid) and fluoride (plaque fluid, centrifuged saliva and plaque extracts). Results showed that in vivo water rinsing decreased acetate and phosphate in plaque fluid, and fluoride in plaque fluid and saliva, but had no effect on plaque fluid pH. In vivo water rinsing, however, increased plaque fluid free calcium, apparently due to water-induced loss of calcium-binding ions. Water- or fluoride-rinse-induced changes in plaque fluid concentration were greater at the lower molar site, suggesting that rinse pooling may influence ion distribution. Before the water rinse, plaque fluid, saliva and whole-plaque total fluoride values were 1.7, 2 and 4 times higher after the CR rinse compared to the NaF rinse. Furthermore, the CR rinse deposited approximately 11 times more water-extracted fluoride compared to the NaF rinse, suggesting a 'more efficient' precipitation of 'labile' or 'loosely bound fluoride'. The results presented here, and in previous studies, suggest the possibility of formulating effective fluoride dentifrices with a lower fluoride content than is currently in use.

Acetates↗